![imperceptible difference between that and the Dumfriesshire, I suppose; but
I should not like to have to discriminate where the difference lies.”
As for Lauderdale, he sighed; but without intending it, as it appeared, for
he made a great effort to cover his sigh with a yawn, for which latter
indulgence he had evidently no occasion; and then he tried a faint little
unnecessary laugh. “I’m an awfu’ man for associations,” he said; “I’m no to
be held to account for the things that come into my head. You may say it’s
Cumberland, and I’m no disputing; but for a’ that there’s something in the
sound of the voice——”
“Look here,” said Colin impatiently; “listen to my tract. I want you to
give me your opinion now it is finished; turn this way, with your face to the
hills, and never mind the voice.”
“Oh, ay,” said Lauderdale, with another sigh; “there’s nae voice like his
ain voice to this callant’s ear; it’s an awfu’ thing to be an author, and above
a’ a reformer; for you may be sure it’s for the sake of the cause, and no
because he’s written a’ that himsel’. Let’s hear this grand tract of yours; no
that I’ve any particular faith, in that way of working,” he added impartially.
It was not encouraging perhaps to the young author; but Colin was
sufficiently used by this time to his friend’s predilections, and for his own
part was very well pleased to escape from memories more perplexing and
difficult to manage. It was with this intention that he had taken out No. I. of
the Tracts for the Times. If any of the writers of the original series of these
renowned compositions could but have looked over the shoulder of the
young Scotch minister, and beheld the different fashion of thoughts, the
curious fundamental difference which lay underneath, and yet the apparent
similarity of intention on the face of it! Rome and the Pope were about as
far off as Mecca and the prophet from Colin’s ideas. He was not in the least
urgent for any infallible standard, nor at all concerned to trace a direct line
of descent for himself or his Church; and yet withal his notions were as
high and absolute and arbitrary on some points as if he had been a member
of the most potent of hierarchies. It would, however, be doing Colin
injustice to reproduce here this revolutionary document: to tell the truth,
circumstances occurred very soon after to retard the continuation of the
series, and, so far as his historian is aware, the publication of this
preliminary[4] address was only partial. For, to be sure, the young man had
still abundance of time before him, and the first and most important thing,](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/65142-250426231856-bdd6a275/85/Advances-in-Coastal-Modeling-Volume-67-1st-Edition-V-C-Lakhan-31-320.jpg)
Advances in Coastal Modeling Volume 67 1st Edition V.C. Lakhan
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- 5. Advances in Coastal Modeling Volume 67 1st Edition V.C. Lakhan Digital Instant Download Author(s): V.C. Lakhan ISBN(s): 9780444511492, 0444511490 Edition: 1 File Details: PDF, 45.33 MB Year: 2003 Language: english
- 8. Elsevier Oceanography Series Series Editor: David Halpern (1993-) FURTHER TITLES IN THIS SERIES Volumes 1-36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50, 51 37. 40. 46. 48. 49. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. and 52 are out of print. W. Langeraar Surveying and Charting of the Seas J.C.J. Nihoul (Editor) Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models J.C.J. Nihoul (Editor) Small-Scale Turbulence and Mixing in the Ocean S.R. Massel Hydrodynamics of Coastal Zones V.C. Lakhan and A.S. Trenhaile (Editors) Applications in Ocean Modeling J. Dera (Editor) Marine Physics K. Takano {Editor) Oceanography of Asian Marginal Seas Tan Weiyan Shallow Water Hydrodynamics R.H. Charlier and J.R. Justus Ocean Energies, Environmental, Economic and Technological Aspects of Alternative Power Sources P.C. Chu and J.C. Gascard (Editors) Deep Convection and Deep Water Formation in the Oceans P.A. Pirazzoti, J. Pluet World Atlas of Holocene Sea-Level Changes 5:Teramoto (Editor) Deep Ocean Circulation - Physical and Chemical Aspects B. Kjerfve (Editor) Coastal Lagoon Processes P. Malanotte-Rizzoli {Editor) Modern Approaches to Data Assimilation in Ocean Modeling J.H. Stel, H.W.A. Behrens, J.C. Borst, L.J. Droppert and J.P. van der Meulen (Editors) Operational Oceanography D. Halpern (Editor) Satellites, Oceanography and Society P . Boccotti Wave Mechanics for Ocean Engineering Richard E. Zeebe and Dieter Wolf-Gladrow C02 in Seawater: Equilibrium, Kinetics, Isotopes N.C. Flemming (Editor-in-Chief1 Operational Oceanography: Implementation at the European and Regional Scales
- 9. Elsevier Oceanography Series, 67 ADVANCESIN COASTALMODELING Editor V.C. Lakhan School of Physical Sciences, Windsor, Canada 2003 ELSEVIER Amsterdam - Boston - Heidelberg - London - New York - Oxford Paris- San Diego- San Francisco- Singapore- Sydney- Tokyo
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- 11. Preface Overview of Advances in Coastal Modeling It is now established that models are becoming indispensable not only for understanding and predict- ing the dynamics at work in the coastal system, but also for effective decision making and efficient solutions to complex problems in the coastal environment. Progressively more sophisticated models are now illuminating the complex dynamics operating in the large-scale coastal system and its inter- acting subsystems, thereby leading to major advances in our comprehension of the various coastal characteristics (for example, morphology, water quality, and ecology), and the governing physical processes such as waves, tides, currents, and sediment movement. With the understanding that the proliferation of coastal models in the diverse literature increases the difficulty of obtaining from one source an integrated account of recent advances and present state- of-the-art knowledge in the various aspects of coastal modeling, it is becomes academically justified to unify and enhance the accessibility of contemporary coastal modeling research. This book, there- fore, has the primary purpose of consolidating a comprehensive range of current coastal models and enlightening, timely review chapters to emphasize advances in significant areas of coastal model- ing. The expected readership of senior students, academics, researchers, practicing professionals and all those interested in the modeling of coastal and oceanic processes and characteristics will obtain invaluable insights in scholarly research on coastal modeling. To address the wide diversity of coastal models efforts have been made to present a book which is neither a narrowly specialized nor an all encompassing presentation on advances in coastal mod- eling. In choosing and organizing a representative selection of models from the broad spectrum of coastal models, critical decisions were required on what to include and what to exclude. Apart from considering the overall scope of the book, chapter selection was also aided by several criteria, in- cluding contents of an extensive coastal modeling database established in the late 1980's when I was first contracted to edit a book on coastal modeling, knowledge of articles for a forthcoming issue on coastal morphodynamic modeling which I am now editing, and an understanding of modeling skills required to encourage active participation in the coastal modeling process. While the preferential selection of chapters provides a broad perspective on coastal modeling it should, nevertheless, be emphasized that the book is not intended to be an exhaustive account of ad- vances in coastal modeling. The omission of certain topics does not imply that they are unimportant, but space limitations prevented including as many as are needed to do justice to the multifaceted as- pects of coastal modeling. One of the unique strengths of the book is that the selected chapters bring together, from fourteen different countries, the special knowledge and expertise of coastal modelers who are with universities, the military, consulting and research institutions. The twenty-one chapters are representative of the scholarly advancement of contemporary research in coastal modeling. In ad- dition to chapters modeling the dynamic natural processes of waves, currents, circulatory flows and sediment transport there are also chapters that focus on the modeling of beaches, shorelines, tidal basins, and shore platforms. The substantial scope of the book is further strengthened with chapters concentrating on the effects of coastal structures on nearshore flows, coastal water quality, coastal pollution, coastal ecological modeling, statistical data modeling, and coupling of coastal models with geographical information systems. In editing each chapter, efforts have been made to maintain clarity and coherency, without sacri- ficing the personal writing styles of each of the contributors. Each chapter is self-contained and can be read on an individual basis, but greater insights of the coastal system can be obtained when the chapters are read in selected groupings. In the contextual framework of the book, the subject matter is organized according to broad thematic groupings or specific topic areas. As shown in the overview
- 12. vi presented below, there are chapters on waves and nearshore currents (Chapters 1 to 4), spectral and probabilistic modeling of waves (Chapters 5 and 6), effects of coastal structures on waves and nearshore flows (Chapter 7), sediment transport mechanics (Chapters 8 to 10), coastal morpholog- ical characteristics (Chapters 11 to 14), water circulation (Chapter 15 and 16), water quality and pollution of coastal waters (Chapter 17 and 18), coastal ecological modeling (Chapter 19), statisti- cal modeling of beach and shoreline data (Chapter 20), and geographical information systems and coastal modeling (Chapter 21). The first group of chapters includes state-of-the-art models on the dynamics of waves and nearshore current processes. Given the robust basis and widespread acceptance of the extended Boussinesq equations for computing surface wave motion in coastal areas, the book begins with a comprehensive discussion of Boussinesq models and applications to nearshore wave propagation, surf zone processes and wave-induced currents. Chapter 1 reviews a number of recent developments, and then evaluates the strengths and limitations of the present state of the modeling technique. In a very informative presentation, the author makes it very clear that recent extensions to the theoretical and empirical basis for modeling systems based on these equations now cover wave propagation from deep to shallow water, and allow for the prediction of most surf zone phenomena, including wave breaking, longshore currents, and swash behavior. In a continuation of advanced research on wave modeling Chapter 2 presents a state-of-the-art account of nonlinear frequency domain models for the nearshore and surf zones. The frequency domain transformations of extended Boussinesq models are detailed with special emphasis given to the models' linear properties (frequency, dispersion and shoaling). Nonlinear mild-slope equation models are outlined, and it is highlighted that frequency domain development is performed in the context of parabolic models. The author also elaborates on stochastic models based on the phase-resolving frequency domain models, and provides suggestions for future research. To further our understanding of coastal hydrodynamics Chapter 3 presents ad- vanced numerical techniques to solve the two-dimensional shallow water equations. These equations are solved numerically using a modem, conservative, high resolution, Godunov-type scheme on a Cartesian Cut Cell grid. The accurate and robust results from the numerical modeling provide the author with justification to emphasize that the state-of-the-art solver is capable of not only resolv- ing complex flow phenomena such as bore waves and hydraulic jumps, but can also be utilized to investigate numerous practical problems in coastal engineering. To overcome existing limitations in the modeling of nearshore currents Chapter 4 describes an advanced numerical model of nearshore currents in a quasi three-dimensional field. The equations associated with the wave and current modules are solved with efficient numerical methods. After per- forming rigorous tests the author is able to demonstrate clearly that the model has immense practical applications because it can produce results which are in close agreement with measured data. Among the operational uses of the model are the prediction of cross-shore current velocities, the computation of longshore current velocity distributions, and the prediction of nearshore current velocities around coastal structures. The next two chapters focus on the spectral and probabilistic modeling of waves and their at- tributes. Chapter 5 emphasizes the development, utilization and application of spectral wave models for global and regional wave forecasts. The author presents an elaborate review of the present state- of-the-art in spectral wave modeling in coastal environments. Differences between the SWAN and the WAVEWATCH models are discussed, and the WAM-PRO model is highlighted. After present- ing two examples demonstrating the use of a spectral wave model, the chapter concludes with a thorough analytical discussion on prospects for expected developments in spectral wave modeling. With the understanding that stochastic models provide a useful description of the spatial and tem- poral variabilities of wave fields in the ocean and coastal waters, Chapter 6 focuses on advances in probabilistic models of waves in the coastal zone. The author selects and presents extensive state- of-the-art reviews on wave heights, wave periods, wave groups, time series models of sea states,
- 13. vii long-term models and joint long-term models. In a critical assessment the author emphasizes that the various models are used for either the analysis or the design and construction of coastal and offshore structures. Apart from understanding the dynamics and characteristics of waves and currents, it is also vital to understand how waves and nearshore flows are affected by coastal structures. Chapter 7, therefore, elaborates on advanced research in modeling the effects of permeable and reflective structures on waves and nearshore flows. Recently developed models and their applications are reviewed, empha- sizing the consequences of including the effects of porous flow in the general hydrodynamic model. Models based on Boussinesq-type equations and the Navier-Stokes equation are advanced. In an an- alytical conclusion the author discusses the state-of-the-art, and expected trends in the modeling of wave and porous structure interaction. The waves and currents discussed in the preceding chapters have a strong influence on sediment movement so the next group of chapters (8, 9 and 10) is on sediment transport modeling. In Chap- ter 8 the author communicates, in an informative, comprehensible style, his special knowledge on evolution in sediment modeling. Analytical perspectives are presented on advanced capabilities in numerical modeling of sediment dynamics, with emphasis placed on modeling of the boundary layer within millimeters of the sea bed. Various empirical case studies are used to discuss model- ing strengths and weaknesses. The author concludes by providing meaningful potential solutions to sediment modeling problems in the coastal environment. The next chapter presents an innovative, advanced modeling technique for large-scale simulations of flow and sediment transport processes in coastal waters. In Chapter 9 the author employs parallel computation techniques to increase the computational efficiency of a three-dimensional finite element sediment transport model. The paral- lelized model is run on a multiple instruction, multiple data Beowulf parallel computer system. The simulated model results show good correlation with field measurements, thereby allowing the au- thors to justify the computationally efficient model as being capable of simulating hydrodynamic and sediment transport patterns in coastal waters. Chapter 10 emphasizes the importance of the material presented in Chapter 1 because it combines a wave model based on the higher-order Boussinesq-type equations with two sediment transport modules (based on a detailed and on an energetics approach) to investigate the process of sediment transport and morphological evolution in the nearshore zone. By incorporating in the model recent advances in wave and sediment dynamics the author executes the robust model to produce results in the cross-shore direction, indicating not only erosion and for- mation of a bar but also the recession of the shoreline. Moreover, the model results on longshore transport rates are in excellent agreement with established findings. The models presented in Chapters 11, 12, 13 and 14 concentrate on characteristics of coastal mor- phology which, to a great extent, are influenced by the waves, currents, sediments and other processes discussed in the preceding chapters. In Chapter 11 the author considers the dynamics of a coastal zone using analogy to a generalized dynamic system. By initializing an original coastal morphody- namic model with bathymetry, wave parameters, sediment characteristics, storm duration, and mean water level, and then linking several coastal process modules the author presents the modeling of short-term storm-induced deformations of nearshore morphology and long-term coastal evolution. Model applications in two and three spatial dimensions permit the prediction of beach profiles with time scales in the order of the duration of a storm event or an ensemble of storms and morphological evolution during longer periods of several years to decades. After reviewing numerical beach change modeling the authors of Chapter 12 provide a robust, state-of-the-art numerical model to simulate the topographic evolution in the nearshore due to breaking waves and surf zone related processes. The model calculates waves, mean water elevation, longshore currents, and cross-shore, longshore, and swash zone sediment transport, and then computes beach changes from the sediment volume conservation equation. Testing of the model with data from field measurements demonstrates that it is computationally efficient, and very useful in engineering projects where time scales from individ-
- 14. viii ual storms to seasonal variations are to be considered. Chapter 13 presents an advanced operational model for understanding the morphodynamics and complexities of tidal basins and coastal inlets, which on a world-wide basis, have immense social, economic and ecological importance. With the recognition that there is inadequate knowledge to predict the evolution of tidal basins and their in- teraction with the coast on time scales much longer than the process scale, the authors concentrate on expanding an aggregated-scale model. The significant findings from the operational model sub- stantiate the process-aggregated approach, which allows for the hindcasting and possibly forecasting of the morphodynamic behavior of tidal basins to natural and anthropogenic impacts on engineering time scales. To improve on previous shore platform models concerned mainly with submarine ero- sion in tideless seas, the author of Chapter 14 presents an advanced model to study the evolution of shore platforms and associated cliff recession on rocky coasts in wave dominated environments. The model considers such factors as the tidal expenditure of wave energy, deep water wave conditions, the rate of wave and surf attenuation in shallow water, offshore and submarine gradients, the height of the breakers, the width of the surf zone, and the minimum or threshold wave force capable of causing rock erosion. Extensive testing shows that the model can be used to simulate the erosion of rock coasts in the inter-tidal zone. The next two chapters are necessary because modeling of water circulation is important for under- standing the physical, chemical, and biological processes operating in the near and offshore coastal environment. Chapter 15 focuses on the dynamics of large-scale water circulation around a complex bathymetry. The domain of the Great Barrier Reef is used to emphasize that a better understanding of large-scale water circulation can be obtained by merging models with different spatial scales. With the use of different two-dimensional and three-dimensional models the authors provide valu- able insights on how processes operating at very different spatial and temporal scales interact. In an analytical discussion it is recognized that feedback exists between scales, thereby making it neces- sary to identify small-scale processes that are relevant at larger scales, and then parameterizing these processes in larger scale models. Chapter 16 highlights the operational use of the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) to simulate not only water circulation, but also the thermohaline structure. With the POM, a time-dependent, primitive equation circulation model that includes a realistic bottom top- ography, the authors judiciously analyze from a series of numerical experiments the qualitative and quantitative effects of nonlinearity, wind forcing, and lateral boundary transport on the Japan/East Sea. The results on temperature, salinity and velocity fields are consistent with observational stud- ies thereby demonstrating that the numerical simulation can provide considerable insights into the external factors affecting regional and coastal oceanography. With the understanding that water quality and pollution of coastal waters and estuaries are issues of great public concern, it becomes vital to utilize models on coastal pollution and water quality. In Chapter 17 two analytical models are described for estimating the concentration of a dissolved conservative constituent within a semi-enclosed tidal basin. Both models are based upon a "tidal prism" or "zero-dimensional" approach, and use an analytical method to predict the temporal varia- tions in pollutant concentration. From the substantial modeling results the author is able to highlight the finding that the analytical approach offers a viable and computationally inexpensive alternative to conventional multi-dimensional pollutant transport simulations, and also increases our understand- ing of the flushing characteristics of tidal basins. In Chapter 18 the author uses several case studies from the United States to accentuate advances made in the past twenty years in coastal water quality modeling. By deciding not to focus on the advances in the fundamental techniques of water quality modeling, the author places special emphasis on a detailed analysis of the progress in coastal water quality modeling from the aspects of computing power, linkages among models, model frameworks, and process descriptions. While significant advancements have been documented the author, nev- ertheless, suggests the need for several improvements including developing dynamic linkages from
- 15. ix coastal water quality models to various types of living resource models, such as bioenergetics and population models. The tremendous ecological significance of the coastal zone necessitates discussing the advances in coastal ecological modeling. Chapter 19 concentrates on neural network applications in coastal ecological modeling. Recognizing that neural network applications to ecological modeling are quite recent, the author introduces neural networks as computational tools, and then provides relevant information on their main features and technical particulars. Appropriate examples of neural network models applied to coastal ecosystems are provided and analyzed. The chapter concludes with an enlightening discussion of the state-of-the-art in neural network modeling, and provides perspectives on their future development. The use of statistical models in beach and shoreline monitoring programs is emphasized in Chap- ter 20. The author demonstrates that insights on the long-term temporal and spatial dynamics of the nearshore system can be obtained by fitting statistical models to collected data. Box-Jenkins Transfer Function modeling procedures are utilized to identify models which best describe a time series (1978-2001) of beach and shoreline data. Modeling results highlight the influence of temporal stochastic processes on the long range behavior of beach and shoreline variations. In monitoring pro- grams the transfer modeling approach is found to be useful to detect shifts in phase states of beaches and shorelines that occur through time and space. It is now widely recognized that geographical information systems (GIS) bring an important new dimension to coastal modeling. Chapter 21 explores some of the recent developments, progress made, and some of the problems encountered in integrating GIS with coastal models. While space limitations prevented the discussion of methodological developments in GIS the authors, neverthe- less, elucidate that advances in computer hardware, software, display and visualization capabilities, and user interfaces are enabling more widespread use of coastal modeling tools, facilitating opportu- nities for collaborative distributed networking and integrated spatial decision support system tools to aid the coastal manager and practitioner in planning and decision making tasks. It is emphasized that developments are continuing, and success is being achieved in integrating GIS with coastal models. Dr. V. CHRIS LAKHAN Professor, Earth Sciences School of Physical Sciences University of Windsor November, 2002
- 16. This Page Intentionally Left Blank
- 17. Acknowledgments My appreciation and acknowledgments to all contributors for their invaluable cooperation, and will- ingness to promote academic excellence. Each of the corresponding first author must be highly com- mended for outstanding expertise, scholarship and organizational efficiency. Special gratitude also to Angela Keller for her superb technical and professional skills. Her indus- triousness and willingness to undertake challenging tasks are greatly appreciated. Sincere thanks also to the many conscientious scholars who provided worthwhile professional reviews of versions of chapters in this book. These include Dr. Cheryl Ann Blain, Ocean Dynam- ics and Predictions Branch, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center; Professor Alistair Borthwick, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford; Dr. Corey J.A. Bradshaw, Antarctic Wildlife Research Unit, University of Tasmania; Dr. Luigi Cavaleri, Istituto per lo Studio della Dinamica della Grandi Masse (ISDGM), Italy; Professor Sung-Uk Choi, Department of Civil Engineering, Yonsei University, Korea; Dr. Joseph DiLorenzo, Najarian Associates, New Jersey; Professor Barbara Boczar-Karakiewiecz, L'Institut des Sciences de lamer, Universit6 du Quebec; Professor Stephan Grilli, Department of Ocean Engineering, University of Rhode Island; Profes- sor Zygmunt Kowalik, Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska; Professor Yok-sheung Li, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Professor Bin- liang Lin, Cardiff School of Engineering, Cardiff University; Professor Phil McIver, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University; Professor Helena Mitasova, Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University; Dr. Robert Nairn, Baird and Associates, Oakville, Canada; Professor Peter Nielsen, Department of Civil Engineering, Uni- versity of Queensland; Dr. Michel K. Ochi, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Professor H. Tuba Ozkan-Haller, College of Oceanic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University; Professor Dominic Reeve, School of Civil Engineering, University of Nottingham; Professor Mal- colm L. Spaulding, Department of Ocean Engineering, University of Rhode Island; Professor Wayne Stephenson, School of Anthropology, Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Mel- bourne; Dr. Andrew Swales, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Hamilton, New Zealand; Professor John D. Wang, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Univer- sity of Miami, and Professor Ian R. Young, Executive Dean and Pro Vice-Chancellor, University of Adelaide. My sincere appreciation is also extended to all the members of my family among them my mother, Chandra, Vishnu Chris (V.C.) Vishnu Calvin (Cal) Radica, Sewdharry (Sam), Krisendatt, Sridatt, Dwarka, Ahilia, Arunie (Janet) and Rajendra (Jerome). The keen interest of Dr. Helmut Baumert of Hydromod Scientific Consulting, Germany, and Dr. Dieter Eppel of the Institute of Coastal Research, GKSS Research Centre, Germany are also acknowledged. I also acknowledge the timely correspondence of several researchers and scientists, among them Drs. Dag L. Aksnes, University of Bergen; Costas Anastasiou, Imperial College of Science, Tech- nology and Medicine; Alexandre Aussem, Universit6 Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand II; Rosa M. Barciela-Watts, Southampton Oceanography Center; Jan Berlamont, Katholieke Universiteit Leu- ven; Subrata Chakrabarti, Offshore Structure Analysis, Inc.; Tony Chan, University of California at Los Angeles; Villy Christensen, University of British Columbia; Graham Copeland, University of Strathclyde; Mark A. Donelan, University of Miami; Steve Elgar, Woods Hole Oceanographic In- stitute; R.T. Guza, University of California at San Diego; Paul Hamblin, Canada Centre for Inland Waters; Dan Hanes, University of Florida; Courtney Harris, Virginia Institute of Marine Science; David Huntley, University of Plymouth; Hartmut Kapitza, Institut ftir Ktistenforschung; Hajime xi
- 18. xii Kato, Ibaraki University; Nobu Kobayashi, University of Delaware; Rongxing (Ron) Li, Ohio State University; H.X. Lin, Delft University of Technology; Philip Lui, Comell University; EA. Madsen, Technical University of Denmark; Dag Myrhaug, Norwegian University of Science and Technology; Brian O'Connor, University of Liverpool; Jan Ribberink, University of Twente; V. Sundar, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras; C. Swan, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, and S.G. Wallis, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh. Thanks are also extended to administrators, faculty, staff and librarians at the University of Wind- sor. My appreciation for the academic support of Dr. Richard Caron, Executive Dean, Faculty of Science, Professor Neil Gold, Vice-President, Academic, and Dr. Keith Taylor, Director, School of Physical Sciences. All my colleagues in Earth Sciences are acknowledged, especially Drs. A.S. Tren- haile, ED. LaValle, M. Harris, I. A1-Aasm, A. Polat, I. Samson, and E Simpson. Thanks also to Christine Young, Secretary of Earth Sciences, Lena Razwan, Sociology and Anthropology, and John Carrington (News Services Manager). Special recognition also to numerous colleagues, among them Navin Chandarpal (MP), Mohandatt Goolsarran, Philip Kartick, Mohan Mangal, Zakir "Buddy" Yamin, Joe Ramgobin, Rooplal Premlall, James Singh, and Dr. Mustaq Khan. Thanks also to University of Windsor graduate students, especially Lloyd Prevedel, Dr. David Pepper, Joe Curkovic, Padma de Souza, Rajesh Karki, Dan Fister, Kazi Arifuzzaman, Jacob Kanyaya, Johari Pannalal, Kevin Cabana, and Dr. John Kovacs. Finally, special thanks are extended to Dr. Femke Wallien of Elsevier Science Publishers for her outstanding professional assistance in overseeing this book project.
- 19. List of Contributors Robert W. Barber Kerry Black Richard Brinkman Peter C. Chu Eric Deleersnijder Mark S. Dortch Chenwu Fan David R. Green Research Scientist Centre for Microfluidics Computational Engineering Group CLRC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury Warrington, Cheshire WA4 4AD, United Kingdom E-mail: r.w.barber@dl.ac.uk Scientist/Research Consultant ASR Limited Marine and Freshwater Consultants P.O. Box 13048 Hamilton, New Zealand E-mail: kblack@asrltd.co.nz Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB No. 3 Townsville MC, Queensland 4810, Australia Professor and Head Naval Ocean Analysis and Prediction Laboratory Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943, USA E-maih pcchu@nps.navy.mil Institut d' Astronomie et de Geophysique G. Lemaitre Universite Catholique de Louvain 2 Chemin du Cyclotron B- 1348 Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium Chief Water Quality and Contaminant Modeling Branch US Army Engineer Research and Development Center Waterways Experiment Station, 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199, USA E-maih dortchm@wes.army.mil Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943, USA Professor Centre for Marine and Coastal Zone Management Centre for Remote Sensing & Mapping Science Department of Geography & Environment University of Aberdeen, Elphinstone Road AB24 3UF, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom E-maih d.r.green@abdn.ac.uk xiii
- 20. xiv Carlos Guedes Soares Hans Hanson Yu-Wu Jiang James M. Kaihatu Theophanis V. Karambas Chang S. Kim Stephen D. King James T. Kirby Nicholas C. Kraus Magnus Larson Professor Unit of Marine Technology and Engineering Technical University of Lisbon Instituto Superior T6cnico Av. Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal E-maih guedess@mar.ist.utl.pt Professor Department of Water Resources Engineering Lund University Box 118 S-221 00 Lund, Sweden Department of Civil & Structural Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong Senior Scientist Ocean Dynamics and Prediction Branch Oceanography Division (Code 7322) Naval Research Laboratory Stennis Space Center, MS 39529-5004, USA E-maih kaihatu@nrlssc.navy.mil Professor Department of Civil Engineering Technological Education Institute of Serres Terma Magnesias, 621 24 Serres Greece E-mail: karambas@civil.auth.gr Korea Ocean R&D Institute Ansan 425-170, South Korea Department of Geography and Environment University of Aberdeen AB24 3UF Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom Professor Center for Applied Coastal Research University of Delaware Newark, DE 19716, USA E-maih kirby@udel.edu Research Physical Scientist Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center 3909 Halls Ferry Road Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199, USA Professor Department of Water Resources Engineering Lund University Box 118 S-221 00 Lund, Sweden E-mail: magnus.larson @tvrl.lth.se
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- 22. Colin had once felt on his neck had worn by this time to such an impalpable thread that he was no longer aware of its existence; and even the woman in the clouds had passed out of his recollection for the moment, so much was he absorbed with the great work he had embarked on. Thus he set out on a pedestrian excursion, meaning to go to the English lakes, and it is hard to say where besides, in his month’s holiday; and nothing in the air or in the skies gave any notice to Colin of the great event that was to befall him before he could return.
- 23. CHAPTER XLVII. It was, as we have said, a lovely summer morning when Colin set out on his excursion, after the fatigues of the winter and spring. His first stage was naturally Ramore, where he arrived the same evening, having picked up Lauderdale at Glasgow on his way. A more beautiful evening had never shone over the Holy Loch; and, as the two friends approached Ramore, all the western sky was flaming behind the dark hills, which stood up in austere shadow, shutting out from the loch and its immediate banks the later glories of the sunset. To leave the eastern shore, where the light still lingered, and steal up under the shadow into the soft beginning of the twilight, with Ramore, that “shines where it stands,” looking out hospitably from the brae, was like leaving the world of noise and commotion for the primitive life, with its silence and its thoughts; and so, indeed, Colin felt it, though his world was but another country parish, primitive enough in its ways. But then it must not be forgotten that there is a difference between the kingdom of Fife, where wheat grows golden on the broad fields, and where the herrings come up to the shore to be salted and packed in barrels, and the sweet Loch half hidden among the hills, where the cornfields are scant and few, and where grouse and heather divide the country with the beasts and the pastures, and where, in short, Gaelic was spoken within the memory of man. Perhaps there was something of the vanity of youth in that look of observation and half amused, half curious criticism which the young man cast upon the peaceful manse, where it did not seem as if anything could ever happen, and where the minister, who had red hair, had painfully begun his career when Colin himself was a boy. The manse of Afton was not nearly so lovely, but—it was different; though perhaps he could not have told how. And the same thought was in his mind as he went on past all the tranquil houses. How did they manage to keep existing, those people for whom life was over, who had ceased to look beyond the day, or to anticipate either good or evil? To be sure all this was very unreasonable; for Colin was aware that things did happen now and then on the Holy Loch. Somebody died occasionally, when it was impossible to help it, and by turns somebody was born, and there even occurred, at rare intervals a marriage, with its suggestion of life beginning; but these domestic incidents
- 24. were not what he was thinking of. Life seemed to be in its quiet evening over all that twilight coast; and then it was the morning with Colin, and it did not seem possible for him to exist without the hopes, and motives, and excitements which made ceaseless movement and commotion in his soul. He was so full of what had to be done, even of what he himself had to do, that the silence seemed to recede before him, and to rustle and murmur round him as he carried into it his conscious and restless life. Colin had even such a wealth of existence to dispose of that it kept flowing on in two or three distinct channels, a thing which amused him when he thought of it. For underneath all this sense of contrast, and Lauderdale’s talk, and his own watch for the Ramore boat, No. 1 of the “Tracts for the Times” was at the same time shaping itself in Colin’s brain; and there are moments when a man can stand apart from himself, and note what is going on in his own mind. He was greeting the old friends who recognised him in the steamboat, and looking out for home, and planning his tract, and making that contrast between the evening and the morning all at the same moment. And at the same time he had taken off the front of his mental habitation, and was looking at all those different processes going on in its different compartments with a curious sense of amusement. Such were the occupations of his mind as he went up to the Loch, to that spot where the Ramore boat lay waiting on the rippled surface. It was a different homecoming from any that he had ever made before. Formerly his prospects were vague, and it never was quite certain what he might make of himself. Now he had fulfilled all the ambitions of his family, as far as his position went. There was nothing more to hope for or to desire in that particular; and, naturally, Colin felt that his influence with his father and brothers at least would be enhanced by the realization of those hopes, which, up to this time, had always been mingled with a little uncertainty. He forgot all about that, it is true, when he grasped the hands of Archie and of the farmer, and dashed up the brae to where the Mistress stood wistful at the door; but, notwithstanding, there was a difference, and it was one which was sufficiently apparent to all. As for his mother, she smoothed down the sleeve of his black coat with her kind hand, and examined with a tender smile the cut of the waistcoat which Colin had brought from Oxford— though, to tell the truth, he had still a stolen inclination for “mufti,” and wore his uniform only when a solemn occasion occurred like this and on grand parade; but, for all her joy and satisfaction at sight of him, the
- 25. Mistress still looked a little shattered and broken, and had never forgotten— though Colin had forgotten it long ago—the “objections” of the parish of Afton, and all that her son had had “to come through,” as she said, “before he was placed.” “I’m awfu’ shaken in my mind about a’ that,” said the Mistress; “there’s the Free Kirk folk—though I’m no for making an example of them— fighting among themselves about their new minister, like thae puir senseless creatures in America. Thamas, at the Millhead, is for the ae candidate, and his brother Dugald for the tither; and they’re like to tear each other’s een out when they meet. That’s ill enough, but Afton’s waur. I’m no for setting up priests, nor making them a sacerdotal caste as some folk say; but will you tell me,” said Mrs. Campbell, indignantly, “that a wheen ignorant weavers and canailye like that can judge my Colin? ay, or even if it was thae Fife farmers driving in their gigs. I would like to ken what he studied for and took a’ thae honours, and gave baith time and siller, if he wasna to ken better than the like of them? I’m no pretending to meddle with politics that are out of my way—but I canna shut my een,” the Mistress said, emphatically. “The awfu’ thing is that we’ve nae respect to speak of for onything but ourselves; we’re so awfu’ fond of our ain bit poor opinions, and the little we ken. If there was ony change in our parish—and the minister’s far from weel, by a’ I can hear—and that man round the point at the English chapel wasna such an awfu’ haveril—I would be tempted to flee away out of their fechts and their objections, and get a quiet Sabbath day there.” “I’m no for buying peace so dear, for my part,” said Lauderdale; “they’re terrible haverils, most of the English ministers in our pairts, as the Mistress says. We’re a’ in a kind of dissenting way now-a-days, the mair’s the pity. Whisht a moment, callant, and let a man speak.—I’m no saying onything against dissent; it’s a wee hard in its ways, and it has an awfu’ opinion of itsel’, and there’s nae beauty in it; but, when your mind’s made up to have popular rights and your ain way in everything, I canna see onything else for it, for my part.” “Weel, we’ll a’ see,” said big Colin, who in his heart could not defend an order of ecclesiastical economy which permitted his son to be assaulted by the parish of Afton, or any other parish, “if it’s the will of God. We’re none of us so awfu’ auld; but the world’s aye near its ending to a woman that sees her son slighted; there’s nae penitence can make up for that—no that he’s
- 26. suffered much that I can see,” the farmer said with a laugh. “There’s enough of the Kirk for one night.” “Eh, Colin, dinna be so worldly,” said his wife; “I think whiles it would be an awfu’ blessing if the world was to end as you say; and a thing be cleared up, and them joined again that had been parted, and the bonnie earth safe through the fire—if it’s to be by fire,” she added with a questioning glance towards her son; “I canna think but it’s ower good to be true. When I mind upon a’ we’ve to go through in this life, and a’ that is so hard to mend; —eh, if He would but take it in His ain hand!” said the Mistress with tears in her eyes. No one was so hard-hearted as to preach to her at that moment, or to enlarge upon the fact that everything was in His hand, as indeed she knew as well as her companions; but it happens sometimes that the prayers and the wishes which are out of reason, are those that come warmest, and touch deepest, to the heart. But, meanwhile, awaiting the end of the world, Colin, when he was settled for the night in his old room, with its shelving roof, took out and elaborated his Tract for the Times. It was discontent as great as that of his mother’s which breathed out of it; but then hers was the discontent of a life which had nothing to do or to look for, and which had found out by experience how little progress can be made in a lifetime, and how difficult it is to change evil into good. Colin’s discontent, on the contrary, was that exhilarating sentiment which stimulates youth, and opens an endless field of combat and conquest. At his end of the road it looked only natural that the obstacles should move of themselves out of the way, and that what was just and best should have the inevitable victory. When he had done, he thought with a tenderness which brought tears to his eyes, yet at the same moment a smile to his lips, of the woman’s impatience that would hasten the wheels of fate, and call upon God to take matters, as she said, in His own hand. That did not, as yet, seem a step necessary to Colin. He thought there was still time to work by the natural means, and that things were not arrived as such a pass that it was needful to appeal to miracle. It could only be when human means had failed that such a resource could be necessary; and the human means had certainly not failed entirely so long as he stood there in the bloom of his young strength, with his weapons in his hand. He preached in his native church on the following Sunday, as was to be expected; and from up the Loch and down the Loch all the world came to hear young Colin of Ramore. And big Colin the farmer sat glorious at the
- 27. end of his pew, and in the pride of his heart listened, and noted, and made inexorable criticisms, and commented on his son’s novel ideas with a severe irony which it was difficult to understand in its true sense. The Duke himself came to hear Colin’s sermon, which was a wonderful honour to the young man, and all the parish criticised him with a zest which it was exhilarating to hear. “I mind when he couldna say his Questions,” said Evan of Barnton; “I wouldna like to come under ony engagement that he kens them noo. He was aye a callant awfu’ fond of his ain opinion, and for my part I’m no for Presbyteries passing ower objections so easy. Either he’s of Heward’s school or he’s no; but I never saw that there was ony right decision come to. There were some awfu’ suspicious expressions under his second head—if you could ca’ yon a head,” said the spiritual ruler, with natural contempt; for indeed Colin’s divisions were not what they ought to have been, and he was perfectly open to criticism so far as that was concerned. “A lot of that was out of Dennistoun,” said another thoughtful spectator. “I’m aye doubtful of thae misty phrases. If it wasna for hurting a’ their feelings, I would be awfu’ tempted to say a word. He’s no’ that auld, and he might mend.” “He’ll never mend,” said Evan. “I’m no’ one that ever approved of the upbringing of thae laddies. They have ower much opinion of themselves. There’s Archie, that thinks he kens the price of cattle better than a man of twice his age. She’s an awfu’ fanciful woman, that mother of theirs—and then they’ve a’ been a wee spoiled with that business about the English callant; but I’ll no say but what he has abilities,” the critic added, with a national sense of clanship. The parish might not approve of the upbringing of the young Campbells, nor of their opinions, but still it had a national share in any reputation that the family or any of its members might attain. Colin continued his course on the Monday with his friend. He had stayed but a few days at home, but it was enough, and all the party were sensible of the fact. Henceforward that home, precious as it was, could not count for much in his life. It was a hard thing to think of, but it was a necessity of nature. Archie and the younger sons greeted with enthusiasm the elder brother, who shared with them his better fortunes and higher place; but, when the greeting was given on both sides, there did not remain very much to say; for, to be sure, seen by Colin’s side, the young Campbells,—still gauche, and shamefaced, and with the pride of a Scotch peasant in arms,
- 28. looked inferior to what they really were, and felt so—and the mother felt it for them, though Colin was her own immediate heir and the pride of her heart. She bade him farewell with suppressed tears, and a sense of loss which was not to be suppressed. “He has his ain hame, and his ain place, and little need of us now, the Lord be praised,” the Mistress said to herself as she watched him going down to the boat; “I think I would be real content if he had but a good wife.” But still it was with a sigh that she went in again and closed the door upon the departing boat that carried her son back to the world.
- 29. CHAPTER XLVIII. As for Colin and his friend, they went upon their way steadily, with that rare sympathy in difference which is the closest bond of friendship. Lauderdale by this time had lost almost all the lingerings of youth which had hung long about him, perhaps by right of his union with the fresh and exuberant youth of his brother-in-arms. His gaunt person was gaunter than ever, though, by an impulse of the tenderest pride—not for himself but for his companion—his dress fitted him better, and was more carefully put on than it had even been during all his life; but his long hair, once so black and wild, was now grey, and hung in thin locks, and his beard, that relic of Italy, which Lauderdale preserved religiously, and had ceased to be ashamed of, was grey also, and added to the somewhat solemn aspect of his long thoughtful face. He was still an inch or two taller than Colin, whose great waves of brown hair, tossed up like clouds upon his forehead, and shining brown eyes, which even now had not quite lost the soft shade of surprise and admiration which had given them such a charm in their earlier years, contrasted strangely with the worn looks of his friend. They were not like father and son; for Lauderdale preserved in his appearance an indefinable air of solitude and of a life apart, which made it impossible to think of him in any such relationship; but perhaps their union was more close and real than even that tie could have made it, since the unwedded childless man was at once young and old, and had kept in his heart a virgin freshness more visionary, and perhaps even more spotless, than that of Colin’s untarnished youth; for, to be sure, the young man not only was conscious of that visionary woman in the clouds, but had already solaced himself with more than one love, and still meant to marry a wife like other men, though that was not at present the foremost idea in his mind; whereas, whatever love Lauderdale might have had in that past from which he never drew the veil, it had never been replaced by another, nor involved any earthly hope. As they crossed the borders, and found themselves among the Cumberland hills, Lauderdale began to make gradual advances to a subject which had been for a long time left in silence between them. Perhaps it required that refinement of ear natural to a born citizen of Glasgow to
- 30. recognise that it was “English” which was being spoken round them as they advanced—but the philosopher supposed himself to have made that discovery. He recurred to it with a certain pathetic meaning as they went upon their way. They had set out on foot from Carlisle, each with his knapsack, to make their leisurely way to the Lakes; and, when they stopped to refresh themselves at the humble roadside inn which was their first resting-place, the plaintive cadence of his friend’s voice struck Colin with a certain amusement. “They’re a’ English here,” Lauderdale said, with a tone of sad recollection, as a man might have said in Norway or Russia, hearing for the first time the foreign tongue, and bethinking himself of all the dreary seas and long tracts of country that lay between him and home. It might have been pathetic under such circumstances, though the chances are that even then Colin, graceless and fearless, would have laughed; but at present, when the absence was only half a day’s march, and the difference of tongue, as we have said, only to be distinguished by an ear fine and native, the sigh was too absurd to be passed over lightly. “I never knew you have the mal du pays before,” Colin said with a burst of laughter:—and the patriot himself did not refuse to smile. “Speak English,” he said, with a quaint self-contradiction; “though I should say speak Scotch if I was consistent;—you needna make your jokes at me. Oh ay, it’s awfu’ easy laughing. It’s no that I’m thinking of; there’s nothing out of the way in the association of ideas this time, though they play bonnie pranks whiles. I’m thinking of the first time I was in England, and how awfu’ queer it sounded to hear the bits of callants on the road, and the poor bodies at the cottage doors.” “The first time you were in England—that was when you came to nurse me,” said Colin; “I should have died that time but for my mother and you.” “I’m not saying that,” said Lauderdale; “you’re one of the kind that’s awfu’ hard to kill—but it’s no that I’m thinking of. There are other things that come to my mind with the sound of the English tongue. Hold your peace, callant, and listen; is there nothing comes back to your ain mind when you hear the like of that?” “I hear a woman talking very broad Cumberland,” said Colin, who notwithstanding began to feel an uncomfortable heat mounting upwards in his face; “you may call it English, if you have a mind. There is some
- 31. imperceptible difference between that and the Dumfriesshire, I suppose; but I should not like to have to discriminate where the difference lies.” As for Lauderdale, he sighed; but without intending it, as it appeared, for he made a great effort to cover his sigh with a yawn, for which latter indulgence he had evidently no occasion; and then he tried a faint little unnecessary laugh. “I’m an awfu’ man for associations,” he said; “I’m no to be held to account for the things that come into my head. You may say it’s Cumberland, and I’m no disputing; but for a’ that there’s something in the sound of the voice——” “Look here,” said Colin impatiently; “listen to my tract. I want you to give me your opinion now it is finished; turn this way, with your face to the hills, and never mind the voice.” “Oh, ay,” said Lauderdale, with another sigh; “there’s nae voice like his ain voice to this callant’s ear; it’s an awfu’ thing to be an author, and above a’ a reformer; for you may be sure it’s for the sake of the cause, and no because he’s written a’ that himsel’. Let’s hear this grand tract of yours; no that I’ve any particular faith, in that way of working,” he added impartially. It was not encouraging perhaps to the young author; but Colin was sufficiently used by this time to his friend’s predilections, and for his own part was very well pleased to escape from memories more perplexing and difficult to manage. It was with this intention that he had taken out No. I. of the Tracts for the Times. If any of the writers of the original series of these renowned compositions could but have looked over the shoulder of the young Scotch minister, and beheld the different fashion of thoughts, the curious fundamental difference which lay underneath, and yet the apparent similarity of intention on the face of it! Rome and the Pope were about as far off as Mecca and the prophet from Colin’s ideas. He was not in the least urgent for any infallible standard, nor at all concerned to trace a direct line of descent for himself or his Church; and yet withal his notions were as high and absolute and arbitrary on some points as if he had been a member of the most potent of hierarchies. It would, however, be doing Colin injustice to reproduce here this revolutionary document: to tell the truth, circumstances occurred very soon after to retard the continuation of the series, and, so far as his historian is aware, the publication of this preliminary[4] address was only partial. For, to be sure, the young man had still abundance of time before him, and the first and most important thing,
- 32. as Lauderdale suggested, was the preparation of an audience—an object which was on the whole better carried out by partial and private circulation than by coming prematurely before the public, and giving the adversary occasion to blaspheme, and perhaps frightening the Kirk herself out of her wits. Having said so much, we may return to the more private and individual aspect of affairs. The two friends were seated, while all this was going on, out of doors, on a stone bench by the grey wall of the cottage inn, in which they had just refreshed themselves with a nondescript meal. The Cumberland hills—at that moment bleaching under the sunshine, showing all their scars and stains in the fulness of the light—stretched far away into the distance, hiding religiously in their depths the sacred woods and waters that were the end of the pilgrimage on which the two friends were bound. Lauderdale sat at leisure and listened, shading the sunshine from his face, and watching the shadows play on the woods and hills; and the same force of imagination which persuaded the unaccustomed traveller that he could detect a difference of tone in the rude talk he heard in the distance, and that that which was only the dialect of Cumberland was English, persuaded him also that the sunshine in which he was sitting was warmer than the sunshine at home, and that he was really, as he himself would have described it, “going south.” He was vaguely following out these ideas, notwithstanding that he also listened to Colin, and gave him the fullest attention. Lauderdale had not travelled much in his life, nor enjoyed many holidays; and, consequently, the very sense of leisure and novelty recalled to him the one great recreation of his life—the spring he had spent in Italy, with all its vicissitudes, prefaced by the mournful days at Wodensbourne. All this came before Lauderdale’s mind more strongly a great deal than it did before that of Colin, because it was to the elder man the one sole and clearly marked escape out of the monotony of a long life—a thing that had occurred but once, and never could occur again. How the Cumberland hills, and the peasant voices in their rude dialect, and the rough stone bench outside the door of a grey lime-stone cottage, could recall to Lauderdale the olive slopes of Frascati, the tall houses shut up and guarded against the sunshine, and the far-off solemn waste of the Campagna, would have been something unintelligible to Colin. But in the meantime these recollections were coming to a climax in his companion’s mind. He gave a great start in the midst of Colin’s most eloquent paragraph, and jumped to his feet, crying,
- 33. “Do you hear that?” with a thrill of excitement utterly inexplicable to the astonished young man: and then Lauderdale grew suddenly ashamed of himself, and took his seat again, abashed, and felt that it was needful to explain. “Do I hear what?” said Colin; and, as this interruption occurred just at the moment when he supposed he had roused his hearer to a certain pitch of excitement and anxiety, by his account of the religious deficiencies of Scotland, which he was on the point of relieving by an able exposition of the possibilities of reform, it may be forgiven to him if he spoke with a little asperity. Such a disappointment is a trying experience to the best of men. “What is it, for Heaven’s sake?” said the young man, forgetting he was a minister; and, to tell the truth, Lauderdale was so much ashamed of himself that he felt almost unable to explain. “She’s singing something, that’s a’,” said the confused philosopher. “I’m an awfu’ haveril, Colin. There’s some things I canna get out of my head. Never you mind; a’ that’s admirable,” said the culprit, with a certain deprecatory eagerness. “I’m awfu’ anxious to see how you get us out of the scrape. Go on.” Colin was angry, but he was human, and he could not but laugh at the discomfiture and conciliatory devices of his disarmed critic. “I am not going to throw away my pearls,” he said; “since your mind is in such a deplorable state you shall hear no more to-day. Oh, no. I understand the extent of your anxiety. And so here’s Lauderdale going the way of all flesh. Who is she? and what is she singing? The best policy is to make a clean breast of it,” said the young man, laughing; “and then, perhaps I may look over the insult you have been guilty of to myself.” But Lauderdale was in no mood for laughing. “It would be the best plan to go on,” he said; “for I’ve been giving my best attention; and maybe if I was to speak out what was in my heart—” “Speak it out,” said Colin. He was a little affronted, but he kept his composure. As he folded up his papers and put them away in his pocket- book, he too heard the song which Lauderdale had been listening to. It was only a countrywoman singing as she went about her work, and there was no marked resemblance in the voice to anything he had heard before. Yet he knew what was coming when he put up his papers in his pocket-book, and it
- 34. occurred to him that perhaps it would be well to have the explanation over and be done with it, for he knew how persistent his companion was. “It’s no that there’s much to say,” said Lauderdale, changing his tone; “a man like me, that’s little used to change, get’s awfu’ like a fool in his associations. There’s naething that ony reasonable creature could see in thae hills, and a’ the sheep on them, that should bring that to my mind; and, as you say, callant, it’s Cumberland they’re a’ speaking, and no English. It’s just a kind of folly that men are subject to that live their lane. I canna but go a’ through again, from the beginning to—— Well, I suppose,” said Lauderdale with a sigh, “what you and me would call the end.” “What any man in his senses would call the end,” said Colin, beginning to cut his pencil with some ferocity, which was the only occupation that presented itself to him for the moment; “I don’t suppose there can be any question as to what you mean. Was it to be expected that I should court rejection over again for the mere pleasure of being rejected?—as you know I have been, both by letter and in person; and then, as if even that was not enough, accused of fortune-hunting; when Heaven knows——” Here Colin stopped short, and cut his pencil so violently that he cut his finger, an act which convicted him of using unnecessary force, and of which accordingly he was ashamed. “It is no that I was thinking of,” said Lauderdale, “I was minding of the time when we a’ met first, and the bit soft English voice—it’s no that I’m fond of the English, or their ways,” continued the philosopher. “We’re maybe no so well in our ain country, and maybe we’re better; I’ll no say. It’s a question awfu’ hard to settle. But, if ever we a’ foregather again, I cannot think there will be that difference. It wasna to say musical that I ken of, but it was aye soft and pleasant—maybe ower soft, Colin, for the like of you—and with a bit yielding tone in it, as if the heart would break sooner than make a stand for its own way. I mind it real weel,” said Lauderdale, with a sigh. “As for the father, no doubt there was little to be said in his favour. But, after a’, it wasna him that you had any intention to marry. And yon Sabbath-day after he was gone, poor man!—when you and me didna ken what to do with ourselves till the soft thing came out of her painted cha’amer, and took the guiding of us into her hands. It’s that I was thinking of,” said Lauderdale, fixing his eyes on a far-off point upon the hills, and ending his musings with a sigh.
- 35. Colin sighed, too, for sympathy—he could not help it. The scene came before him as his friend spoke. He thought he could see Alice, in her pallor and exhaustion, worn to a shadow, in her black dress, coming into the bare Italian room in the glorious summer day, which all the precautions possible could not shut out from the house of mourning—with her prayer-book in her hand; and then he remembered how she had chidden him for reading another lesson than that appointed for the day. It was in the height of his own revolutionary impulses that this thought struck him; and he smiled to himself in the midst of his sigh, with a tender thought for Alice, and a passing wonder for himself, what change might have been wrought upon him if that dutiful little soul had actually become the companion of his life. Colin was not the kind of man who can propose to himself to form his wife’s mind, and rule her thoughts, and influence her without being sensible of her influence in return. That was not the order of domestic affairs in Ramore; and naturally he judged the life that might have been, and even yet might be, by that standard. The Mistress’s son did not understand having a nullity, or a shadow of himself, for a wife; and insensibly he made his way back from the attendrissement into which Lauderdale’s musings had led him, into half-amused speculation as to the effect Alice and her influence might have had upon him by this time. “If that had happened,” he said with a smile, bursting out, as was usual to him when Lauderdale was his companion, at that particular point of his thoughts which required expression, without troubling himself to explain how he came there—“if that had happened,” said Colin, with the conscious smile of old, “I wonder what sort of fellow I should have been by this time? I doubt if I should have had any idea of disturbing the constituted order of affairs. Things are always for the best, you perceive, as everybody says. A man who has any revolutionary work to do must be free and alone. But don’t let us talk any more of this—I don’t like turning back upon the road. But for that feeling I should have settled the business before now about poor Arthur’s ‘Voice from the Grave.’ ” “I was aye against that title,” said Lauderdale, “if he would have paid any attention; but you’re a’ the same, you young callants; it’s nae more a voice from the grave than mine is. It’s a voice from an awfu’ real life, that had nae intention to lose a minute that was permitted. It would be awfu’ agreeable to ken if he was permitted to have any pleasure in his book; but then, so far as I can judge, he maun ken an awfu’ deal better by this time—
- 36. and maybe up there they’re no heeding about a third edition. It’s hard to say; he was so terrible like himself up to the last moment; I canna imagine, in my own mind, that he’s no like himself still. There should be a heap of siller,” said Lauderdale, “by this time; and sooner or later you’ll have to open communication, and let them ken.” “Yes,” said Colin, with a momentary look of sullenness and repugnance; and then he added, in a lighter tone, “heaps of money never came out of a religious publisher’s hands. A third edition does not mean the same thing with them as with other people. Of course, it must be set right some time or other. We had better set off, I can tell you, and not talk idle talk like this, if we mean to get to our journey’s end to-night.” “Oh, ay,” said Lauderdale, “you’re aye in a hurry, you young callants. Is it the father that makes you so unwilling for any correspondence?—but it’s awfu’ easy to settle a thing like that.” “I think you want to try how far my patience can go,” said Colin, who had grown crimson up to the hair. “Do you think a man has no feeling, Lauderdale? Do you think it is possible to be treated as I have been, and yet go back again with humility, hat in hand? I don’t feel myself capable of that.” “If you’re asking me my opinion,” said Lauderdale, calmly, “I’ve nae objection to tell you what I think. You’re no vindictive, and you’ve nae pride to speak of—I’m meaning pride of that kind. It’s no in you to bear a grudge at onybody, beyond, maybe, the hour or the day. So I’m no heeding much about that question, for my part. If you had an awfu’ regard for the man, he might affront you; but no being indifferent. I’m telling you just my opinion, with my partial knowledge of the premises; and for her, I cannot but say what is in my ain mind. I’ve a kind of longing to see her again; we used to be awfu’ good friends, her and me. I had you to take care of, callant, and she had him; and whiles she had a moment of envy, and grudged terrible in her heart to see the air and the sun, that are for baith the good and the evil, so hard upon him, and so sweet to you. There was little in her mind to hide, and her and me were good friends. I’ll never forget our counts and our reckonings. It’s awfu’ hard for the like o’ me to divine wherefore it is that a’ that has come to an end, and her and you dropped out of one another’s life.”
- 37. “Lauderdale,” said Colin, with a little choking in his voice, “I will tell you what I never told you before——” and then the young man stopped short, as if he had received a blow. What was it that came over him like an imperious sudden prohibition, stopping the words upon his lips the first time he had ever dreamt of uttering them to mortal ear? He had a feeling somehow as if one of those flying shadows that kept coming and going over the mountains had taken visible shape and stepped before him, and put a cold hand on his lips. He was about to have confessed that his love had been no more than tender compassion and kindness; he was about to have said what Lauderdale perhaps might have guessed before, what Colin had kept secret and hidden in his breast—that Alice never was nor could be the ideal woman of his thoughts, the true love who waited for him somewhere in the future. But perhaps, after all, it was no shadow nor unseen influence, but only the young man’s magnanimous heart that spared that humiliation to the name of Alice—solely to her name; for, now that all was over between them, it was only that abstract representation of her that was concerned. “Ay,” said Lauderdale, after a moment, “you were going to tell me——” and then he rose as Colin had done, and threw his knapsack on his shoulder, and prepared to resume his march. “We shall have an hour’s walking in the dark, if we don’t make all the better progress,” said Colin; “which is uncomfortable when one does not know the way. And now to return to No I.” he said with a laugh, as they went on along the dusty road. There was not another word said between them of the confession thus abruptly stopped. Perhaps Lauderdale in his heart had a perception of what it meant; but, however that might be, both fell at once with eagerness, as if they had never digressed for a moment, upon the first number of Colin’s Tracts for the Times.
- 38. CHAPTER XLIX. This conversation, however, as was natural, had a certain effect upon both the friends. It threw Colin, who, to be sure, was chiefly concerned, into a world of confused imaginations, which influenced even his dreams, and through his dreams reacted upon himself. When he was alone at night, instead of going to sleep at once, as would have been natural after his day’s journey, he kept falling into absurd little dozes, and waking up suddenly with the idea that Alice was standing by him, that she was calling him, that it was the marriage-day, and that somebody had found him out, and was about to tell his bride that he did not love her; and at last, when he went to sleep in good earnest, the fantastic mélange of recollection and imagination carried him back to Frascati, where he found Arthur and Alice, as of old, in the great salone, with its frescoed walls, and talked to them as in former days. He thought Meredith told him of an important journey upon which he was setting out, and made arrangements in the meantime for his sister with an anxiety which the real Arthur had never dreamt of exhibiting. “She will be safe with you at present,” the visionary Arthur seemed to say, “and by- and-by you can send her to me——” And when Colin woke it was hard for him to convince himself at first that he had not been in actual communication with his friend. He accounted for it, of course, as it is very easy to account for dreams, and made up his mind how it came about, and yet left behind in some crevice of his heart a dumb certainty which hid itself out of sight that it might not be argued with, that after all Arthur and he in the dark had passed by each other, and exchanged a word or thought in passing. Colin took care not to betray even to himself the existence of this conviction; but deep down in the silence it influenced him unawares. As for Lauderdale, his thoughts, as might have been expected, had taken another direction. Perhaps he was past the age of dreaming. Colin’s revelation which he did not make had possibly told his friend more than if it had been said out in words; and the two began their second day’s journey with but little talk, and that of a vague and general kind. They had not gone far upon the white and dusty road when Lauderdale drew aside a little, and
- 39. stepped across the boundary of furze and wild thorn and bramble bushes which separated it from the hillside. “No, I’m no tired at this hour of the morning,” he said, “but I’ve an awfu’ objection to dust, and the road is as powdery as a mill. My intention is to take a seat on this brae and let that carriage pass.” “Wait a little, then; it comes on very slowly; there must be some invalid in it, for the horses look good enough,” said Colin; and he turned his back to the approaching carriage, about which he was altogether indifferent, and faced round to the green slope, covered with trees and brushwood, upon which Lauderdale meant to rest. They were separated a little when the carriage came up, and neither of them paid much attention to it. Lauderdale was already half way up the slope, and Colin was standing by the side of the road, looking after him. Then all at once there was a sudden cry, and the horses made a dash forward, and rolled the equipage along at such a pace that its occupants were quite out of Colin’s sight when he turned round. This he did with a start so violent that the stones under his feet seemed suddenly to get in his way and trip him up: and Lauderdale for his part came down from the brae with a long leap and strange exclamation. “What was that?” they said to each other, in the same breath, and paused for a moment, and looked into each other’s faces, and listened. The carriage went on faster, raising a cloud of dust, and nothing was to be heard except the sound of the horses’ hoofs and the wheels. It was Colin who was the first to break the silence. He detached himself from among the stones and bushes, where he had got entangled in that moment of agitation, and sprang back again to the high road which lay before him, veiled in a cloud of dust. “It is simply absurd,” said Colin. “Lauderdale, I cannot imagine what you mean; you are enough to drive a man mad. Some one gives a chance outcry in passing, and you make up your mind that it is—— Good heavens! I never knew such folly!” cried the young man. He took off his hat without knowing it, and thrust his hair up over his forehead, and made an effort to take courage and regain his composure as he took breath. But it was very clear that Lauderdale had nothing to do with Colin’s excitement. He had himself heard the cry, and felt in his heart that it was no imagination. As he stood there in his pretended indignation the impulse of flight came upon him, mingled with a terror, which he could not explain nor comprehend. There was not a man in existence before whom he would have flown; but that little cry of recognition took away all his courage. He did not feel in
- 40. himself the strength to go forward, to venture upon a possible meeting. The blood which had rushed to his face for the first moment seemed to go back upon his heart and stifle it. He had made a step or two forward without thinking; but then he stopped himself, and wavered, and looked upon the road which lay quite tranquil behind him in the shadow of the hills. It seemed to him for the moment as if his only safety was in flight. As for Lauderdale, it took him all the time which Colin had occupied in these thoughts to get down from his elevation and return to his friend’s side. He for his part was animated and eager. “This is no her country,” said Lauderdale; “she’s a traveller, as we are. The carriage will stop at our next stage, but there’s no time to be lost;” and as he said these words he resumed his march with that long steady step which got over so much ground without remarking the hesitation of Colin, or what he had said. The young man himself felt that saving impulse fail him after the first minute. Afterwards, all the secondary motives came into his mind, and urged him to go on. Had he allowed that he was afraid to meet or to renew his relationships with Alice Meredith, supposing that by any extraordinary chance this should be she, it would be to betray the secret which he had guarded so long, and to betray himself; and he knew no reason that he could give for such a cowardly retreat. He could not say, “If I see her again, and find that she has been thinking of me, I shall be compelled to carry out my original mistake, and give up my brighter hopes,”—for no one knew that he had made any mistake, or that she was not to his eyes the type of all that was dearest in woman. “The chances are that it is all a piece of folly—a deception of the senses,” he said to himself instead—“something like what people have when they think they see ghosts. We have talked of her, and I have dreamed of her, and now, to be sore, necessity requires that I should hear her. It should have been seeing, to make all perfect;” and, after that little piece of self-contempt, he went on again with Lauderdale without making any objection. The dust which had been raised by the carriage came towards them like a moving pillar; but the carriage itself went rapidly on and turned the corner and went out of sight. And then Colin did his best to comfort and strengthen himself by other means. “Don’t put yourself out of breath,” he said to Lauderdale; “the whole thing is quite explainable. That absurd imagination of yours yesterday has got into both our heads. I don’t mind saying I dreamt of it all last night. Anything so wild was never put into a novel. It’s an optical illusion, or,
- 41. rather I should say, it’s an ocular illusion. Things don’t happen in real life in this kind of promiscuous way. Don’t walk so quick and put yourself out of breath.” “Did you no hear?” said Lauderdale. “If you hadna heard I could understand. As for me, I canna say but what I saw as well. I’m no minding at this moment about my breath.” “What did you see?” cried Colin, with a sudden thrill at his heart. “I’ll no say it was her,” said Lauderdale; “no but what I am as sure as I am of life that she was there. I saw something white laid back in the carriage, somebody that was ill; it might be her or it might be another. I’ve an awfu’ strong conviction that it was her. It’s been borne in on my mind that she was ill and wearying. We mightna ken her, but she kent you and me.” “What you say makes it more and more unlikely,” said Colin. “I confess that I was a little excited myself by those dreams and stuff; but nothing could be more improbable than that she should recognise you and me. Bah! it is absurd to be talking of her in this ridiculous way, as if we had the slightest reason to suppose it was she. Any little movement might make a sick lady cry out; and, as for recognising a voice!—All this makes me feel like a fool,” said Colin. “I am more disposed to go back than to go on. I wish you would dismiss this nonsense from your thoughts.” “If I was to do that same, do you think you could join me?” said Lauderdale. “There’s voices I would ken after thirty years instead of after three; and I’m no likely to forget the bit English tone of it. I’m a wee slow about some things, and I’ll no pretend to fathom your meaning; but, whether it’s daftlike or no, this I’m sure of, that if you make up to that carriage that’s away out of our sight at this moment, you’ll find Alice Meredith there.” “I don’t believe anything of the kind. Your imagination has deceived you,” said Colin, and they went on for a long time in silence; but at the bottom of his heart Colin felt that his own imagination had not deceived him. The only thing that had deceived him was that foolish feeling of liberty, that sense that he had escaped fate, and that the rash engagements of his youth were to have no consequences, into which he had deluded himself for some time past. Even while he professed his utter disbelief in this encounter, he was asking himself how in his changed circumstances he
- 42. should bear the old bridle, the rein upon his own proud neck? If it had been a curb upon his freedom, even at the moment when he had formed it—if it had become a painful bondage afterwards while still the impression of Alice’s gentle tenderness had not quite worn off his mind—what would it be now when he had emancipated himself from those soft prejudices of recollection, and when he had acknowledged so fully to himself that his heart never had been really touched? He marched on by Lauderdale’s side, and paid no attention to what his friend said to him; and nothing could be more difficult to describe than the state of Colin’s mind during this walk. Perhaps the only right thing, the only sensible thing he could have done in the circumstances, would have been to turn back and decline altogether this reawakening of the past. But then at six-and-twenty the mind is still so adverse to turning back, and has so much confidence in its own power of surmounting difficulty, and in its good star, and in the favour and assistance of all powers and influences in heaven and earth; and his pride was up in arms against such a mode of extricating himself from the apparent difficulty, and all the delicacy of his nature revolted from the idea of thus throwing the wrong and humiliation upon the woman, upon Alice, a creature who had loved him and trusted him, and whom he had never owned he did not love. Underneath all these complications there was, to be sure, a faint, sustaining hope that an encounter of this kind was incredible—that it might turn out not to be Alice at all, and that all these fears and embarrassments might come to nothing. With all this in his mind he marched on, feeling the sweet air and fresh winds and sunshine to be all so many spectators accompanying him perhaps to the turning-point of his life, where, for all he knew, things might go against him, and his wings be clipped, and his future limited for ever and ever. Perhaps some of Colin’s friends may think that he exhibited great weakness of mind on this occasion—and, indeed, it is certain that there are many people who believe, with great reason, that it is next thing to a sin to put honour in the place of love, or to give to constancy the rights of passion. But then, whatever a man’s principles may be, it is his character in most cases that carries the day. Every man must act according to his own nature, as says the Arabian sage. Sir Bayard, even, thinking it all over, might not approve of himself, and might see a great deal of folly in what he was doing; but, as for a man’s opinion of himself, that counts for
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