anatomy and physiology.pptx for nurses to learn
- 2. • Human Body Parts- A human body consists of a head, neck, trunk, arms, and legs.
- 3. • The skeleton is a framework of bones, ligaments, and cartilages that gives the body shape. Apart from giving shape, the spinal cord that runs along the human body connects the brain to other parts of the body. • Also, it provides a protective casing for vital organs in our bodies. Like the thoracic cage for lungs, the skull for the brain, etc. • Every adult human being has 206 bones in the body. During birth, we have 300 bones, but as we grow up, these bones fuse to form a framework and thus leaving 206 bones in total. • There are also a few vestigial bones in the human body that have no use now. Over the course of evolution, they are no more functional or have any specific purpose, but we still have them. Example- Coccyx or the tail bone.
- 4. • The bones and cartilages in our body are connected by Connective tissue- ligaments and tendons.
- 6. • Ligaments attach bone to bone, and tendons attach muscle to bone. • Both tendons and ligaments can stretch, but only to a certain amount. • If they stretch too much, it can cause an injury: Ligaments that stretch too far cause sprains or tears. Tendons that stretch too far cause strains or tears.
- 7. • Axial Skeleton - Bones of the skull and trunk of vertebra form the axial skeleton. • Out of the total of 206 bones, 80 bones constitute the axial skeleton. • The bones in the axial skeleton include- Vertebra, Coccyx, Sacrum, Ribs, and Sternum. • Its basic function is to provide protection to the internal organs. As it surrounds the vital organs like the brain, lungs, heart, etc.
- 8. • Appendicular Skeleton - The bones that help in movement and locomotion are part of the appendicular skeleton. These bones are movable and possess flexibility. • Apart from providing support, facilitating locomotion, and providing protection to vital organs, bones also aid blood cell production. • The bone marrow present inside the bone has stem cells, which are responsible for the production of red blood cells, and they also store white blood cells.
- 10. the body cavities • cranial cavity / skull
- 12. abdominal cavity
- 13. pelvic cavity
- 14. • sex organs • bladder • rectum
- 15. cells & tissues function of cells digestion excretion respiration growth repair cell reproduction
- 16. tissues
- 19. The human body is a single structure but it is made up of billions of smaller structures of four major kinds: • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Systems
- 21. muscle tissue
- 22. nervous tissue
- 23. cells • Cells have long been recognized as the simplest units of living matter that can maintain life and reproduce themselves. • The human body, which is made up of numerous cells, begins as a single, newly fertilized cell.
- 24. Tissues • Tissues are somewhat more complex units than cells. • By definition, a tissue is an organization of a great many similar cells with varying amounts and kinds of nonliving, intercellular substances between them.
- 25. Organs • An organ is an organization of several different kinds of tissues so arranged that together they can perform a special function. • For example, the stomach is an organization of muscle, connective, epithelial, and nervous tissues. • Muscle and connective tissues form its wall, epithelial and connective tissues form its lining, and nervous tissue extends throughout both its wall and its lining.
- 26. Systems • Systems are the most complex of the component units of the human body. • A system is an organization of varying numbers and kinds of organs so arranged that together they can perform complex functions for the body. • Ten major systems compose the human body:
- 27. • Skeletal • Muscular • Nervous • Endocrine • Cardiovascular • Lymphatic • Respiratory • Digestive • Urinary • Reproductive
- 28. Body Functions & Life Process • Body Functions - Body functions are the physiological or psychological functions of body systems. • Survival is the body's most important business. • Maintaining homeostasis.
- 29. Life Process • All living organisms have certain characteristics that distinguish them from non-living forms. • The basic processes of life include organization, metabolism, responsiveness, movements, and reproduction. • there are additional requirements such as growth, differentiation, respiration, digestion, and excretion. (interrelated & continuous process) • Disruption - disease
- 30. brief description of the life process: Organization • At all levels of the organizational scheme, there is a division of labor. Each component has its own job to perform in cooperation with others. Even a single cell, if it loses its integrity or organization, will die.
- 31. Responsiveness • It is the act of sensing a stimulus and responding to it.
- 32. Movement
- 33. Reproduction
- 34. Growth
- 42. Skeletal system
- 43. • Lonest bone – femur • Shortest bone - stapes
- 46. Muscular system
- 49. Cardio vascular system / circulatory system Consists of • Heart • Artery • Vein • capillaries
- 51. Lymphatic system
- 52. Digestive system Food undergoes three types of processes in the body: • Digestion • Absorption • Elimination
- 53. Reproductive system • The major function of the reproductive system is to ensure survival of the species.
- 54. • Within the context of producing offspring, the reproductive system has four functions: • To produce egg and sperm cells • To transport and sustain these cells • To nurture the developing offspring • To produce hormones