![Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2020, pp. 580~587
ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v10i2.2767 580
Journal homepage: http://beei.org
An investigation on the application and challenges for wide area
monitoring and control in smart grid
Marwan Ahmed Abdullah Sufyan, Mohd Zuhaib, Mohd Rihan
Department of Electrical Engineering, ZHCET College, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Oct 1, 2020
Revised Dec 23, 2020
Accepted Jan 27, 2021
The complexity and dynamics of the modern power system are continuously
changing due to the penetration of a large number of renewable energy
sources and changing load patterns. These growing complexities have caused
numerous outages around the world, primarily due to the lack of situational
awareness about the grid operating states. Rectification of this problem
requires advanced sensing technology to accurately capture the dynamics of
the system for better monitoring and control. Measurement of
synchrophasors is a potential solution to improve situational awareness in the
grid. The synchrophasors technology is now widely accepted throughout the
world and has the potential to replace the existing SCADA system in
monitoring and control of the power system. Their installation enables
efficient resolution to substantially improve transmission system planning,
maintenance, operation, and energy trading. This paper reviews the state of
the art potential applications that the PMU based WAMC offers to the power
system. It also includes technical perspectives, challenges, and future
possibilities.
Keywords:
Global positioning system
Phasor data concentrator
Phasor measurement unit
Supervisory control and data
acquisition system
Voltage stability monitoring
Wide area monitoring and
control This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Mohd Zuhaib
Department of Electrical Engineering
Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh, 202002, UP, India
Email: mohd.zuhaib@zhcet.ac.in
1. INTRODUCTION
Two severe power outages influenced a large portion of India's northern and eastern parts on July
30-31, 2012. These outages influenced more than 40 corers people and are considered the most massive
electricity blackouts in history regarding the number of individuals influenced [1]. About 32 GW of the total
load was taken offline [2]. Therefore, advanced power system monitoring and control techniques are required
that enhances the situational awareness of the grid operator to ensure power system reliability against failure.
Wide area monitoring and control (WAMC) is an advanced approach to forecast or detect the disastrous
failure of a power system advancing from a minor fault. When a fault occurs, the control signals from the
WAMC will be sent to devices to take corrective actions to mitigate the fault at the earliest. The signals that
are sent from WAMC should be timely and efficient [3].
In a modern power system, WAMC has been used to serve different purposes-for example, security,
stability, state estimation, and load scheduling [4]. The accessibility of synchronous data from synchronized
PMU measurements provide a coherent picture of the entire region and allows the grid operator to analyze
the system's dynamics before and after the disturbance [5]. One of the severe issues in the use of PMU is data
handling. One PMU with 20 measurements at 60 to 120 samples per second generates around 1 GB or 2 GB
of data per day. Therefore, it is quite challenging for the central PDC at the control center to sort and analyze](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/052767-210812011136/85/An-investigation-on-the-application-and-challenges-for-wide-area-monitoring-and-control-in-smart-grid-1-320.jpg)
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An investigation on the application and challenges for wide area… (Marwan Ahmed Abdullah Sufyan)
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data from multiple locations [6, 7]. Synchronized PMUs have tremendous scope in power system stability
and improving its dynamics [8]. One of the main problems in using WAMC as an instrument for stability
improvement is the delay in signal transmission. The dependability of the communication grid is another
significant problem with WAMC based control [9]. WAMC also gives the advantage to analyze and
characterize some dynamic qualities of the interconnected power system, such as transients, low-frequency
oscillations(inter-area, local, or forced) [10]. Whenever a fault occurs in the system, the WAMC utilizes the
online estimation information to recognize the bus closest to the fault, and consequently, the faulty line is
disconnected. Synchronized PMUs are playing a significant role in research related to power system transient
stability. The information extracted from PMU data can be utilized to differentiate between various faults
occurring in the power system, determination of inter-area damping computations, just as state estimation for
dynamic power system stability studies [11, 12]. Hence, PMU based WAMC encourages to develop real-time
applications that enhance the awareness of grid operators against grid operating states.
The paper is divided into the following sections. Section 2 discusses the various state of the art
applications offered by synchrophasors technology in the smart grid. Section 3 provides an overview of
different communication infrastructures for PMU data transfer. It also discusses limitations due to delays
associated at various stages throughout the channel's length and their remedial measures. The conclusion is
drawn in section 4.
2. SYNCRHOPHASORS TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION
Synchrophasors technology is a time-synchronized technology that measures both the phase angle
and magnitude of voltage in a power system that is time-synchronized to capture the coherent picture of the
entire grid. These are estimated by high-speed devices called PMUs [13]. The schematic diagram of the PMU
based wide-area monitoring and control system is shown in Figure 1. It plays a vital role in safe and reliable
gird operation. Whenever fault appears in the system, the wide-area security system uses the online
measurement data to discover the faulty buses and, consequently, the faulted line to isolate it from the rest of
the system. They play a significant role in modern power system studies; the crucial ones are discussed in the
following subsections [14, 15].
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
PMU
PDC Utility1
PDC Utility2
Internet/VPN
PDC Utility3
Internet/VPN
Super PDC
Internet/VPN
Improved state
Estimation
Wide area protection
and control
Data Archiiving
Dynamic disturbance archive
On-line short term
archive
Off-line long term archive
Modem
Modem
Modem
Modem
Power
lines
Phone
lines
BT Server
Fiber
Optic
Microwave
LAN Server
Ethernent
Real Time
Monitoring Utility3
Real Time
Monitoring Utility2
Real Time
Monitoring Utility1
Figure 1. WAMC architecture [16]
2.1. Voltage stability monitoring
The purpose of voltage stability monitoring (VSM) is to estimate the degree of power system
stability continuously. It is designed based on the selection of specific critical grid parameters and their
stability index. This voltage stability index parameter includes [17-19]:](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/052767-210812011136/85/An-investigation-on-the-application-and-challenges-for-wide-area-monitoring-and-control-in-smart-grid-2-320.jpg)
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− Voltage magnitude at critical locations
− Loading margin of the power system at the operating point
− Reactive power reserves
− Modal analysis parameters, e.g., damping ratio, dominant modes, and their participation factor in the
abnormal system states.
Their functionality depends on comparing the computed stability index of the chosen critical parameters with
their threshold value. The basic fundamental blocks of a typical VSM system are shown in Figure 2.
State estimation
And/or filtering
Network
topology
System
model
Data pre-processing and
modeling
SCADA PMUs
Measurements (data) collection
Alarms Visualization
Control Center
Voltage
stability
index(es)
On-line VSM
Stability degree computation
Off-line
studies
(stored
results)
Delay calculation associated with various
communication links
Figure 2. Essential components of a VSM [19]
The only solution to overcome the voltage stability problem is by providing reactive power support
using the flexible AC transmission system (FACT) devices. These devices are classified as SVC,
STATCOM, TCSC, UPFC, and can play a crucial role in overcoming voltage instability problems. The most
efficient among them are SVC and STATCOM. They inject or absorb VARs through voltage source
converters and provide instant support to voltage instability problems. These are also called dynamic VAR
compensation devices. STATCOM provides faster response compared to SVC and is more resilient to
frequent power system changes such as harmonic variations, and requires compact outdoor equipment
compared to SVC. In high voltage condition, STATCOM operates in inductive mode and absorb reactive
power while in low voltage conditions, it operates in capacitive mode and injects reactive power in the
system [20].
2.2. Oscillation monitoring system
Based on WAMC, oscillation monitoring system (OMS) is an electrical supply system to monitor
and examine system-wide dynamic phenomena continuously. Oscillations in power networks can be
classified as electromechanical oscillations and forced oscillations [21]. Electromechanical oscillations occur
in a power system fundamentally because of the large variation in generation and demand, faults, while
forced oscillations are generally brought about by some external input driving the system rather than the
abnormal state of the system itself. Ineffective damped oscillations can prompt abnormal system conditions,
leading to system instabilities, eventually causing large power outages. For example, the July 31, 2012,
power outage of the northern and eastern parts of India [12]. The goal of OSM is to discover poorly damped
oscillations as they can affect system power flows and reduces power system reliability [22, 23] Studied how
the OMS is extracting the data of electromechanical oscillations from PMU in real-time. PMU information is
useful in recognizing the undamped electromechanical oscillations because of its high sampling rate.
Khalilinia and Venkatasubramanian [24] discussed the denoising of the PMU data utilizing a wavelet
shrinkage-based strategy. Hilbert's investigation is utilized to distinguish non-direct patterns in the denoised
information. PMUs based low pass filter is also utilized to evacuate the anti-aliasing frequency segment.
Conventionally, damping of low-frequency oscillations is done with local control using generator
speed deviation as a feedback signal. But it is insufficient to damp out inter-area oscillations due to
inadequate information of inter-area oscillations present in the system. To overcome this problem, WAMC
based wide area damping controller (WADC is quite useful due to its ability to accurately monitor system
inter-area mode. The systematic diagram of such a system is shown in Figure 3. The PMUs in the WAMC
acts as a sensor and estimate the modal analysis parameters such as dominant oscillation modes, mode
shapes, and participation factor. Based on the identified system generator contributing to inter-area mode,
control commands from WADC are sent to power system stabilizer to respective generators and FACT
devices to damp out determined low-frequency oscillation modes [25].](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/052767-210812011136/85/An-investigation-on-the-application-and-challenges-for-wide-area-monitoring-and-control-in-smart-grid-3-320.jpg)
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PMU
(Sensor)
Power System
(Control Plant)
PSS
(Actuator)
Communication Network
WADC Controller
Figure 3. Structure of the WADC system [25]
2.3. Fault detection and location
The fault in a power system grows gradually. However, some phenomena, for example, transient
instability, can evolve in a small time frame. Any adaptive fault detection algorithm for any
protection/control system utilizes synchronized phasor estimates. On event occurrence with accessible
measurements, any fault detection and isolation methodology should comprise of the following components
[26]:
− Identification and forecasting: A quick recognizable detection of the specific event from power system
parameters is desired to be measured to restore healthy power system states.
− Classification: Disturbance classification depends on the constraints that are violated, the risk involved,
the time span of the phenomena, and utility control strategy.
− Control action: These are mainly operated based on the level of priority supplies during an emergency
and maintain the grid's stable operation. They improve system reliability and ensure the social and
economic aspects.
− Corrections: The system can be in an improved state after monitoring and correction measures have been
applied. e.g., load shedding can be estimated to prevent the system from rapid frequency decline.
− Time scale: For any past events, accessible time is the fundamental factor in choosing correction
activities. It includes selective implementation of remedial measures.
The fault location methods widely used in the power system can be broadly classified as impedance-
based methods, traveling wave-based methods, and artificial intelligence-based methods. The impedance
method uses voltage phasors to predict the location of a fault. The most important advantage of this method
is that only one PMU is sufficient to locate the fault. However, they require prior fault assumptions or
sections, which are quite complex to implement [27, 28]. Since fault results in the inception of transient, the
traveling wave method utilizes its high frequency to estimate its arrival time from the fault point. To achieve
this, wave velocity needs to be estimated from the fault point to the measuring device. These methods are
independent of the type of fault that occurred in a power system. However, accurately estimating the wave
voltage is a challenging task [29]. Artificial intelligence-based methods utilize voltage pattern recognition
and machine learning techniques. The determination of fault location is independent of system parameters. It
relies on data containing certain features of fault. This method is widely accepted due to its high accuracy
and independence of system parameters [30].
3. COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
Communication links utilized by WAMC include wireless (microwave, cellular, satellite) and wired
(fiber-optics, power lines, telephone lines) options. Delays related to communication technology are the
crucial parameters for the selection of a particular communication medium and should be incorporated in
every power system design to ensure proper control procedures to maintain the stability of the power system.
Various wires and wireless communication technologies are given in Figure 4, and the delay associated with
each technology is tabulated in Table 1. The delays are a significant perspective and ought to be consolidated
into any power system design, or analysis and presence of sufficient delay could destroy any control
strategies received to stabilize the power network [31, 32]. The evolution of communication technology in
the power system is given in Figure 5.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/052767-210812011136/85/An-investigation-on-the-application-and-challenges-for-wide-area-monitoring-and-control-in-smart-grid-4-320.jpg)
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Synchrophasor Communication
Technologies
Wired Communication
Technologies
Wireless Communication
Technologies
Satellite
Communication
Cellular
Communication
Microwave
Communication
Fiber Optic
Communication
Power line
Communication
Figure 4. The various synchrophasors communication technologies [31]
Table 1. Delay associated with various
communication links [33]
1882
1910
1950
1960
1980
2000
2020
Verbal
communication
Telephone lines
based communication
Power line
communication
Optical fiber
communication
Microwave
communication
Time (Years)
Communication
Technology
Communication link
Associated delay one
way (ms)
Fiber-optic cables ≈ 100-150
Digital microwave
links
≈ 100- 150
Power line carrier
(PLC)
≈ 150-350
Telephone lines ≈ 200-300
Satellite link ≈ 500-700
Figure 5. Evolution of communication technology in power
system [31]
A WAMC system's performance largely relies upon the time delay of transmitting information
through the communication grid. Figure 6 shows the effect of these delays in the fault clearance process at
400 KV Kanpur bus of the Indian power grid. As can be observed from Figure 6, the delay in fault clearance
is around 520 ms, which is much higher as prescribed by the Indian electricity grid code (IEGC). The time
delay should be minimized by using efficient communication infrastructure to avoid failures [34]. The
selection of communication media and the spaces of communication have an impact on the spread of delay.
A representation of these delays in WAMC is shown in Figure 7. Among all delays, propagation and
processing delays have a significant effect on the performance of the system.
Voltage profile at 400KV kanpur during incident of mutiple tripping at
400KV Muradnagar S/s &Moradabad S/s on 29th
May 2011
at 08:52:51hrs
Figure 6. Detection of delay fault clearance [33]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/052767-210812011136/85/An-investigation-on-the-application-and-challenges-for-wide-area-monitoring-and-control-in-smart-grid-5-320.jpg)
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Smart
power grid
PMU
Transducer and
actuater delays
Serial delays
Routing delay
Propagation
delay
Processing
delays
Processing
delays
Processing
delays
Control center
Central PDC
Local PDC
Communication
medium
Local routers
Routing
delay
Central domain
Routing
delay
Local actuator
Actuator
delay
Power system
control/protection
device
Figure 7. Classification of different delays connected with PMU based WAMC [35]
Various research works have been carried out in the literature to determine their root causes and
suggest remedial measures. Appasani and Mohanta [36] proposed the RTD model of the WAMC framework
considering various parameters resulting in communication delays and data loss throughout the channel. It
considers the time delay of data sampling of PMUs, information spread in the communication system, and
information received at the control centre. Singh et al. [37] discussed an algorithm to estimate time delay and
packet data loss using a Markov model to achieve better control. Zhu et al. [38] studied the design of the
supporting information and communication technology (ICT) framework for WAMC applications. It
suggested a technique to achieve better control with inefficient available measurements due to time delays,
packet loss, or bandwidth constraints. Zhu et al. [39] proposed a self-adaptive PDC that compensates for time
delays in the communication system. Xiaorong et al. [40] Explains the communication delays throughout the
length of the communication system, i.e., from PMUs to synchrophasors arranged by PDC. The outcomes
recommend that a bi-modular transmission containing two standard transmissions shows the best fit to avoid
the time delay problem.
4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of WAMC that helps in ensuring a secure and
reliable grid operation. Several potential applications such as voltage stability monitoring, oscillation
detection, andfault detection, that WAMC offers to the grid have been discussed. However, there are certain
potential challenges in its large-scale implementation. It includes integrating PMU data with data provided by
SCADA, the requirement of advanced communication infrastructure to handle massive data set generated by
PMUs, and delays associated with the communication channel.
Apart from various applications offered by synchrophasors technology at the transmission side, its
diffusion in the distribution system is facing potential challenges due to variable grid characteristics and
financial limitations due to a large number of nodes. To overcome such challenges and to keep in mind the
increasing availability of power electronic converters due to the increasing trend of renewable energy sources
integration, the implementation of µPMU capabilities in the grid connected converters can be a potential
research area. This reduces the high cost on large-scale implementation of PMUs across the distribution
system. The aim can be increasing the functionality of power converters utilizing PMU data to provide
additional auxiliary services in addition to the primary task of active power injection into the grid, islanding
detections, and maximum power point tracking, that can make the distribution system more robust and
resilient.
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system in electricity grid,” Physics Procedia, vol. 25, pp. 1708-1714, 2012.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/052767-210812011136/85/An-investigation-on-the-application-and-challenges-for-wide-area-monitoring-and-control-in-smart-grid-8-320.jpg)
An investigation on the application and challenges for wide area monitoring and control in smart grid
- 1. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2020, pp. 580~587 ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v10i2.2767 580 Journal homepage: http://beei.org An investigation on the application and challenges for wide area monitoring and control in smart grid Marwan Ahmed Abdullah Sufyan, Mohd Zuhaib, Mohd Rihan Department of Electrical Engineering, ZHCET College, Aligarh Muslim University (AMU), Aligarh, India Article Info ABSTRACT Article history: Received Oct 1, 2020 Revised Dec 23, 2020 Accepted Jan 27, 2021 The complexity and dynamics of the modern power system are continuously changing due to the penetration of a large number of renewable energy sources and changing load patterns. These growing complexities have caused numerous outages around the world, primarily due to the lack of situational awareness about the grid operating states. Rectification of this problem requires advanced sensing technology to accurately capture the dynamics of the system for better monitoring and control. Measurement of synchrophasors is a potential solution to improve situational awareness in the grid. The synchrophasors technology is now widely accepted throughout the world and has the potential to replace the existing SCADA system in monitoring and control of the power system. Their installation enables efficient resolution to substantially improve transmission system planning, maintenance, operation, and energy trading. This paper reviews the state of the art potential applications that the PMU based WAMC offers to the power system. It also includes technical perspectives, challenges, and future possibilities. Keywords: Global positioning system Phasor data concentrator Phasor measurement unit Supervisory control and data acquisition system Voltage stability monitoring Wide area monitoring and control This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license. Corresponding Author: Mohd Zuhaib Department of Electrical Engineering Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh, 202002, UP, India Email: mohd.zuhaib@zhcet.ac.in 1. INTRODUCTION Two severe power outages influenced a large portion of India's northern and eastern parts on July 30-31, 2012. These outages influenced more than 40 corers people and are considered the most massive electricity blackouts in history regarding the number of individuals influenced [1]. About 32 GW of the total load was taken offline [2]. Therefore, advanced power system monitoring and control techniques are required that enhances the situational awareness of the grid operator to ensure power system reliability against failure. Wide area monitoring and control (WAMC) is an advanced approach to forecast or detect the disastrous failure of a power system advancing from a minor fault. When a fault occurs, the control signals from the WAMC will be sent to devices to take corrective actions to mitigate the fault at the earliest. The signals that are sent from WAMC should be timely and efficient [3]. In a modern power system, WAMC has been used to serve different purposes-for example, security, stability, state estimation, and load scheduling [4]. The accessibility of synchronous data from synchronized PMU measurements provide a coherent picture of the entire region and allows the grid operator to analyze the system's dynamics before and after the disturbance [5]. One of the severe issues in the use of PMU is data handling. One PMU with 20 measurements at 60 to 120 samples per second generates around 1 GB or 2 GB of data per day. Therefore, it is quite challenging for the central PDC at the control center to sort and analyze
- 2. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285 An investigation on the application and challenges for wide area… (Marwan Ahmed Abdullah Sufyan) 581 data from multiple locations [6, 7]. Synchronized PMUs have tremendous scope in power system stability and improving its dynamics [8]. One of the main problems in using WAMC as an instrument for stability improvement is the delay in signal transmission. The dependability of the communication grid is another significant problem with WAMC based control [9]. WAMC also gives the advantage to analyze and characterize some dynamic qualities of the interconnected power system, such as transients, low-frequency oscillations(inter-area, local, or forced) [10]. Whenever a fault occurs in the system, the WAMC utilizes the online estimation information to recognize the bus closest to the fault, and consequently, the faulty line is disconnected. Synchronized PMUs are playing a significant role in research related to power system transient stability. The information extracted from PMU data can be utilized to differentiate between various faults occurring in the power system, determination of inter-area damping computations, just as state estimation for dynamic power system stability studies [11, 12]. Hence, PMU based WAMC encourages to develop real-time applications that enhance the awareness of grid operators against grid operating states. The paper is divided into the following sections. Section 2 discusses the various state of the art applications offered by synchrophasors technology in the smart grid. Section 3 provides an overview of different communication infrastructures for PMU data transfer. It also discusses limitations due to delays associated at various stages throughout the channel's length and their remedial measures. The conclusion is drawn in section 4. 2. SYNCRHOPHASORS TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION Synchrophasors technology is a time-synchronized technology that measures both the phase angle and magnitude of voltage in a power system that is time-synchronized to capture the coherent picture of the entire grid. These are estimated by high-speed devices called PMUs [13]. The schematic diagram of the PMU based wide-area monitoring and control system is shown in Figure 1. It plays a vital role in safe and reliable gird operation. Whenever fault appears in the system, the wide-area security system uses the online measurement data to discover the faulty buses and, consequently, the faulted line to isolate it from the rest of the system. They play a significant role in modern power system studies; the crucial ones are discussed in the following subsections [14, 15]. PMU PMU PMU PMU PMU PMU PDC Utility1 PDC Utility2 Internet/VPN PDC Utility3 Internet/VPN Super PDC Internet/VPN Improved state Estimation Wide area protection and control Data Archiiving Dynamic disturbance archive On-line short term archive Off-line long term archive Modem Modem Modem Modem Power lines Phone lines BT Server Fiber Optic Microwave LAN Server Ethernent Real Time Monitoring Utility3 Real Time Monitoring Utility2 Real Time Monitoring Utility1 Figure 1. WAMC architecture [16] 2.1. Voltage stability monitoring The purpose of voltage stability monitoring (VSM) is to estimate the degree of power system stability continuously. It is designed based on the selection of specific critical grid parameters and their stability index. This voltage stability index parameter includes [17-19]:
- 3. ISSN: 2302-9285 Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2021 : 580 – 587 582 − Voltage magnitude at critical locations − Loading margin of the power system at the operating point − Reactive power reserves − Modal analysis parameters, e.g., damping ratio, dominant modes, and their participation factor in the abnormal system states. Their functionality depends on comparing the computed stability index of the chosen critical parameters with their threshold value. The basic fundamental blocks of a typical VSM system are shown in Figure 2. State estimation And/or filtering Network topology System model Data pre-processing and modeling SCADA PMUs Measurements (data) collection Alarms Visualization Control Center Voltage stability index(es) On-line VSM Stability degree computation Off-line studies (stored results) Delay calculation associated with various communication links Figure 2. Essential components of a VSM [19] The only solution to overcome the voltage stability problem is by providing reactive power support using the flexible AC transmission system (FACT) devices. These devices are classified as SVC, STATCOM, TCSC, UPFC, and can play a crucial role in overcoming voltage instability problems. The most efficient among them are SVC and STATCOM. They inject or absorb VARs through voltage source converters and provide instant support to voltage instability problems. These are also called dynamic VAR compensation devices. STATCOM provides faster response compared to SVC and is more resilient to frequent power system changes such as harmonic variations, and requires compact outdoor equipment compared to SVC. In high voltage condition, STATCOM operates in inductive mode and absorb reactive power while in low voltage conditions, it operates in capacitive mode and injects reactive power in the system [20]. 2.2. Oscillation monitoring system Based on WAMC, oscillation monitoring system (OMS) is an electrical supply system to monitor and examine system-wide dynamic phenomena continuously. Oscillations in power networks can be classified as electromechanical oscillations and forced oscillations [21]. Electromechanical oscillations occur in a power system fundamentally because of the large variation in generation and demand, faults, while forced oscillations are generally brought about by some external input driving the system rather than the abnormal state of the system itself. Ineffective damped oscillations can prompt abnormal system conditions, leading to system instabilities, eventually causing large power outages. For example, the July 31, 2012, power outage of the northern and eastern parts of India [12]. The goal of OSM is to discover poorly damped oscillations as they can affect system power flows and reduces power system reliability [22, 23] Studied how the OMS is extracting the data of electromechanical oscillations from PMU in real-time. PMU information is useful in recognizing the undamped electromechanical oscillations because of its high sampling rate. Khalilinia and Venkatasubramanian [24] discussed the denoising of the PMU data utilizing a wavelet shrinkage-based strategy. Hilbert's investigation is utilized to distinguish non-direct patterns in the denoised information. PMUs based low pass filter is also utilized to evacuate the anti-aliasing frequency segment. Conventionally, damping of low-frequency oscillations is done with local control using generator speed deviation as a feedback signal. But it is insufficient to damp out inter-area oscillations due to inadequate information of inter-area oscillations present in the system. To overcome this problem, WAMC based wide area damping controller (WADC is quite useful due to its ability to accurately monitor system inter-area mode. The systematic diagram of such a system is shown in Figure 3. The PMUs in the WAMC acts as a sensor and estimate the modal analysis parameters such as dominant oscillation modes, mode shapes, and participation factor. Based on the identified system generator contributing to inter-area mode, control commands from WADC are sent to power system stabilizer to respective generators and FACT devices to damp out determined low-frequency oscillation modes [25].
- 4. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285 An investigation on the application and challenges for wide area… (Marwan Ahmed Abdullah Sufyan) 583 PMU (Sensor) Power System (Control Plant) PSS (Actuator) Communication Network WADC Controller Figure 3. Structure of the WADC system [25] 2.3. Fault detection and location The fault in a power system grows gradually. However, some phenomena, for example, transient instability, can evolve in a small time frame. Any adaptive fault detection algorithm for any protection/control system utilizes synchronized phasor estimates. On event occurrence with accessible measurements, any fault detection and isolation methodology should comprise of the following components [26]: − Identification and forecasting: A quick recognizable detection of the specific event from power system parameters is desired to be measured to restore healthy power system states. − Classification: Disturbance classification depends on the constraints that are violated, the risk involved, the time span of the phenomena, and utility control strategy. − Control action: These are mainly operated based on the level of priority supplies during an emergency and maintain the grid's stable operation. They improve system reliability and ensure the social and economic aspects. − Corrections: The system can be in an improved state after monitoring and correction measures have been applied. e.g., load shedding can be estimated to prevent the system from rapid frequency decline. − Time scale: For any past events, accessible time is the fundamental factor in choosing correction activities. It includes selective implementation of remedial measures. The fault location methods widely used in the power system can be broadly classified as impedance- based methods, traveling wave-based methods, and artificial intelligence-based methods. The impedance method uses voltage phasors to predict the location of a fault. The most important advantage of this method is that only one PMU is sufficient to locate the fault. However, they require prior fault assumptions or sections, which are quite complex to implement [27, 28]. Since fault results in the inception of transient, the traveling wave method utilizes its high frequency to estimate its arrival time from the fault point. To achieve this, wave velocity needs to be estimated from the fault point to the measuring device. These methods are independent of the type of fault that occurred in a power system. However, accurately estimating the wave voltage is a challenging task [29]. Artificial intelligence-based methods utilize voltage pattern recognition and machine learning techniques. The determination of fault location is independent of system parameters. It relies on data containing certain features of fault. This method is widely accepted due to its high accuracy and independence of system parameters [30]. 3. COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES Communication links utilized by WAMC include wireless (microwave, cellular, satellite) and wired (fiber-optics, power lines, telephone lines) options. Delays related to communication technology are the crucial parameters for the selection of a particular communication medium and should be incorporated in every power system design to ensure proper control procedures to maintain the stability of the power system. Various wires and wireless communication technologies are given in Figure 4, and the delay associated with each technology is tabulated in Table 1. The delays are a significant perspective and ought to be consolidated into any power system design, or analysis and presence of sufficient delay could destroy any control strategies received to stabilize the power network [31, 32]. The evolution of communication technology in the power system is given in Figure 5.
- 5. ISSN: 2302-9285 Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2021 : 580 – 587 584 Synchrophasor Communication Technologies Wired Communication Technologies Wireless Communication Technologies Satellite Communication Cellular Communication Microwave Communication Fiber Optic Communication Power line Communication Figure 4. The various synchrophasors communication technologies [31] Table 1. Delay associated with various communication links [33] 1882 1910 1950 1960 1980 2000 2020 Verbal communication Telephone lines based communication Power line communication Optical fiber communication Microwave communication Time (Years) Communication Technology Communication link Associated delay one way (ms) Fiber-optic cables ≈ 100-150 Digital microwave links ≈ 100- 150 Power line carrier (PLC) ≈ 150-350 Telephone lines ≈ 200-300 Satellite link ≈ 500-700 Figure 5. Evolution of communication technology in power system [31] A WAMC system's performance largely relies upon the time delay of transmitting information through the communication grid. Figure 6 shows the effect of these delays in the fault clearance process at 400 KV Kanpur bus of the Indian power grid. As can be observed from Figure 6, the delay in fault clearance is around 520 ms, which is much higher as prescribed by the Indian electricity grid code (IEGC). The time delay should be minimized by using efficient communication infrastructure to avoid failures [34]. The selection of communication media and the spaces of communication have an impact on the spread of delay. A representation of these delays in WAMC is shown in Figure 7. Among all delays, propagation and processing delays have a significant effect on the performance of the system. Voltage profile at 400KV kanpur during incident of mutiple tripping at 400KV Muradnagar S/s &Moradabad S/s on 29th May 2011 at 08:52:51hrs Figure 6. Detection of delay fault clearance [33]
- 6. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285 An investigation on the application and challenges for wide area… (Marwan Ahmed Abdullah Sufyan) 585 Smart power grid PMU Transducer and actuater delays Serial delays Routing delay Propagation delay Processing delays Processing delays Processing delays Control center Central PDC Local PDC Communication medium Local routers Routing delay Central domain Routing delay Local actuator Actuator delay Power system control/protection device Figure 7. Classification of different delays connected with PMU based WAMC [35] Various research works have been carried out in the literature to determine their root causes and suggest remedial measures. Appasani and Mohanta [36] proposed the RTD model of the WAMC framework considering various parameters resulting in communication delays and data loss throughout the channel. It considers the time delay of data sampling of PMUs, information spread in the communication system, and information received at the control centre. Singh et al. [37] discussed an algorithm to estimate time delay and packet data loss using a Markov model to achieve better control. Zhu et al. [38] studied the design of the supporting information and communication technology (ICT) framework for WAMC applications. It suggested a technique to achieve better control with inefficient available measurements due to time delays, packet loss, or bandwidth constraints. Zhu et al. [39] proposed a self-adaptive PDC that compensates for time delays in the communication system. Xiaorong et al. [40] Explains the communication delays throughout the length of the communication system, i.e., from PMUs to synchrophasors arranged by PDC. The outcomes recommend that a bi-modular transmission containing two standard transmissions shows the best fit to avoid the time delay problem. 4. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of WAMC that helps in ensuring a secure and reliable grid operation. Several potential applications such as voltage stability monitoring, oscillation detection, andfault detection, that WAMC offers to the grid have been discussed. However, there are certain potential challenges in its large-scale implementation. It includes integrating PMU data with data provided by SCADA, the requirement of advanced communication infrastructure to handle massive data set generated by PMUs, and delays associated with the communication channel. Apart from various applications offered by synchrophasors technology at the transmission side, its diffusion in the distribution system is facing potential challenges due to variable grid characteristics and financial limitations due to a large number of nodes. To overcome such challenges and to keep in mind the increasing availability of power electronic converters due to the increasing trend of renewable energy sources integration, the implementation of µPMU capabilities in the grid connected converters can be a potential research area. This reduces the high cost on large-scale implementation of PMUs across the distribution system. The aim can be increasing the functionality of power converters utilizing PMU data to provide additional auxiliary services in addition to the primary task of active power injection into the grid, islanding detections, and maximum power point tracking, that can make the distribution system more robust and resilient. REFERENCES [1] Helen Pidd, “India blackouts leave 700 million without power,” The Guardian, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jul/31/india-blackout-electricity-power-cuts. [2] India's mass power failure worst ever in world history, Outlook: Press Trust of India, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/indias-mass-power-failure-worst-ever-in-world-history/770631.
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