![Effect of Node Density, Node Mobility & Traffic Demand on MANET Routing Protocols:
Performance Comparison of AODV, DSR & OLSR using OPNET
Introduction
A Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) is a self-organizing,
adaptive, often special-purpose, and exclusively wireless network of
autonomous mobile nodes, devoid of fixed backbone infrastructure
or central administration.
The concept of ad hoc wireless networking dates back to at least the
1970s, and had its origins in military (USA) sponsored development
of multi-hop packet radio systems (PRNET for Packet Radio
NETwork) which were able to communicate peer-to-peer.
A routing protocol is a set of rules that enable network devices to
communicate - i.e. enables devices to interpret the signals sent by
other network devices. As such, routing protocols (RPs) are
fundamental enabling technologies for communication networks.
RPs are part of the network layer of software that enable routers
compute the possible paths (or routes) for forwarding data packets
from source node to destination node.
MANET RPs are primarily categorized as either Reactive (also On-
Demand) or Proactive (also Table-Driven).
Key References
[1]OPNET Technologies, Inc. (2008) OPNET (Version 14.5.A PL8)
[Computer program]. Available at: http://www.opnet.com (Accessed:
02 July 2014).
[2] Toh, C.K. (2002) Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks Protocols and
Systems. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
[3] Arefin, M.T., Khan, M.T.I. and Toyoda, I. (2012) 'Performance
Analysis of Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols', International
Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV), pp. 935-939
10.1109/ICIEV.2012.6317540 Available at: http://library.beds.ac.uk/
search/D (Accessed: 08 August 2014).
[4] Forouzan, B.A. (2007) Data Communications and Networking. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
[5] Alotaibi, E. and Mukherjee, B. (2012) 'A Survey on Routing
Algorithms for Wireless Ad-Hoc and Mesh Networks', Computer
Networks, 56(2), pp. 940-965 10.1016/j.comnet.2011.10.011 [Online].
Available at: http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.brum.beds.ac.uk
(Accessed: 07 July 2014).
[6] Corson, S. and Macker, J. (1999) 'Mobile Ad hoc Networking
(MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation
Considerations', IETF Network Working group RFC 2501, Work-In-
Progress. Available at: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2501.txt (Accessed:
03 July 2014).
The MANET Modeling & Routing Protocol Simulation Process
Configure Mobile Ad-hoc Networkà Configure MANET Routing
Protocol on MANET Nodesà Configure Application Traffic
Demand in MANETà Configure Mobility Pattern and Speed on
MANET Nodesà Configure Performance Metrics & Statistics
Collection Modeà Run Simulationà Analyse Results / Draw
Conclusions / More Testing
AODV Results
Less Routing Overhead, Lowest Delay, Good Scalability
Applicability: Large Network, Mobile Nodes, Moderate Traffic
DSR Results
Lowest Routing Overhead, Highest Delay, Poor Scalability
Applicability: Small Network, Mobile Nodes, Low Traffic
OLSR Results
Highest Routing Overhead, Low Delay, Best Scalability
Applicability: Large Network, Mobile Nodes, High Traffic
A
B
A
B
Figure 1: Mobility of nodes in a MANET
STUDENT ID: 1307659
NAME: LOUIS A.O. ABALU
COURSE: MSC COMPUTER NETWORKING
UNIT: MSC PROJECT
SUPERVISOR: DR. GHAZANFAR A. SAFDAR
SEMESTER: 3
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2013/14
Key Performance Indicators for MANET Routing Protocols
1. Adaptive and efficient response to dynamic network topologies
(frequent making and breaking of links).
2. Lightweight in terms of routing overhead and energy consumption.
Research Aims and Objectives
Independent performance evaluation of MANET RPs:
1. Provides empirical validation (or otherwise) for advertised features,
2. Enables classification / categorization of the protocols, thereby
providing an applicability knowledge-base that can be a basis for
protocol choice / deployment.
3. Serves as a feedback mechanism that drives ongoing research &
development efforts.
Research Method & Choice of Routing Protocols
We conducted this research by using the discrete event simulation
method of performance evaluation.
We configured models of each of 3 of the most popular and widely
deployed MANET routing protocols (AODV, DSR and OLSR) in
OPNET Modeler development environment, and simulated different
networking scenarios.
Create Plan Document
1. Network Topology: Size of Network, Terrain, Number of Nodes, etc.
2. Routing Protocol Model Parameters
3. Node Mobility Parameters: Mobility Model, Movement Speed(s), Pause
Duration(s), etc.
4. Application Model Parameters: Application Type, Background-to-
Discrete Traffic Ratio, Inter-Request Time, File Size Specification, Type of
Service (Best Effort, Interactive, …, Reserved)
5. Performance Metrics
6. Statistics Capture Mode
7. Test or Initialization Parameters
8. Number of network scenarios / contexts to simulate
Create
Network
Topology
Populate Nodes /
Configure Test
Parameters
Run Test
Simulation
Collect /
Analyze
Statistics
Adjust Test
Parameters
Expected
Outcome?
Populate Nodes /
Configure
Parameters for
Scenario X
Run
Scenario X
Simulation
Collect / Analyze
Statistics for
Scenario X
Adjust Scenario
Parameters?
End Scenario
Simulation
No
Yes
Yes
No
End Test
Simulation
Simulate More
Scenarios?
No
Yes
Simulation Project Lifecycle
Start collection
of data in
Bucket
After t/n seconds, calculate and output
average value of all data in Bucket
Reset Bucket
t = simulation duration
n = sample frequency rate
Figure 4: Collection of data and output of statistical value
Figure 2: Simulation Project Life Cycle
Figure 3: 80_Node_Ftp_Demand_Mobility Networking Scenario Simulation in OPNET
Configuration of Statistics Collection
In order to generate statistical values for each performance metric during
simulation runs, we adopted the following configurations:
Simulation duration (t): 1800 seconds (i.e. 30min)
Data Collection Mode: Bucket Mode
Sample frequency rate (n): 100
Statistical value to output from each bucket data collection: Sample Mean
Results of Experiments
0
0.0005
0.001
0.0015
0.002
0.0025
0.003
10 20 40 80 10 20 40 80 10 20 40 80
AODV DSR OLSR
MANET RP Node Density
End-to-End Delay(sec)
Nodes randomly placed in 2000 x 2000 m area
End-to-End Delay against Varying Node Densities
[Traffic source: HighLoad (50,000 bytes) constant file size Ftp Demand]
0
0.0001
0.0002
0.0003
0.0004
0.0005
0.0006
0.0007
0.0008
10 20 40 80 10 20 40 80 10 20 40 80
AODV DSR OLSR
MANET RP Node Density
End-to-End Delay(sec) End-to-End Delay against Varying Node Densities
[Traffic source: Low Load (1000 bytes) constant file size Ftp Demand]
Nodes randomly placed in 2000 x 2000 m area
Figure 5: End-to-End Delay vs Node Density
MANET
RP
Node
Density Node Speed (m/s) End-to-End Delay (sec) Load (bits/sec)
Throughput
(bits/sec) Routing Traffic Sent (bits/sec)
AODV 10 2 0.0004415 10,865.83 14,021.56 411.31
DSR 10 2 0.0026149 10,709.71 10,733.60 21.07
OLSR 10 2 0.0002513 15,757.53 45,183.89 2,558.10
AODV 10 5 0.0004772 12,285.94 15,649.21 438.12
DSR 10 5 0.0025633 12,105.72 12,136.44 24.8
OLSR 10 5 0.00025889 16,447.82 45,848.76 2,556.59
AODV 10 20 0.0004596 14,004.21 18,068.96 527.7
DSR 10 20 0.0024886 10,709.80 10,739.38 22.58
OLSR 10 20 0.0002639 17,624.20 47,111.82 2,564.27
AODV 20 2 0.00026137 23,849.49 50,498.92 1,543.93
DSR 20 2 0.0024093 24,675.06 24,813.30 50.24
OLSR 20 2 0.00025535 35,881.76 225,991.57 8,321.96
AODV 20 5 0.0002993 25,781.16 53,862.67 1,621.28
DSR 20 5 0.0024564 25,608.92 25,744.60 51.38
OLSR 20 5 0.00025433 35,629.12 225,256.37 8,303.84
AODV 20 20 0.00026079 27,359.24 58,731.72 1,805.33
DSR 20 20 0.0024862 25,377.32 25,505.32 49.67
OLSR 20 20 0.00025169 34,710.52 224,661.35 8,315.48
AODV 40 2 0.00021635 54,944.85 262,597.35 5,686.03
DSR 40 2 0.0022017 48,424.43 48,997.30 98.6
OLSR 40 2 0.00030552 90,592.66 1,378,506.40 29,434.60
Table 1: Sample Results from Varying Node Mobility against
Different Node Densities and High Traffic
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1800000
2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20
10 20 40 80
AODV
MANET RP Node Density Node Speed (m/s)
Throughput(bits/sec) Throughput against Varying Node Speeds (2, 5 & 20m/s)
[Traffic source: High Load (50,000 bytes constant file size) Ftp Demand]
Nodes randomly placed in 2000 x 2000 m area
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20
10 20 40 80
DSR
MANET RP Node Density Node Speed (m/s)
Throughput(bits/sec) Throughput against Varying Node Speeds (2, 5 & 20m/s)
[Traffic source: High Load (50,000 bytes constant file size) Ftp Demand]
Nodes randomly placed in 2000 x 2000 m area
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20
10 20 40 80
OLSR
MANET RP Node Density Node Speed (m/s)
Throughput(bits/sec) Throughput against Varying Node Speeds (2, 5 & 20m/s)
[Traffic source: High Load (50,000 bytes constant file size) Ftp Demand]
Nodes randomly placed in 2000 x 2000 m area
Results Evaluation & Conclusions
Figure 6: Throughput (High Load Ftp) vs Node Mobility & Density
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20
10 20 40 80
AODV
MANET RP Node Density Node Speed (m/s)
Routing Traffic Sent(bits/sec) Routing Traffic Sent against Varying Node Speeds (2, 5 & 20m/s)
[Traffic source: High Load (50,000 bytes constant file size) Ftp Demand]
Nodes randomly placed in 2000 x 2000 m area
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20
10 20 40 80
DSR
MANET RP Node Density Node Speed (m/s)
Routing Traffic Sent(bits/sec) Routing Traffic Sent against Varying Node Speeds (2, 5 & 20m/s)
[Traffic source: High Load (50,000 bytes constant file size) Ftp Demand]
Nodes randomly placed in 2000 x 2000 m area
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20
10 20 40 80
OLSR
MANET RP Node Density Node Speed (m/s)
Routing Traffic Sent(bits/sec) Routing Traffic Sent against Varying Node Speeds (2, 5 & 20m/s)
[Traffic source: High Load (50,000 bytes constant file size) Ftp Demand]
Nodes randomly placed in 2000 x 2000 m area
Figure 7: Routing Traffic Sent (High Load Ftp) vs Node Mobility & Density
Analyses of performance results obtained in our experiments leads us to rank OLSR first -
from an external performance perspective of amount of data routing or throughput. However,
the effect of a large control overhead traffic on energy consumption and typical wireless
medium bandwidth constraints may better suit AODV MANETs in real life scenarios. DSR is
best suited for less “stressful” conditions in terms of node count and data traffic demand, but
copes well with node mobility..
Figure 8: Summary of Results Evaluation and Conclusions
Experimentation Framework
MANET Routing Protocol Models: MANET Node Models:
DSR (Distance Source Routing) 802.11g WLAN Server/Work Station
AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector) Network Topology:
OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) Free Space Propagation
Node Density: Node Mobility Speed:
10, 20 ---> low 2 m/s ---> 7.2 km/h (walking)
> 20, 40 ---> medium 5 m/s ---> 18 km/h (street driving)
> 40, 80 ---> dense 20m/s ---> 72km/h (highway driving)
Node Mobility Model: Data Traffic Model:
Random Way Point FTP - Low Load & High Load Levels
No. of Networking Scenarios: Data Demand Type of Service:
96 (32 each for AODV, DSR & OLSR) Best Effort
Performance Metrics: Network Area: 2000 sq. meters
End-to-End Delay (sec), WLAN Network Load (bits/sec)
WLAN Throughput (bits/sec), Routing Traffic Sent (bits/sec)
Applications of MANETs - includes tactical (military) networks,
disaster relief operations, intelligent transport systems,
environmental studies & weather predictions, and in education
(e.g. setup of virtual class and conference rooms).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/dc6687db-53f9-47e2-bf53-5e253887153f-141124095552-conversion-gate02/85/Abstract-Poster-MSc-Thesis-2-320.jpg)
Abstract + Poster (MSc Thesis)
- 1. Abstract Independent performance evaluation of Routing Protocols (RPs) for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) provides empirical validation (or otherwise) for advertised features. It enables classification / categorization of the protocols, thereby providing an applicability knowledge-base that can be a basis for protocol choice / deployment. Equally useful, performance evaluation helps to highlight for researchers and developers, aspects of existing RPs that need improving. This is of particular importance currently as, in our view, the performance of MANET RPs, especially under ‘stressful’ real world scenarios, would be crucial in determining the extent of integration and application of Ad hoc Networking technologies in the drive towards pervasive and ubiquitous computing, and the evolution of globally integrated and IP- based services 4G wireless networks. This thesis represents our contribution towards the above stated objectives of performance evaluation of MANET RPs. For our research, we selected 3 RPs (AODV, DSR and OLSR) for simulation, over a range of networking scenarios. Analyses of performance results obtained in our experiments leads us to rank OLSR first - from an external performance perspective of amount of data routing or throughput. However, the effect of a large control overhead traffic on energy consumption and typical bandwidth constraints may better suit AODV MANETs in real life scenarios. Key words: Mobile Ad hoc Networking, Routing, Routing Protocols, Performance Evaluation, Network Context, Discrete Event Simulation, Performance Metrics, Bucket Mode Statistics Collection.
- 2. Effect of Node Density, Node Mobility & Traffic Demand on MANET Routing Protocols: Performance Comparison of AODV, DSR & OLSR using OPNET Introduction A Mobile Ad-hoc NETwork (MANET) is a self-organizing, adaptive, often special-purpose, and exclusively wireless network of autonomous mobile nodes, devoid of fixed backbone infrastructure or central administration. The concept of ad hoc wireless networking dates back to at least the 1970s, and had its origins in military (USA) sponsored development of multi-hop packet radio systems (PRNET for Packet Radio NETwork) which were able to communicate peer-to-peer. A routing protocol is a set of rules that enable network devices to communicate - i.e. enables devices to interpret the signals sent by other network devices. As such, routing protocols (RPs) are fundamental enabling technologies for communication networks. RPs are part of the network layer of software that enable routers compute the possible paths (or routes) for forwarding data packets from source node to destination node. MANET RPs are primarily categorized as either Reactive (also On- Demand) or Proactive (also Table-Driven). Key References [1]OPNET Technologies, Inc. (2008) OPNET (Version 14.5.A PL8) [Computer program]. Available at: http://www.opnet.com (Accessed: 02 July 2014). [2] Toh, C.K. (2002) Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks Protocols and Systems. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. [3] Arefin, M.T., Khan, M.T.I. and Toyoda, I. (2012) 'Performance Analysis of Mobile Ad-hoc Network Routing Protocols', International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV), pp. 935-939 10.1109/ICIEV.2012.6317540 Available at: http://library.beds.ac.uk/ search/D (Accessed: 08 August 2014). [4] Forouzan, B.A. (2007) Data Communications and Networking. New York: McGraw-Hill. [5] Alotaibi, E. and Mukherjee, B. (2012) 'A Survey on Routing Algorithms for Wireless Ad-Hoc and Mesh Networks', Computer Networks, 56(2), pp. 940-965 10.1016/j.comnet.2011.10.011 [Online]. Available at: http://0-www.sciencedirect.com.brum.beds.ac.uk (Accessed: 07 July 2014). [6] Corson, S. and Macker, J. (1999) 'Mobile Ad hoc Networking (MANET): Routing Protocol Performance Issues and Evaluation Considerations', IETF Network Working group RFC 2501, Work-In- Progress. Available at: https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2501.txt (Accessed: 03 July 2014). The MANET Modeling & Routing Protocol Simulation Process Configure Mobile Ad-hoc Networkà Configure MANET Routing Protocol on MANET Nodesà Configure Application Traffic Demand in MANETà Configure Mobility Pattern and Speed on MANET Nodesà Configure Performance Metrics & Statistics Collection Modeà Run Simulationà Analyse Results / Draw Conclusions / More Testing AODV Results Less Routing Overhead, Lowest Delay, Good Scalability Applicability: Large Network, Mobile Nodes, Moderate Traffic DSR Results Lowest Routing Overhead, Highest Delay, Poor Scalability Applicability: Small Network, Mobile Nodes, Low Traffic OLSR Results Highest Routing Overhead, Low Delay, Best Scalability Applicability: Large Network, Mobile Nodes, High Traffic A B A B Figure 1: Mobility of nodes in a MANET STUDENT ID: 1307659 NAME: LOUIS A.O. ABALU COURSE: MSC COMPUTER NETWORKING UNIT: MSC PROJECT SUPERVISOR: DR. GHAZANFAR A. SAFDAR SEMESTER: 3 ACADEMIC YEAR: 2013/14 Key Performance Indicators for MANET Routing Protocols 1. Adaptive and efficient response to dynamic network topologies (frequent making and breaking of links). 2. Lightweight in terms of routing overhead and energy consumption. Research Aims and Objectives Independent performance evaluation of MANET RPs: 1. Provides empirical validation (or otherwise) for advertised features, 2. Enables classification / categorization of the protocols, thereby providing an applicability knowledge-base that can be a basis for protocol choice / deployment. 3. Serves as a feedback mechanism that drives ongoing research & development efforts. Research Method & Choice of Routing Protocols We conducted this research by using the discrete event simulation method of performance evaluation. We configured models of each of 3 of the most popular and widely deployed MANET routing protocols (AODV, DSR and OLSR) in OPNET Modeler development environment, and simulated different networking scenarios. Create Plan Document 1. Network Topology: Size of Network, Terrain, Number of Nodes, etc. 2. Routing Protocol Model Parameters 3. Node Mobility Parameters: Mobility Model, Movement Speed(s), Pause Duration(s), etc. 4. Application Model Parameters: Application Type, Background-to- Discrete Traffic Ratio, Inter-Request Time, File Size Specification, Type of Service (Best Effort, Interactive, …, Reserved) 5. Performance Metrics 6. Statistics Capture Mode 7. Test or Initialization Parameters 8. Number of network scenarios / contexts to simulate Create Network Topology Populate Nodes / Configure Test Parameters Run Test Simulation Collect / Analyze Statistics Adjust Test Parameters Expected Outcome? Populate Nodes / Configure Parameters for Scenario X Run Scenario X Simulation Collect / Analyze Statistics for Scenario X Adjust Scenario Parameters? End Scenario Simulation No Yes Yes No End Test Simulation Simulate More Scenarios? No Yes Simulation Project Lifecycle Start collection of data in Bucket After t/n seconds, calculate and output average value of all data in Bucket Reset Bucket t = simulation duration n = sample frequency rate Figure 4: Collection of data and output of statistical value Figure 2: Simulation Project Life Cycle Figure 3: 80_Node_Ftp_Demand_Mobility Networking Scenario Simulation in OPNET Configuration of Statistics Collection In order to generate statistical values for each performance metric during simulation runs, we adopted the following configurations: Simulation duration (t): 1800 seconds (i.e. 30min) Data Collection Mode: Bucket Mode Sample frequency rate (n): 100 Statistical value to output from each bucket data collection: Sample Mean Results of Experiments 0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 10 20 40 80 10 20 40 80 10 20 40 80 AODV DSR OLSR MANET RP Node Density End-to-End Delay(sec) Nodes randomly placed in 2000 x 2000 m area End-to-End Delay against Varying Node Densities [Traffic source: HighLoad (50,000 bytes) constant file size Ftp Demand] 0 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 10 20 40 80 10 20 40 80 10 20 40 80 AODV DSR OLSR MANET RP Node Density End-to-End Delay(sec) End-to-End Delay against Varying Node Densities [Traffic source: Low Load (1000 bytes) constant file size Ftp Demand] Nodes randomly placed in 2000 x 2000 m area Figure 5: End-to-End Delay vs Node Density MANET RP Node Density Node Speed (m/s) End-to-End Delay (sec) Load (bits/sec) Throughput (bits/sec) Routing Traffic Sent (bits/sec) AODV 10 2 0.0004415 10,865.83 14,021.56 411.31 DSR 10 2 0.0026149 10,709.71 10,733.60 21.07 OLSR 10 2 0.0002513 15,757.53 45,183.89 2,558.10 AODV 10 5 0.0004772 12,285.94 15,649.21 438.12 DSR 10 5 0.0025633 12,105.72 12,136.44 24.8 OLSR 10 5 0.00025889 16,447.82 45,848.76 2,556.59 AODV 10 20 0.0004596 14,004.21 18,068.96 527.7 DSR 10 20 0.0024886 10,709.80 10,739.38 22.58 OLSR 10 20 0.0002639 17,624.20 47,111.82 2,564.27 AODV 20 2 0.00026137 23,849.49 50,498.92 1,543.93 DSR 20 2 0.0024093 24,675.06 24,813.30 50.24 OLSR 20 2 0.00025535 35,881.76 225,991.57 8,321.96 AODV 20 5 0.0002993 25,781.16 53,862.67 1,621.28 DSR 20 5 0.0024564 25,608.92 25,744.60 51.38 OLSR 20 5 0.00025433 35,629.12 225,256.37 8,303.84 AODV 20 20 0.00026079 27,359.24 58,731.72 1,805.33 DSR 20 20 0.0024862 25,377.32 25,505.32 49.67 OLSR 20 20 0.00025169 34,710.52 224,661.35 8,315.48 AODV 40 2 0.00021635 54,944.85 262,597.35 5,686.03 DSR 40 2 0.0022017 48,424.43 48,997.30 98.6 OLSR 40 2 0.00030552 90,592.66 1,378,506.40 29,434.60 Table 1: Sample Results from Varying Node Mobility against Different Node Densities and High Traffic 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000 1400000 1600000 1800000 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 10 20 40 80 AODV MANET RP Node Density Node Speed (m/s) Throughput(bits/sec) Throughput against Varying Node Speeds (2, 5 & 20m/s) [Traffic source: High Load (50,000 bytes constant file size) Ftp Demand] Nodes randomly placed in 2000 x 2000 m area 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 10 20 40 80 DSR MANET RP Node Density Node Speed (m/s) Throughput(bits/sec) Throughput against Varying Node Speeds (2, 5 & 20m/s) [Traffic source: High Load (50,000 bytes constant file size) Ftp Demand] Nodes randomly placed in 2000 x 2000 m area 0 2000000 4000000 6000000 8000000 10000000 12000000 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 10 20 40 80 OLSR MANET RP Node Density Node Speed (m/s) Throughput(bits/sec) Throughput against Varying Node Speeds (2, 5 & 20m/s) [Traffic source: High Load (50,000 bytes constant file size) Ftp Demand] Nodes randomly placed in 2000 x 2000 m area Results Evaluation & Conclusions Figure 6: Throughput (High Load Ftp) vs Node Mobility & Density 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 10 20 40 80 AODV MANET RP Node Density Node Speed (m/s) Routing Traffic Sent(bits/sec) Routing Traffic Sent against Varying Node Speeds (2, 5 & 20m/s) [Traffic source: High Load (50,000 bytes constant file size) Ftp Demand] Nodes randomly placed in 2000 x 2000 m area 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 10 20 40 80 DSR MANET RP Node Density Node Speed (m/s) Routing Traffic Sent(bits/sec) Routing Traffic Sent against Varying Node Speeds (2, 5 & 20m/s) [Traffic source: High Load (50,000 bytes constant file size) Ftp Demand] Nodes randomly placed in 2000 x 2000 m area 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 2 5 20 10 20 40 80 OLSR MANET RP Node Density Node Speed (m/s) Routing Traffic Sent(bits/sec) Routing Traffic Sent against Varying Node Speeds (2, 5 & 20m/s) [Traffic source: High Load (50,000 bytes constant file size) Ftp Demand] Nodes randomly placed in 2000 x 2000 m area Figure 7: Routing Traffic Sent (High Load Ftp) vs Node Mobility & Density Analyses of performance results obtained in our experiments leads us to rank OLSR first - from an external performance perspective of amount of data routing or throughput. However, the effect of a large control overhead traffic on energy consumption and typical wireless medium bandwidth constraints may better suit AODV MANETs in real life scenarios. DSR is best suited for less “stressful” conditions in terms of node count and data traffic demand, but copes well with node mobility.. Figure 8: Summary of Results Evaluation and Conclusions Experimentation Framework MANET Routing Protocol Models: MANET Node Models: DSR (Distance Source Routing) 802.11g WLAN Server/Work Station AODV (Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector) Network Topology: OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing) Free Space Propagation Node Density: Node Mobility Speed: 10, 20 ---> low 2 m/s ---> 7.2 km/h (walking) > 20, 40 ---> medium 5 m/s ---> 18 km/h (street driving) > 40, 80 ---> dense 20m/s ---> 72km/h (highway driving) Node Mobility Model: Data Traffic Model: Random Way Point FTP - Low Load & High Load Levels No. of Networking Scenarios: Data Demand Type of Service: 96 (32 each for AODV, DSR & OLSR) Best Effort Performance Metrics: Network Area: 2000 sq. meters End-to-End Delay (sec), WLAN Network Load (bits/sec) WLAN Throughput (bits/sec), Routing Traffic Sent (bits/sec) Applications of MANETs - includes tactical (military) networks, disaster relief operations, intelligent transport systems, environmental studies & weather predictions, and in education (e.g. setup of virtual class and conference rooms).