Digital Electronics
Analog & Digital Signals
Analog & Digital Signals
2
This presentation will
• Review the definitions of analog and digital signals.
• Detail the components of an analog signal.
• Define logic levels.
• Detail the components of a digital signal.
• Review the function of the virtual oscilloscope.
Analog and Digital Signals
Analog Signals
• Continuous
• Infinite range of values
• More exact values, but
more difficult to work with
Digital Signals
• Discrete
• Finite range of values (2)
• Not as exact as analog,
but easier to work with
3
Example:
A digital thermostat in a room displays a temperature
of 72. An analog thermometer measures the room
temperature at 72.482. The analog value is
continuous and more accurate, but the digital value is
more than adequate for the application and
significantly easier to process electronically.
Example of Analog Signals
• An analog signal can be any time-varying signal.
• Minimum and maximum values can be either positive or negative.
• They can be periodic (repeating) or non-periodic.
• Sine waves and square waves are two common analog signals.
• Note that this square wave is not a digital signal because its
minimum value is negative.
4
0 volts
Sine Wave Square Wave
(not digital)
Random-Periodic
Parts of an Analog Signal
5
Amplitude
(peak-to-peak)
Amplitude
(peak)
Period
(T)
Hz
T
1
F 
Frequency:
Logic Levels
Before examining digital signals, we must define logic levels.
A logic level is a voltage level that represents a defined
digital state.
Logic HIGH: The higher of two voltages, typically 5 volts
Logic LOW: The lower of two voltages, typically 0 volts
6
5.0 v
2.0 v
0.8 v
0.0 v Logic Low
Logic High
Invalid
Logic
Level
Logic Level Voltage True/False On/Off 0/1
HIGH 5 volts True On 1
LOW 0 volts False Off 0
Example of Digital Signals
• Digital signal are commonly referred to as square waves or clock
signals.
• Their minimum value must be 0 volts, and their maximum value
must be 5 volts.
• They can be periodic (repeating) or non-periodic.
• The time the signal is high (tH) can vary anywhere from 1% of the
period to 99% of the period.
7
0 volts
5 volts
Parts of a Digital Signal
8
Amplitude
Time
High
(tH)
Time
Low
(tL)
Period (T)
Rising Edge
Falling Edge
Amplitude:
For digital signals, this will ALWAYS be
5 volts.
Period:
The time it takes for a periodic signal to
repeat. (seconds)
Frequency:
A measure of the number of
occurrences of the signal per second.
(Hertz, Hz)
Time High (tH):
The time the signal is at 5 v.
Time Low (tL):
The time the signal is at 0 v.
Duty Cycle:
The ratio of tH to the total period (T).
Rising Edge:
A 0-to-1 transition of the signal.
Falling Edge:
A 1-to-0 transition of the signal.
Hz
T
1
F 
Frequency:
%
100


T
t
DutyCycle H
Oscilloscope
• The Oscilloscope is a piece of electronic
test equipment that is used to capture and
measure time-varying signals, both analog
and digital.
• Oscilloscopes can be found on the
workbench (physical) as well as part of a
simulation tool (virtual).
• We will limit our usage to the virtual
oscilloscope.
9
Virtual Oscilloscope: Multisim
10
Oscilloscope
Component
Oscilloscope Instrumentation
Timebase:
Adjusts the time scale and
offset of the signals. This is
common for all channels.
Channel_X:
Adjusts the horizontal
scale and offset of the
selected channel.
Channel Selection
Marker Display:
Displays the voltage & time
intersect for the markers
T1 & T2.
Markers:
Movable markers
T1 & T2
Displayed Signals
Example: Digital Signal
Example:
Determine the following information for the digital signal shown:
• Amplitude
• Period (T)
• Frequency (f)
• Time High (tH)
• Time Low (tL)
• Duty Cycle (DC)
11
Example: Digital Signal
Solution:
Amplitude:
Period (T):
Frequency (f):
12
2 ms / div
2 v / div
v
5
Amplitude
div
V
2
div
2.5
Amplitude



ms
8
T
div
ms
2
div
4
T



Hz
125
f
ms
8
1
T
1
f



Example: Digital Signal
Solution:
Time High (tH):
Time Low (tL):
Duty Cycle (DC):
13
2 ms / div
2 v / div
ms
4.8
div
ms
2
div
2.4



H
H
t
t
0%
DC
ms
8
ms
4.8
T
t
DC H
6
100
100





%
%
DC
ms
3.2
div
ms
2
div
1.6



L
L
t
t
Period Measurement with Markers
The markers can be used to measure the
period tH & tL (next slide).
14
Period (T):
ms
8
T 
tH & tL Measurement with Markers
15
Time High ( tH):
ms
3.214

L
t
ms
4.786

H
t
Low High ( tL):

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AnalogDigitalSignals1.ppt signal inputs outputs

  • 2. Analog & Digital Signals 2 This presentation will • Review the definitions of analog and digital signals. • Detail the components of an analog signal. • Define logic levels. • Detail the components of a digital signal. • Review the function of the virtual oscilloscope.
  • 3. Analog and Digital Signals Analog Signals • Continuous • Infinite range of values • More exact values, but more difficult to work with Digital Signals • Discrete • Finite range of values (2) • Not as exact as analog, but easier to work with 3 Example: A digital thermostat in a room displays a temperature of 72. An analog thermometer measures the room temperature at 72.482. The analog value is continuous and more accurate, but the digital value is more than adequate for the application and significantly easier to process electronically.
  • 4. Example of Analog Signals • An analog signal can be any time-varying signal. • Minimum and maximum values can be either positive or negative. • They can be periodic (repeating) or non-periodic. • Sine waves and square waves are two common analog signals. • Note that this square wave is not a digital signal because its minimum value is negative. 4 0 volts Sine Wave Square Wave (not digital) Random-Periodic
  • 5. Parts of an Analog Signal 5 Amplitude (peak-to-peak) Amplitude (peak) Period (T) Hz T 1 F  Frequency:
  • 6. Logic Levels Before examining digital signals, we must define logic levels. A logic level is a voltage level that represents a defined digital state. Logic HIGH: The higher of two voltages, typically 5 volts Logic LOW: The lower of two voltages, typically 0 volts 6 5.0 v 2.0 v 0.8 v 0.0 v Logic Low Logic High Invalid Logic Level Logic Level Voltage True/False On/Off 0/1 HIGH 5 volts True On 1 LOW 0 volts False Off 0
  • 7. Example of Digital Signals • Digital signal are commonly referred to as square waves or clock signals. • Their minimum value must be 0 volts, and their maximum value must be 5 volts. • They can be periodic (repeating) or non-periodic. • The time the signal is high (tH) can vary anywhere from 1% of the period to 99% of the period. 7 0 volts 5 volts
  • 8. Parts of a Digital Signal 8 Amplitude Time High (tH) Time Low (tL) Period (T) Rising Edge Falling Edge Amplitude: For digital signals, this will ALWAYS be 5 volts. Period: The time it takes for a periodic signal to repeat. (seconds) Frequency: A measure of the number of occurrences of the signal per second. (Hertz, Hz) Time High (tH): The time the signal is at 5 v. Time Low (tL): The time the signal is at 0 v. Duty Cycle: The ratio of tH to the total period (T). Rising Edge: A 0-to-1 transition of the signal. Falling Edge: A 1-to-0 transition of the signal. Hz T 1 F  Frequency: % 100   T t DutyCycle H
  • 9. Oscilloscope • The Oscilloscope is a piece of electronic test equipment that is used to capture and measure time-varying signals, both analog and digital. • Oscilloscopes can be found on the workbench (physical) as well as part of a simulation tool (virtual). • We will limit our usage to the virtual oscilloscope. 9
  • 10. Virtual Oscilloscope: Multisim 10 Oscilloscope Component Oscilloscope Instrumentation Timebase: Adjusts the time scale and offset of the signals. This is common for all channels. Channel_X: Adjusts the horizontal scale and offset of the selected channel. Channel Selection Marker Display: Displays the voltage & time intersect for the markers T1 & T2. Markers: Movable markers T1 & T2 Displayed Signals
  • 11. Example: Digital Signal Example: Determine the following information for the digital signal shown: • Amplitude • Period (T) • Frequency (f) • Time High (tH) • Time Low (tL) • Duty Cycle (DC) 11
  • 12. Example: Digital Signal Solution: Amplitude: Period (T): Frequency (f): 12 2 ms / div 2 v / div v 5 Amplitude div V 2 div 2.5 Amplitude    ms 8 T div ms 2 div 4 T    Hz 125 f ms 8 1 T 1 f   
  • 13. Example: Digital Signal Solution: Time High (tH): Time Low (tL): Duty Cycle (DC): 13 2 ms / div 2 v / div ms 4.8 div ms 2 div 2.4    H H t t 0% DC ms 8 ms 4.8 T t DC H 6 100 100      % % DC ms 3.2 div ms 2 div 1.6    L L t t
  • 14. Period Measurement with Markers The markers can be used to measure the period tH & tL (next slide). 14 Period (T): ms 8 T 
  • 15. tH & tL Measurement with Markers 15 Time High ( tH): ms 3.214  L t ms 4.786  H t Low High ( tL):

Editor's Notes

  • #2: Digital Electronics TM 1.2 Introduction to Analog
  • #3: Introductory Slide / Overview of Presentation
  • #4: This slide defines analog and digital signals and gives several examples of each.
  • #5: Examples of common analog signals.
  • #6: Parts of an analog signal: amplitude, period, & frequency.
  • #7: This slide introduces the concept of logic levels, gives the range of acceptable voltages for a logic high & low, and lists other common terms used to describe logic levels.
  • #8: Examples of common digital signals.
  • #9: The parts of a digital signal: amplitude, period & frequency, time high, time low, duty cycle, rising & falling edge.
  • #11: Review with the student Multisim Oscilloscope.
  • #12: Pause the presentation and allow the student to work on the example. The solution is on the next two slides.
  • #13: Here is the solution. If you print handouts, do not print this page. (1 of 2)
  • #14: Here is the solution. If you print handouts, don’t print this page. (2 of 2)