An Efficient DTN Routing Algorithm for Automatic Crime Information Sharing for Rural Areas

IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 3, Issue 10, 2015 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 798
An Efficient DTN Routing Algorithm for Automatic Crime Information
Sharing for Rural Areas
Neha Agarwal1
Sujeet Bhadouriya2
2
Assistant Professor
1,2
Department of Computer Science
1,2
NITM Gwalior, India
Abstract— Delay Tolerant Network shows many issues that
are exist in traditional network. Opportunistic network
emerge as interesting evolution in MANET. Mobile nodes in
the opportunistic network communicate with each other
even in case of no route connection. In this paper a kiosk (or
hub station) that is connected to villages to establish internet
connection. Such kiosk is placed where traffic frequency is
high. We will use high frequency sensor in vehicles. When
passing through kiosk, high frequency sensor will establish
connection to kiosk & kiosk will connect villages to
internet. This system is very useful in crime information
sharing services. As an example, if there are a person who is
victim of any crime or in a trouble condition. He/she have
mobile devices connect to internet. They send a trouble
message which is passed to near kiosk and passed on to
vehicles and forward their information to police station. This
system is helpful in villages, where network communication
is not proper.
Key words: Opportunistic network, DTN, Epidemic, Prophet
I. INTRODUCTION
Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) are remote systems in
which nodes are irregularly joined and there is no ensure
that a path exists from source to destination at any time
instance. Today, there are numerous illustrations of such
systems including tracking of wildlife systems [1], military
systems and vehicular systems. In addition, the wide spread
use of various types of devices with remote capacities
among individuals and their surroundings has enabled the
likelihood of opportunistic urban routing of messages. In
DTN an opportunistic network provides communication
among different routing from different wireless networks.
In standard system, mostly time nodes are
connected. In case of DTN, connectivity is not properly
maintained but it is still desirable to allow communication
between nodes. Therefore the delivery of packets in
traditional routing protocols is not possible between the
hosts. So end to end connectivity between nodes required.
The node mobility is other reason for absence of end to end
connectivity. It also introduces the issue of lack of
knowledge about current position of node, if mobility
pattern is not known.
Delay tolerant network includes a variety of
applications in situations such as deep-space communication
and crisis environments. In this article introduce routing
protocol in DTNs. Multicast [2] supports the distribution of
data packets to a no. of users, when a service is required for
many potential DTN applications. Due to the characteristic
of frequent partitioning in DTNs, routing is a challenging
issue.
Delay in the Delay-tolerant networking may differ
depending upon the nodes location. There are mostly four
delays kinds. a) Processing delay- time taken through
routers to the procedure the packet header. b) Queuing
delay-time in routing queues the packet spends. c)
Transmission time- takes time to packets bits push onto the
link. d) Propagation delay-time for a signal to destination
reach. Delay-tolerant networking lacks instantaneous end-
to-end path. Because of this, Ad hoc On Demand Distance
Vector (AODV) and Dynamic Source Routing protocol may
be fail to the route establish. These protocols first establish a
route and after the route has been recognized, forward the
real information to destination. When these instantaneous
paths of end –to-end are complex to routing protocols
establish, the store-carry-forward method is used. There are
numerous examples of this network in the real life.
Numerous rural projects connectivity involve conventional
internet access attempt provide to remote areas.
Delay in DTN may vary contingent on the area of
hubs. There are chiefly four sorts of postponements. a)
Processing deferral time taken by the switches to transform
the parcel header. b) Queuing deferral time the parcel
spends in directing lines. c) Transmission time-time it takes
to push the bundles bits onto the connection. d) Propagation
postponement time for a sign to achieve its destination.
DTN needs prompt end-to-end way. Because of this, AODV
and DSR conventions may neglect to build up course. These
conventions first set up a course and after course has been
set up, forward the real information to destination. At the
point when these momentary end –to-end ways are hard to
set up directing conventions, the store-convey forward plan
is utilized.
There are numerous illustrations of this system, in
actuality. Numerous provincial network activities include
endeavor to give customary web access to remote zone
II. OPPORTUNISTIC NETWORK
Opportunistic network is an MANET extension. Wireless
networks‟ features, such as users mobility disconnection
and also links‟ instability, nodes, network segment, are seen
as exceptions in classical network. This makes the MANET
design extensively much Difficult [3].
Opportunistic networks [4] are created out of the
mobile devices approved through people, without any
relying on the any network topology. Opportunistic
networks consider partitions, disconnections, mobility, etc.
as norms instead of exceptions. In the mobility of the
network opportunistic is used as a method to present
between disconnected„groups‟ of the nodes, communication
rather than a disadvantage to be resolve.
In the opportunistic networking a whole path
between two different nodes wishing to the communicate is
unavailable [5]. Opportunistic networking aims to solve this
issue through eliminate the physical end-to-end connectivity
assumption and permit such nodes to the information
exchange. Through applying the paradigm of store-carry-

An Efficient DTN Routing Algorithm for Automatic Crime Information Sharing for Rural Areas
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/174)
and-forward [6] middle nodes store data when there is no
any forwarding opportunity towards the endpoint, and also
exploit any other future contact opportunity with the other
different mobile devices to the bring the data closer and also
closer to endpoint.
Therefore routing is the most compelling issue. The
well-organized routing protocols design for the
opportunistic networks is commonly a hard mission because
of the about network topology information absence. Routing
performance depends on the information of network
topology [7]. Unfortunately, this knowledge type is not
forever presented. Context knowledge is a basic piece of the
information to design effective routing protocols. Context
knowledge signifies users‟ working address and also
establishment, probability of the meeting with other
different users or particular places visiting. It represents the
present effective atmosphere and also user’s behavior. It is
the most help full to classify appropriate forwarders based
on the context knowledge about the endpoint. We can
categorize the basic approaches of routing proposed in
literature based on the context knowledge users quantity
they exploit. Particularly, we recognize two phases,
corresponding to the context-aware protocols and context-
oblivious.
III. ROUTING PROTOCOLS
In common routing protocols in the DTN are classified into
2 basic group which is based on property is used to
destination discover: Flooding families & forwarding
families. To discover the evaluation, two various methods of
knowledge and replication are used. The replication is used
in flooding approach & there are numerous algorithms to the
manage of multiple copies data & to make those copies.
While the information is used in the forwarding approach &
few works have been devoted to derive much effective
technique to find various network state knowledge & then to
use it make routing result.
A. Epidemic Routing:
In this protocol each nodes can be become the transporter,
and it is confirmed that data can be delivered with the high
possibility. However, the network resources are consumed
greatly. Data are spread to each neighbors. When there is no
any room in data queue, dispossessed oldest data. Data are
always forwarded according to a policy of FIFO and no
bound on various replicas are considered [8].
Fig. 1: Epidemic Routing Protocol Method
B. Probabilistic Routing:
PROPHET [6], a Protocol of Probabilistic Routing applying
Transitivity and Encounters History define use of the
observations that the real users typically in the move
predictable fashion. If a user has location visit various times
before, there is much probability to location visit again.
PROPHET uses this knowledge to routing performance
progress. To the accomplish this, PROPHET maintains
delivery predictability metric at each node. This represents
metric data release probability of the host to an endpoint.
PROPHET is same to the Epidemic Routing but it initiates a
novel delivery predictability idea. Delivery predictably is
node to the encounter a various endpoint probability. When
two meet nodes, they also exchange knowledge delivery
predictability using summary vectors. This knowledge is
used to the update delivery predictability metric knowledge.
When a data comes at a node, node checks that endpoint is
presented or not. If endpoint is not obtainable, data stores
node and upon every encounters with the another different
device, it takes data transfer based decision transferred
information to the other different node if the other different
node has probability of higher data delivery to the endpoint
[6].
C. Spray & wait
Spray-and-Wait (SnW) [9] protocol a simple scheme
proposed which is manages to overcome shortcomings of
the epidemic routing and other different flooding-based
approach, and also avoids the performance issue inherent in
the utility-based method. Spray-and-Wait (SnW) [9]
protocol limits the various copies through associating with
all copy the numerous additional copies to spread. When no
more spreading is permitted carrying node keeps the packet
until it either meets the endpoint or the packet is dropped
because of lifetime expiry or buffer overflow.
IV. LITERATURE REVIEW
Anshul Verma et.al [11] in the opportunistic networks a
simultaneous way existence is not assumed to the transmit a
information between a sender to a receiver. Knowledge
about the context in which users is a key piece of
information to the effective routing protocols design in
networks. But this knowledge type is not always presented.
When users are most isolated, context knowledge cannot be
dispersed, and also cannot be used for the assuming efficient
routing endpoint. In such cases, context oblivious based on
method are only way to the enable communication in
between various users. in the network As faster as users
become more social, context information spreads, and also
context based routing becomes an effective solution. In this
paper they propose an integrated routing protocol that is able
to utilize context knowledge as faster as it becomes existing
and also falls back to the endpoint which is based routing
when the context knowledge is not presented. Then, we
provide comparison between PROPHET and Epidemic;
these are representative of context aware routing and context
oblivious protocols.
Sushant Jain et.al [12] delay-tolerant networking
routing issue is formulate, where data are to be change the
end-to-end across a graph connectivity that is the time-
varying but also whose dynamics may be called as in
advance. The challenge has added the finite buffers

constraints at each nodes and the common property that the
no any contemporaneous end-to-end may ever exist. This
condition limits classical routing methods applicability that
tends to outages treat as the failures and also seeks to an
existing end-to-end path find purpose. They proposed for
routing algorithms framework in such atmosphere. We then
develop various algorithms and then use simulations to
performance compare regarding the quantity of information
they require about any network topology. We obtain that, as
expected, algorithms applying the least information tend to
the achieve badly. We also obtain that with limited extra
information, far less than total global information; effective
algorithms can be for routing constructed in such
atmosphere. To the best of our data this is first such of
routing investigation problem in DTNs.
Vikas et.al [8] DTN (Delay/Disruption tolerant
networking) is another network communication techniques
class developed to the sustain long link delay and also
frequent link disruption. Lot of work have been done in the
estimate the performance and effectiveness of the different
type of DTN Protocols when they are applied on different
environment (like the environment where we don’t have
continuous path between source and sink e.g. Village
network, IPN (interplanetary network) etc.). In this paper
presented a study on evaluation of the TCPCL
(Transmission Control Protocol Convergence Layer) for
Communication and also long-delay communication (eg.
MaxProp, Epidemics Routing etc.). A comparative study of
several TCPCL has also been carried out.
B. Shubashini et.al [11] Delay-tolerant networks
are a new development in network research, the hope of
connecting people and devices that hitherto were either
unable to communicate, only at great cost. In this paper
review on existing method for routing in such networks. For
this investigate ways amount of changes per fits best under
the instantaneous conditions with their features such as
intermittent connectivity, resource limitation and high delay.
The fuzzy membership functions can be adaptively
constructed based on known network parameters. The fuzzy
decision mechanism is very simple compared to complex
prediction mechanisms used in many other DTN protocols.
V. PROPOSED WORK
MANET permits nodes with the wireless adaptors to
communicate with the one another without infrastructure of
pre-existing network. Accessible protocols of ad hoc
routing, while robust to quickly network topology altering,
assume the connected path presence from the source
endpoint. We are implementing a network in which high
frequency sensor are used. In our proposed system, we are
introducing a network establishment process using high
frequency sensor used in vehicles. We will create a kiosk
which will connect all the villages situated nearby kiosk’s
location. All the villages will connect to the server
(internet). This process is useful in medical system. A
person can use this connection to upload patient’s symptoms
& get medical help as soon as possible.
Fig. 2: Network Connectivity Model
A. Algorithm
When the one node encounters another node, then we
subtract the simulation time and last encounter Time and
compare them with I_TYP (typical interconnection time in
seconds value I_TYP=1800)
(SimulationTime - LastEncounterTime) < I_TYP)
With the help of that we can change the delivery probability
calculation
if(LastEncounterTime==0)
PEncounter = PEncMax;
Else
if((SimulationTime - LastEncounterTime) < I_TYP)
{
PEncounter=PEncMax*((SimulationTime -
LastEncounterTime)/ I_TYP);
}
Else
{
PEncounter = PEncMax;
double oldValue = getPredFor (host);
double newValue = oldValue + (1-oldValue) *
PEncounter;
preds.put(host, newValue);
LastEncounterTime.put(host, simulationTime);
}
1) We can improve the time of message holding by every
node by increasing the value of aging constant (old
value of aging constant is 0.98 to new values of aging
constant is 0.999885791).
The predictabilities intended for every destinations D further
than E are “aged”
P(M,D)new = P(M,D)old * YK
2) Predictabilities be exchange among and E, they are
transitive property of the predictability of endpoint
Dintended for which E have a P(E,D) value on the
statement that M is likely to meet E again.
Double pold = getPredFor(e.getKey());
pNew = pForHost * e.getValue()*beta;
if(pNew > pold)
preds.put(e.getkey(), pNew);
}
}
P(M,D)new = P(M,D)old +(1-P(M,D)old) * P(M,E) *
P(E,D) * B where B is a scaling constant.
In our proposed work we improved the value of
B(transitivity property), if the last encounter time of node is
near to the old than we will take the old value otherwise we
will take the new value.

VI. RESULT ANALYSIS
A. Buffer Time
Number of
Nodes
Epidemic
Routing
Prophet
Routing
Prophet2
Routing
20 2680 2745 2786
25 2276 2575 2523
30 2714 2887 2989
Table 1: Shows the buffer time of Epidemic, Prophet, and
ProphetV2.
B. Latency
Number of
Nodes
Epidemic
Routing
Prophet
Routing
Prophet2
Routing
20 2375 2523 2076
25 2501 2157 2494
30 3023 2948 3012
Table 2: Shows the latency of Epidemic, Prophet, and
ProphetV2.
In the table 1&2 shown above consider three different
routing protocols such as Epidemic, Prophet, and Prophetv2
for varying number of nodes. For buffer time and latency the
table shown number of node increase our proposed
prophetv2 buffer time and latency decreases.
Fig. 3: Shows Comparison of number of nodes and drop
relay routing protocols
Figure 3. Shows the relay routing for different values of
routing protocols. The relay of routing shows the proposed
protocol is better from prophet when no. of nodes is 20. But
when increase in number of nodes prophet and prophetv2
the relay of routing is bitter difference. As the number of
nodes increases the relay of proposed protocol also
improved.
Fig. 4: Shows Comparison of number of nodes and delivery
probability routing protocols
Figure4. Shows the delivery probability for different values
of routing protocols. The delivery_probability of the
prophetv2 protocol is higher than the Epidemic, Prophet as
the number of nodes increases. At 20 nodes the delivery
prob of epidemic is slightly better than other protocol but as
no. of nodes increases proposed prophetV2 is better from
other protocol. As the number of nodes increases the
delivery probability of proposed protocol also increases.
Fig. 5: Shows Comparison of number of nodes and delivery
packet
Figure 5. Shows the delivery packet for different values of
routing protocols. The delivery of maximum packets shows
the message sending capability of the proposed protocol.
The number of packets sent by the ProphetV2 protocol is
better than PROPHET, and Epidemic routing protocols as
no. of nodes increases. As the number of nodes increases the
packet delivery of proposed protocol also increases.
VII. CONCLUSION
In this work, we have proposed an enhanced routing for the
opportunistic networks and also performance evaluated
across a performance range‟ values, in the comparison using
Epidemic, PROPHET and PROPHETV2 routings. We have
observed that the proposed enhanced routing is able to the
meet out the issue of other different routing method for the
networks opportunistic, particularly the information delivery
and delay probability, when the context knowledge about

user is accessible or not. The current findings clearly
indicate that the context-based forwarding is a most
interesting communication method in the opportunistic
networks; however, in flooding-based protocols comparison
it is not appropriate. The current routing is able to provide
improved outcome in the presence as well as context
knowledge absence, particularly in term of data delivery and
delay probability.
REFERENCES
[1] Abey Abraham Jebapriya S “Routing strategies in Delay
Tolerant Networks: a Survey” International Journal of
Computer Applications (0975 – 8887) Volume 42–
No.19, March 2012.
[2] W. Zhao, M. Ammar, and E. Zegura.,2005 Multicasting
in delay tolerant networks: Semantic models and routing
algorithms. Technical report, College of Computing,
Georgia Institute of Technology.
[3] Borgia, E., Conti, M., Delmastro, F. and Pelusi, L.
(2005) „Lessons from an Ad-Hoc network test-bed:
middleware and routing issues‟, Ad Hoc and Sensor
Wireless Networks, an International Journal, Vol. 1.
[4] Pelusi, L., Passarella, A. and Conti, M. (2006)
„Opportunistic networking: data forwarding in
disconnected mobile ad hoc networks‟, IEEE
Communications Magazine, Vol. 44, pp.134–141.
[5] Marco Conti and Mohan Kumar, “Opportunities in
opportunistic computing” Published by the IEEE
Computer Society, JANUARY 2010, pp. 42-50.
[6] Fall, K. (2003) „A delay-tolerant network architecture
for challenged internets‟, Paper presented in the
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM Conference on
Applications, Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols
for Computer Communications (SIGCOMM 2003),
pp.27–34.
[7] Jain, S., Fall, K. and Patra, R. (2004) „Routing in a delay
tolerant network‟, Paper presented in the Proceedings of
the 2004 ACM Conference on Applications,
Technologies, Architectures, and Protocols for Computer
Communications (SIGCOMM 2004), pp.145–158, New
York, NY: ACM.
[8] Mr.VIKASH, R.K.Singh “A Survey on Comparative
Study of RoutingProtocol in Delay-Tolerant Networks”
(IJCSIT) International Journal of Computer Science and
Information Technologies, Vol. 6 (2) , 2015, 1731-1736.
[9] T. Spyropoulos, K. Psounis, and C.S. Raghavendra,
“Efficient Routing in Intermittently Connected Mobile
Networks: The Multiple-Copy Case,” IEEE/ACM Trans.
Networks, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 77-90, Feb. 2008.
[10] Anshul Verma, Dr. Anurag Srivastava “Integrated
Routing Protocol for Opportunistic Networks” IJACSA)
International Journal of Advanced Computer Science
and Applications, Vol. 2, No.3, March 2011 .
[11] B.Shubashin, Dr.Antony Selvadoss Thanamani “An
Opportunistic On Routing Protocols and Persisting
Challenges in Delay-Tolerant Networking” International
Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and
Communication Engineering (An ISO 3297: 2007
Certified Organization) Vol. 2, Issue 8, August 2014.
[12] Sushant Jain, Kevin Fall, Rabin Patra “Routing in a
Delay Tolerant Network” SIGCOMM’04, Aug. 30–Sept.
3, 2004, Portland, Oregon, USA. Copyright 2004 ACM
1581138628/ 04/0008. ...$5.00.

An Efficient DTN Routing Algorithm for Automatic Crime Information Sharing for Rural Areas

More Related Content

What's hot (20)

Similar to An Efficient DTN Routing Algorithm for Automatic Crime Information Sharing for Rural Areas (20)

More from IJSRD (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

An Efficient DTN Routing Algorithm for Automatic Crime Information Sharing for Rural Areas