An Introduction to Applied Linguistics part 2
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The document discusses the scope and definition of applied linguistics. It begins by stating that applied linguistics is not exclusively about language teaching, but also involves other fields that utilize linguistic knowledge like speech therapy, literary criticism, and communications engineering. It then distinguishes applied linguistics as an activity rather than a theoretical study, using linguistic findings to address practical problems. Finally, it maps out the scope of applied linguistics by classifying its areas of study into three categories: language and education, language, work, and law, and language, information, and effect. Several examples are provided for each category to illustrate the broad and diverse range of activities to which applied linguistics is relevant.
![For this reason, linguistics can, as yet,
scarcely claim to give firm answers to any
but a few problems in language teaching.
Applied linguistics as a field of study is
scarcely twenty years old [that is, until
the publication of Corder's book, in the
beginning years of 1970s]. The reader
must judge for himself how much has
been achieved in that time. (Corder, p.
11)
Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari
Applied linguistics](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/session2intro-140201024047-phpapp01/85/An-Introduction-to-Applied-Linguistics-part-2-7-320.jpg)
An Introduction to Applied Linguistics part 2
- 1. Session 2 Dr. Mohammad Ghazanfari English Language Department Fersdowsi University of Mashhad Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 2. 7. Applied linguistics not merely restricted to language teaching Theories about the nature of human language are, of course, of use to other people besides the language teacher. It would be a mistake to associate applied linguistics exclusively with language teaching. There are other people who are engaged in practical activities which involve language in a central role for whom a knowledge of its nature could be of use in dealing with problems which arise in their work: Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 3. the speech therapist, the literary critic, the communications engineer, for example. We do not uniquely associate applied linguistics with any single one of these activities. Whilst applied linguistics and language teaching may be closely associated, they are not one and the same activity. (Corder, p. 10) Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 4. 8. Applied linguistics not a theoretical study The application of linguistic knowledge to some object—or applied linguistics, as its name implies—is an activity. It is not a theoretical study. It makes use of the findings of theoretical studies. The applied linguist is a consumer, or user, not a producer, of theories. If we use the term 'theory' as it is used in science, then there is no such thing as a 'theory of language teaching' or a 'theory of speech therapy' or a 'theory of literary criticism'. Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 5. Language teaching is also an activity, but teaching language is not the same activity as applied linguistics. However, if we interpret language teaching in the very broadest sense, to include all the planning and decision-making which takes place outside the classroom, then there may be an element of applied linguistics in all language teaching. Just as there may be an element of applied linguistics in all speech therapy or all literary criticism. (Corder, pp. 10-11) Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 6. In spite of the many hundreds of years through which language has been studied in our civilization, we still know little about many of its aspects. The pace of investigation has quickened in recent years and the methods of investigation have increasingly been made more rigorous, to the point that we can now, with some justification and within certain defined boundaries, claim that linguistic studies are scientific. . . . We are still a long way from achieving some sort of rigorous systematization in studying language. Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 7. For this reason, linguistics can, as yet, scarcely claim to give firm answers to any but a few problems in language teaching. Applied linguistics as a field of study is scarcely twenty years old [that is, until the publication of Corder's book, in the beginning years of 1970s]. The reader must judge for himself how much has been achieved in that time. (Corder, p. 11) Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 8. (adapted from Guy Cook, 2003, pp. 78) Since language is implicated (involved )درگیر، دخیلin so much of our daily lives, there is clearly a large and open-ended number of quite disparate activities to which applied linguistics is relevant. So even with these examples, the scope of applied linguistics remains rather vague. To get at a more precise definition of the field we need to be more specific. We need not just to give examples but to classify the kinds of problem we are concerned with in a systematic way, and so map out the scope of our area. Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 9. In other words, we need to refer specific instances to more general conceptual areas of study. These areas can be identified under three headings as follows: 1 Language and education This area includes: First-language education, when a child studies their home language or languages. Additional-language education, often divided into second-language education, Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 10. when someone studies their society's majority or official language which is not their home language, and foreignlanguage education, when someone studies the language of another country. Clinical linguistics: the study and treatment of speech and communication impairments, whether hereditary, developmental, or acquired (through injury, stroke, illness, or age). Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 11. Language testing: the assessment and evaluation of language achievement and proficiency, both in first and additional languages, and for both general and specific purposes. 2 language, work, and law This area includes: Workplace communication: the study of how language is used in the workplace, and how it contributes to the nature and power relations of different types of work. Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 12. Language planning: the making of decisions, often supported by legislation, about the official status of languages and their institutional use, including their use in education. Forensic linguistics: the deployment of linguistic evidence in criminal and other legal investigations, for example, to establish the authorship of a document, or a profile of a speaker from a tape-recording. Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 13. 3 language, information, and effect This area includes: Literary stylistics: the study of the relationship between linguistic choices and effects in literature. Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA): the study of the relationship between linguistic choices and effects in persuasive uses of language, of how these indoctrinate or manipulate (for example, in marketing and politics), and the counteracting of this through analysis. Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 14. Translation and interpretation: the formulation of principles underlying the perceived equivalence between a stretch of language and its translation, and the practices of translating written text and interpreting spoken language. Information design: the arrangement and presentation of written language, including issues relating to typography and layout, choices of medium and effective combinations of language with other means of communication such as pictures and diagrams. Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 15. Lexicography: the planning and compiling of both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries and other language reference works such as thesauri. All of these areas fall within our definition of applied linguistics and are claimed as areas of enquiry by organizations and journals concerned with the discipline. Yet in practice some of them are more independent than others. Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 16. Clinical linguistics and translation studies in particular are often regarded as independent disciplines. Among the others some--such as the study of foreign language learning--are more active as areas of academic enquiry than others. Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 17. References D A V I E S, A. (1999/2007). An Introduction to Applied Linguistics: From Practice to Theory (2nd. ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Cook, G. (2003). Applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Corder, S. P. (1973). Introducing applied linguistics. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books. Crystal, D. (1992). An encyclopedic dictionary of lalnguage & languages. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. Kaplan, R. B. (Ed.). (2002). The Oxford handbook of applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Schmitt, N. (Ed.). (2002). An introduction to applied linguistics. London: Arnold. Coffin, C., Lillis, T. & O’Halloran, K. (Eds.) (2010). Applied linguistics methods: A reader. London and New York: Routledge. Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari Applied linguistics
- 18. منبع فارسی الس، تئووان و همکاران )2731(. زبانشناسی کاربردی: یادگیری و آموزش زبانهای خارجی. )محمود الیاسی، مترجم(. مشهد: آستان قدس. Applied linguistics Dr.Mohhamad Ghazanfari