Application Of Flexible All Graphite Paper Based Field...

Application Of Flexible All Graphite Paper Based Field...
Flexible All Graphite Paper based Field Effect Transistor for motion detection using strain sensing
Srinivasulu Kanaparthi, Sushmee Badhulika*
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 502285, India.
*Corresponding author: E–mail: sbadh@iith.ac.in; Telephone: 040–23018443; Fax: 04023016032
Abstract
Here we report the fabrication of a flexible all carbon field effect transistor (FET) using a low cost, recyclable and biodegradable cellulose paper as
both substrate as well as dielectric and pencil graphite as source, drain, channel and gate without using any other expensive, toxic or non–biodegradable
materials. The electron and hole mobility's of FET are observed to be 180 and 200 cm2v–1s–1 respectively which are comparable to the recently
reported values of paper FET with polymer dielectric and cellulose composite dielectrics. The FET was utilized as a strain sensor which shows good
sensitivity for low strains of both tensile and compressive type. The mobility of the FET increases with increase in compressive strain and decreases
with increase in tensile strain. The sensitivity of the FET sensor increases with the increase in the gate voltage.
HERE YOU CAN MAKE A COMMENT ON HOW THIS STRAIN SENSOR IS BETTER THAN SILICON STRAIN SENSORS IN
PERFORMANCE.
Further we investigated the performance of the sensor by integrating it with hand gloves to detect human motion. The results obtained indicate that the
sensor can be utilized
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Working Of Dc Ac Converter For Photovoltaic Systems Essay
ABRIDGEMENT This report aims to discuss the working of DC–AC converter for photovoltaic systems and how it has been implemented to convert
renewable energy into usable power to be supplied to the load (power supply application).A topology of a two–stage DC–AC converter has been
designed in which a boost converter and a full bridge inverter act as an interface between the photovoltaic (PV) array and the power supply
applications. A controlled strategy called Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique has been used for achieving maximum power output at
the load. Various modes of operation of the converter and the inverter are also discussed. MATLAB Simulink environment has been used for designing
the circuitry and to observe various waveforms related to the output. Keywords: PV array, MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking), Perturbation and
Observation, Boost Converter, Full Bridge Inverter. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION As a result of rapid industrialization and
urbanization, there has been substantial increase in energy demand. The fossil fuel consumption has also been increased to great extent. But it's over
consumption is leading to various environmental issues like increased level of Carbon dioxide and various harmful gases in the environment and rise of
Global Warming. So various approaches are being made to meet the world 's increasing demand of energy.in the recent years, there has been great
development in the field of power generation from the alternative

Design a Repeater for Digital Rf Signal
Abstract Repeaters for digital TV broadcasting can use either analogue or digital techniques. The purpose of using repeater is to boost signals into areas
of weak coverage in any radio communication system. However wave interference means the repeater usually requires a frequency shift for analogue
modulated signal. For digitally modulated signal it may be possible to use same frequency. This paper investigated and designed a RF repeater which
will improve the inter symbol interference by incorporating delay between received and transmit signal. This project also reviewed the basics of current
Digital Video Broadcasting–Terrestrial (DVB–T) techniques and selected it as a suitable choice for lab experiment. The practical side of this ... Show
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However, this is not the only way in which television signals are transmitted. Another popular method of transmitting signals digital video
broadcasting–terrestrial (DVB–T). When broadcasters employ this method, the digital signals do not leave the earth. The signals transmitted using
DVB–T do not travel via cable, though; rather, they go from antenna to aerial antenna, from signal blaster to home receiver. Digital signals are routinely
transmitted using terrestrial methods. The transmission method has different names in different parts of the world. DVB–T is the name used in Europe
and Australia. North American customers receive these signals using a set of standards approved by the Advanced Television Systems Committee
(ATSC). In Japan, it is known as Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting–Terrestrial (IDSB–T). DVB–T broadcasters transmit data using a compressed
digital audio–video stream, with the entire process based on the MPEG–2 standard. These transmissions can include all kinds of digital broadcasting,
including HDTV and other high–intensity methods. This is a vast improvement over the old analog signals, which required separate streams of
transmission. Oddly enough, some DVB–T transmissions take place over analog networks, with the antennas and receivers getting some helpful
technological upgrades along the way. (Pool, 2002) 1.2 Aim of this project The aim of this project is to

Wbut Syllabus 1st Sem
Revised Syllabus to be implemented from the Academic Year 2010 (for the new batch only) First Year First Semester A. THEORY Field Sl. No. 1 2 3 4
5 B. 6 7 8 HU101 PH101/ CH101 M101 ES101 ENGLISH LANGUAGE & TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION Theory Contact Hours/Week L 2 3 3 3
3 0 0 1 T 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 P 0 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 Total 2 4 4 4 4 18 3 3 4 10 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 4 32 Credit Points C. 9 10 Chemistry –1 (Gr–B) / Physics – 1 (Gr–
A) Mathematics–1 Basic Electrical & Electronic Engineering – 1 (GrA+GrB) ME101 Engg. Mechanics Total of Theory PRACTICAL PH191/
Chemistry –1 (Gr–B)/ CH191 Physics – 1 (Gr–A) ES191 Basic Electrical & Electronic Engineering –1 ME191 Engg Drawing & Computer Graphics
(Gr–B) /192 / Workshop Practice (Gr–A) Total of Practical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
6. Micro Presentation and Group Discussion Sessions should be used for developing Communicative Competence 7. The Language Lab, device should
be used for giving audio–visual inputs to elicit students' responses by way of Micro–Presentation, Pair Conversation, Group Talk and Class Discussion.
8. The teacher must function as a creative monitor in the Language Lab for the following: A. Developing Listening Comprehension Skill; 1. 2. 3. 4. B.
a) Developing Listening Comprehension through Language Lab Device Developing sub skills of the Listening Skill by Conversational Practice
Sessions Focusing on intelligent and advanced Listening Sessions e.g. Seminars, Paper Presentation, Mock Interviews etc. Conducting Conversational
Practice: Face to Face & Via Media (Telephone, Audio, Video + Clips) Developing Speaking Competence: Helping students in achieving clarity and
fluency ; manipulating paralinguistic features of speaking (voice modulation ,pitch , tone stress , effective pauses ) Conducting Task oriented
interpersonal ,informal and semiformal Speaking / Classroom Presentation COMMUNICATION 3 b) Teaching strategies for Group Discussion
Teaching Cohesion and Coherence Teaching effective communication & strategies for handling criticism and adverse remarks Teaching strategies of
Turn– taking, effective intervention, kinesics (use of body language) and courtesies and all componentss

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microelectronics
LOW POWER SILICON MEMORIES GAURAV RAWAT 2013PH10845 DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS ABSTRACT: The DRAM have one
transistor and capacitor. The information is stored as a charge in the capacitor. SRAM is used in workstations, internal CPU caches, personal computers,
routers, hard disk buffers, etc. Flash RAM is a non–volatile semiconductor memory device which stores data even when there is no electric power.
INTRODUCTION Microelectronics concerns high integration density and low cost. It focusses on miniaturising and its reliability. There are millions of
transistors and microelectronics in the CPU of a computer. Memory chips with low power consumption and low cost with portability has become the
essential part of this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also minimises the carrier concentration of silicon channel. But this technology has a disadvantage too, i.e. conductivity of sapphire is half of the
silicon. CMOS/SOS Low parasitic capacitances and can operated with low power consumption and high speed. And also density of packing in
CMOS/SOS memories is greater than CMOS–bulk memories. TYPES OF MEMORIES There are two types of memories. One is volatile memories and
the other is non–volatile memories. Volatile memories include Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) and Static Random Access Memory
(SRAM), whereas flash memories are non–volatile memories. DRAM It is a type of RAM which is nowadays used in many computing devices. It
stores each bit in a separate capacitor in IC. These capacitor has two states of one bit value, i.e. 0 and 1. But this has to be refreshed or give an electric
charge periodically so the information that it stores doesn't fades away. This refreshing should be done in every few milliseconds. Refreshing is done by
rephrasing the data again. It has one good thing, it can access the memory directly and hold it for few moment but it loses when shut

A Computerised Gsm Based Vehicle Theft Control System
2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION: The project "GSM BASED VEHICLE THEFT CONTROL SYSTEM" deals with the design &
development of a theft control system for automobiles which is being used to prevent / control the theft of a vehicle. The developed system makes use
of an embedded system based on GSM technology. An interfacing mobile is also connected to the microcontroller, which is in turn, connected to the
engine. Once, the vehicle is being stolen, the information is being used by the vehicle owner for further processing. The information is passed onto the
central processing insurance system, where by sitting at a remote place, a particular number is dialed by them to the interfacing mobile that is with the
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When any object is entering into the vehicle, Microcontroller P89s51 continuously monitor the infrared receivers ,when any object pass through the IR
receiver's then the IR rays falling on the receiver's are obstructed, this obstruction is sensed by the microcontroller. Otherwise IR receiver receives the
rays continuously from the transmitter, then automatically vehicle door is closed. Mainly the system is used for automatica door closing purpose.
The implementation is made simpler by using IR sensor to detect the person. The system include the IR sensor, microcontroller, LED and a 5V power is
supplied to run the system.
The system uses a compact circuitry built around 8051 microcontroller Programs are developed in Embedded C. Flash magic is used for loading
programs into Microcontroller. Download your Reports for GSM Based Vehicle Theft Control System
International Journal Of Computational Engineering Research (ijceronline.com) Vol. 2 Issue. 5
Issn 2250–3005(online) September| 2012 Page 1534
GSM Based Anti–theft Security System Using AT&T Command.
Visa M. Ibrahim
1
. Asogwa A. Victor
2
. S. Y. Musa
3
.
1,2,3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, School Of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Modibbo
Adamma University of Technology Yola, Adamawa State. Nigeria
Abstract
Antitheft security system security

Electronic Final Exam Paper
INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA
END OF SEMESTER EXAMINATION SEMESTER I, 2005/2006 SESSION
KULLIYYAH OF ENGINEERING
Programme Time Duration : ENGINEERING : 2:30 pm – 5:30 pm : 3 Hrs Section(s) : 3 Level of Study Date : UG 1 : 24/10/2005
Course Code : ECE 1312 Course Title : Electronics
This Question Paper Consists of Eight (8) Printed Pages (Including Cover Page) With Six (6) Questions. INSTRUCTION(S) TO CANDIDATES
DO NOT OPEN UNTIL YOU ARE ASKED TO DO SO
Total marks of this examination is 100. This examination is worth 40% of the total assessment. This examination consists of two parts. You are required
to answer all questions from part A and choose any 3 (three) questions from part B.
Any form of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4.: i. each stage ii. overall cascade connection. (8 marks)
500Ω Ri1= 1MΩ
Ri2= 1500Ω
100Ω RL= 100Ω
Fig. 4. Q.4 [20 marks] (a) Refer to Fig. 5., sketch the output waveform of the circuit. (2 marks)
Fig. 5. (b)
Draw the circuit diagrams of a two–input diode AND gate and a two–input diode OR gate. (6 marks)
5
Electronics
ECE 1312
(c)
Refer to Fig. 6.:
Fig. 6.
i. Determine the range of RL (RLmax , RLmin) and IL (ILmax , ILmin) that will result in the voltage across RL to be maintained at 10 V. Plot VL
versus RL and VL versus IL. (10 marks) Determine the maximum power rating of the diode.
ii.
(2 marks) Q.5 [20 marks] (a) Refer to the common–emitter characteristics of a BJT of Fig. 7.:
i. ii. iii. Find the value of βdc at an operating point of VCE = +15 V and IC = 2.5 mA. (2 marks) Find the value of α corresponding to the βdc value.
(2 marks)
The following values are given as design data for the npn BJT fixed bias circuit: VCC = 12 V, RC = 2.2 kΩ. Draw the fixed–bias circuit and find RB
value using βdc value obtained from part (i). (6 marks)
6
Electronics
ECE 1312

Fig. 7.
Refer to the common–emitter amplifier configuration of Fig. 8: i. ii. Draw the small–signal midband ac equivalent circuit.
(b)
(2 marks)
Given VCC = 15 V, β = 100, VT = 0.026 V, draw the dc equivalent circuit and find ICQ. Find

Noise In Digital Communication
Digital communication is popular way how many people in the word communicate. Even being one of the most popular modes of communication,
digital communication still has many problems. Digital communication is defined as communication that is transfer electrically. Digital technology
makes, stores and processes data. This data is transfer into bits. Digital communication is a very broad field. There are different types of noises in
communication and digital systems. Noise is "variations that interface with the desired signals and inhibit communication". Professor Niknejad stated
"noise is an ever present part of all systems". Noise comes from the channels and in the communication equipment (Brown). Most of the noise is
consider undesired in most cases (Brown). The noise is usually random (Brown). An example of unwanted noise that humans hear can be sight hissing
and humming when having a telephone conversation (Rouse). In digital communication noise cannot be avoided entirely (Brown). Professor Niknejad
wrote that "noise degrades the throughput because it requires retransmission of data packets or extra coding to recover the data in the presence of
errors". There are three ways that noise can be reduce in communication and digital systems (Brown). The first way is to reduce the signal bandwidth.
Another way is to increase the transmitter power. The final way to reduce noise in communication and digital systems is to use low–noise amplifiers for
weak signals.
External

The Dc Motors, A Kind Of Permanent Magnate Synchronous...
Brushless DC motors is a kind of permanent magnate synchronous motor. Permanent magnet synchronous motors are classified on the basis of the
wave shape of their induce emf, i.e, sinusoidal and trapezoidal. The sinusoidal type is known as permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM); the
trapezoidal type goes under the name of PM Brushless dc (BLDC) machine. Table (2.1) shows the difference between (PMSM) and (BLDC) motor.
Permanent magnet (PM) DC brushed and brushless motors incorporate a combination of PM and electromagnetic fields to produce torque (or force)
resulting in motion. This is done in the DC motor by a PM stator and a wound armature or rotor. Current in the DC motor is automatically switched to
different windings by means of a commutator and brushes to create continuous motion. In a brushless motor, the rotor incorporates the magnets, and the
stator contains the windings. As the name suggests brushes are absent and hence in this case, commutation is implemented electronically with a drive
amplifier that uses semiconductor switches to change current in the windings based on rotor position feedback. In this respect, the BLDC motor is
equivalent to a reversed DC commutator motor, in which the magnet rotates while the conductors remain stationary. Therefore, BLDC motors often
incorporate either internal or external position sensors to sense the actual rotor. This eliminates the problems associated with the brush and the
commutator arrangement, for example, sparking

Planning For Space Based Solar Power Stations
Planning for Space–based Solar Power Stations by Yingliang Nie October 2014 Supervisor: Dr. Ediz Cetin; Dr. Garth Pearce University of New South
Wales Kensington, New South Wales ABSTRACT This report aims at analysing the feasibility of the Space–based Solar Power stations (SBSP) and
scheme a theoretically executable solution. The report begins with an introduction to the concept of space solar power (SSP) and reviews prior
researches of proposed solar power satellite (SPS) systems. The functional components of the SBSP are described, and different methods and promising
hypotheses from previous and current developments are demonstrated. The fundamentals of wireless transmission methodologies are reviewed,
including a discussion of the best way to transmit power without cables. The techniques of collecting solar power and the receiving power are outlined,
including the performance analysis of each component selected by these technologies. By studying the prior theories and progresses, a feasible SBSP
station plan will be projected. _ Chapter 1. Introduction and Background The most significant global concern of our planet is 80% of energy in our life
originates in the non–renewable resources. These resources will be entirely used up in the following 150 years if the energy consuming speed maintains
the current rate. In addition, the great extent utilization of fossil fuel intensifies CO2 accumulation in the air that increases series concerns of
environment. As a result,

Fm Radio Transmitter
2012
A SYNOPSIS ON
SUBMITTED BY:
RAJ KUMAR DHAKAD
BRIJESH PATEL
RAJEEV KIRAR
RASHMI RAI
FM RADIO TRANSMITTER
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Practical knowledge means the visualization of the knowledge, which we read in books. For this we perform experiments & get observation.
Practical knowledge is very important in field. One must be familiar with the problems related to the field so that he may solve them and becomes
successful person.
After achieving proper goal of life an engineer has to enter in the professional life. According to this life he has to serve an industry, may be public or
private sector or self own. for the efficient working in the industry, labors problem etc, so he can tackle them successfully.
S.NO. | CONTENTS | PAGE NO. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is made by heating a ceramic material, placing it in a magnetic field then allowing it to cool while still in the magnetic field. It is the electrostatic
equivalent of a permanent magnet. In the electrets microphone a slice of this material is used as the part of the dielectric of a capacitor in which the
diaphragm of the microphone forms one plate. Sound pressure moves one of its plates. The movement of the plate changes the capacitance. The
electrets capacitor is connected to an FET amplifier. These microphones are small, have excellent sensitivity, a wide frequency response and a very low
cost.
First amplification stage:
This is a standard self biasing common emitter amplifier. The 22nF capacitor isolates the microphone from the base voltage of the transistor and only
allows alternating current (AC) signals to pass.
The tank (LC) circuit:
Every FM transmitter needs an oscillator to generate the radio frequency carrier waves. The tank (LC) circuit, the BC547 and the feedback 5pF
capacitor are the oscillator in the cadre. An input signal is not needed to sustain the oscillation. The feedback signal makes the base emitter current of
the transistor vary at the resonant frequency. This causes the emitter–collector current to vary at the same frequency. The signal fed to the aerial and
radiated as radio waves. The 27pf coupling capacitor on the aerial is to minimize the effect of the aerial

A Brief Look at Operational Amplifiers
Operational amplifiers (Op Amp) have been in use for quite a long a long time now in the field of electronics and electrical engineering. A basic Op
Amp has got three connections consisting of 1 output and 2 inputs. For definition purposes the two input terminals are called inverting and non–
inverting inputs (Huijsing, 2011). Huijsing (2011) adds that it has been found and proven that when the voltage at both points of the inputs is the same,
there will be no output on the other side. The image below shows an ideal Op Amp with the terminals shown. FIGURE 1 For an ideal Op Amp the input
impedance is infinite for the load and 0 for the source output so this means it can be used as a buffer and an ideal source of voltage and current (Storr,
2014).Carter and Mancini (2009) noted in their book that feedback is always necessary in this amplifier so as to reduce the gain because they have an
infinite gain (around a million) when the loop is open but this gain is dependent on the amount of input voltage, so if we apply 0.000001V input the
output will be 1V. Application of the Op Amp in circuits is diverse but in this report two circuits will be covered namely the integrator and differential
circuit. INTEGRATOR CIRCUITS FROM OP AMP A basic mathematical definition of integration is the main tool used to define this type of amp
circuit. In other terms the input signal is integrated so that the outcome is the output signal. This circuit is

Project on Spy Ear
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION, CIRCIT DIAGRAM AND WORKING INTRODUCTION Spy ear is the devices which converts low power audio
signal to high power signal and gain. It can be used in Theaters , Concert halls, Lecture rooms, Trains, Court houses, Conference rooms, Embassies,
Gaming facilities, Recording studios, Aircraft , railways ,bus station etc.With this sound amplifier, you can now hear things crystal clear that you could
never hear before. Spy ear is very easy to use, just put the ear buds in your ears – aim the Spy Ear towards what you want to hear and things are heard
crystal clear. Spy Ear has adjustable volume control, which amplifies sound up to 50 decibels. Spy ear is also great for watching TV late at night, while
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Like:– 1. P–Spice 2. ExpressPCB 3. PCB Wizard 3.50 Pro 4. EDWinXP ❖ Good quality magazine pages (A4 Size) (Glossy paper), ❖ Laser printer ❖
Scrubbing pad ❖ Good ventilation ❖ Paper towel, ❖ Tin snips ❖ Drill or rotary tool ❖ PCB drill bits ❖ 5–gallon plastic pail full of water ❖ Single
sided 1 ounce copper clad ❖ A plastic container the board will fit in PREPARATION Print the bottom side layer on a piece of paper from a high quality
magazine or Glossy paper. Use one actual page from the magazine or Glossy paper, the thicker and shinier the magazine paper the better, but do not use
the cover. You must use a laser printer, not an inkjet. If your printer uses ink cartridges and not toner cartridges, it will not work. If you do not have a
laser printer, you can work around this by printing to white paper and using a photocopier set to the darkest setting to copy the layout to the magazine
paper. If the paper jams in the printer, you are not using a thick–enough magazine pages. Again, do not use the magazine covers, as they do not work.
Magazine pages are used because they work well, and they are cheap! The reason they work is because the paper is very glossy and the toner does not
adhere well to the

Nano Computer : A Nanotechnology
Nano Computer – A Nanotechnology in Computer Architecture Aayush Gupta Abstract–According to Moore's Law, the number of transistors per
square inch on integrated circuit will double every year. So far it is possible, but due to difficulties like power consumption its pace get slow down. To
let the Moore's law, we need a new logical step: that is, to use microelectronics in nanotechnology or Nano Computers. Currently, Nanotechnology is a
huge area for study and research. Its wide scope makes it a good topic for research. It is included in several fields like physics, engineering, chemistry,
biology and computer science. The main moto of this paper is to give brief about Nano Computer and its architecture. Index Terms – Nano computer,
Nano computer Architecture, Computer Architecture, Nano electronic technology, device scaling. I. INTRODUCTION From a Long time, scientists are
researched to manufacture a smaller, reliable and a faster computer. Computer architecture growth has been stabilized after 2003 mainly due to the
difficulty in power consumption. The ability to shrink size of transistors will soon be in its limit and so there will be a need of something which can
overcome this problem. Recent growth in the field of Nanotechnology encourage to use it on Computer electronics. The objective of creating smaller
and faster computers can be achieved by using it. It can help in creating devices used in creating smaller and faster computers. The third and fourth

Cell Design And Comparison With Low Average Power
A 7T SRAM Cell Design and comparison with Low Average Power in Read and Write Cycles Abhishek Jain
P. G. Scholar
NIIST, Bhopal
India
abhishekjain37@gmail.com Braj Bihari Soni
Assistant Professor
NIIST, Bhopal
India
brizsoni@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The system memories requirement depends greatly on the nature of the applications which run on the system. Memory performance and capacity
requirements are small for simple, low cost systems. In contrast, memory throughput can be the most critical requirement in complex, high performance
systems. The following general types of memories can be used in systems such as Volatile and non–volatile memories. SRAM can be found in the
cache memory of a computer or as a part of the RAM digital to analog converters on video cards. Static RAM is also used for high–speed registers,
caches and small memory banks like a frame buffer on a display adapter. Several scientific and industrial subsystems, modern appliances, automotive
electronics, electronic toys, mobile phones, synthesizers and digital cameras also use SRAM. It is also highly recommended for use in PCs, peripheral
equipment, printers, LCD screens, hard disk buffers etc. Different transistor counts in used in SRAM architecture such as Bipolar junction transistors
used in TTL and ECL which is very fast but consumes a lot of power and MOSFET used in CMOS which is used at low power and also very common
today. This paper proposed to improve the stability of SRAM cell and also reduces

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Integrated Circuits
INTRODUCTION TO VLSI
Very–large–scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating integrated circuits by combining thousands of transistor–based circuits into a single chip.
VLSI began in the 1970s when complex semiconductor and communication technologies were being developed. The microprocessor is a VLSI device.
The term is no longer as common as it once was, as chips have increased in complexity into the hundreds of millions of transistors.
Overview
The first semiconductor chips held one transistor each. Subsequent advances added more and more transistors, and, as a consequence, more individual
functions or systems were integrated over time. The first integrated circuits held only a few devices, perhaps as many as ten diodes, transistors, resistors
and capacitors, making it possible to fabricate one or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Integrated circuits improve system characteristics in several critical ways. ICs have three key advantages over digital circuits built from discrete
components: Size. Integrated circuits are much smaller–both transistors and wires are shrunk to micrometer sizes, compared to the millimeter or
centimeter scales of discrete components. Small size leads to advantages in speed and power consumption, since smaller components have smaller
parasitic resistances, capacitances, and inductances. Speed. Signals can be switched between logic 0 and logic 1 much quicker within a chip than they
can between chips. Communication within a chip can occur hundreds of times faster than communication between chips on a printed circuit board. The
high speed of circuits on–chip is due to their small size–smaller components and wires have smaller parasitic capacitances to slow down the

Radiation Physics Personal Statement
I am applying to the Radiation Health Physics graduate program of study at OSU. I have been a high school Physics, Mathematics, and Engineering
teacher for nearly the past 10 years. My personal experiences in education have helped shape my vision and practices at a small, rural school district in
Western Pennsylvania. It has been this experience that has given me the confidence to believe I am far more capable than I had thought I was only 10
years earlier. I am ready to apply my knowledge of Physics, Electronics, Computer Programming, and digital modeling techniques to Radiation Physics
and make a greater impact to the world at large. It is through the education I wish to obtain at Oregon State University that I will make this happen. My
college experience began in 2002 as a student enrolled in the Associates of Applied Science in Electronics Technology at Butler County Community
College located in Butler, Pennsylvania. I studied the foundations of electronics including, but not limited to Analog and Digital electronics, Bipolar
Junction Transistor and Operational Amplifier circuit design, Linear Circuit Analysis, and Communication Electronics which included applications of
Fast ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I am most interested in the role a Health Physicist plays in the development of an emergency response plan to a nuclear crisis as well as ensuring the
security of radioactive sources and waste. While nuclear power provides our species with an emissions–free means to generate electricity, we still must
find a way to manage spent nuclear fuel in an environmentally responsible way. Yet we also cannot ignore the fact that we are daily bathed in other
forms of man–made radiation. All but the most determined of us cannot escape Wi–Fi, smart phones, or microwaves as these forms of radiation seem to
pervade our very fabric of society and way of life in the United

Physics Of Semiconductors Essay
The Physics of Semiconductor Devices The purpose of this paper is to give a greater understanding of the semiconductor world, for Physics 100
students who have a little knowledge of electronics. I will cover conductors, insulators, semiconductors, and the operation of a diode and a transistor.
The reason that it is important to understand these devices is the vast effect that they have had on our modern world. Our lives are filled by electronics,
especially in this computerized age that we live in, and I have found that a knowledge of some electronics has greatly helped my understanding of the
many electronic devices that we deal with on a daily basis.
To understand the physics of a semiconductor device it is first necessary to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The outer shell of electrons that orbit the nucleus of an atom is called the valance shell. This is what makes a copper atom conduct. For a copper atom
the number of electrons is one. When a charge of electricity is placed in the end of a wire the electrons move into the wire. Since there is only one
electron in the valance shell of a copper atom it can be easily dislodged with a small amount of energy causing it to jump to the next atom. This will
then cause the valance electron of that atom to jump to the next atom and so forth. This movement happens very fast making it possible for a large
number of electrons to move through the wire. An example of a conductive atom is shown figure 1.
Now we will move onto other materials that are involved with electronics. The next group of materials that will be discussed are insulators. An
insulator is a material that does not conduct electricity at all but will resist or stop it from traveling further. An insulating atom has eight electrons in its
valance shell which makes this shell complete. Eight is the most electrons that any atoms can have in their valance shell this is why these are called
insulators, no more electrons can fit in the valance shell of these atoms.
We have now discussed the two extremes in electronic materials; a conductor, and an insulator we will now move to a material that lies in between
these two, a semiconductor. The

Power Generation From The Alternative Sources Of Energy Essay
1. INTRODUCTION As a result of rapid industrialization and urbanization, there has been substantial increase in energy demand. The fossil fuel
consumption has also been increased to great extent. But it's over consumption is leading to various environmental issues like increased level of Carbon
dioxide and various harmful gases in the environment and rise of Global Warming. So various approaches are being made to meet the world 's
increasing demand of energy.in the recent years, there has been great development in the field of power generation from the alternative sources of
energy. Renewable energy projects are becoming more popular. There are many renewable sources available for generating energy for–instance: Solar
Energy, Wind Energy, Hydro Power, Marine/Ocean Energy, Geothermal Energy, Nuclear Energy, Bio–Fuel, and Tidal Power. But power generation
using solar energy is gaining more importance as it is ecofriendly, needs low maintenance and has negligible noise and wear due to absence of
mechanical parts. So photovoltaic systems are such project which converts the sun 's radiation into usable electricity and this report emphasizes on
power can be transmitted from solar source to the required load by means of a DC–AC Converter and various operating principles of the converter used
for photovoltaic systems are also discussed. 2. NEED FOR DC–AC CONVERTER It is basically a two stage topology which acts as an interface
between the photovoltaic system and the power supply

Public Fe Reference Handbook.Pdf
Eighth Edition REVISED This document may be downloaded from the NCEES Web site, but it may not be copied, reproduced, or posted online
without the express written permission of the National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying® (NCEES®). FUNDAMENTALS OF
ENGINEERING SUPPLIED–REFERENCE HANDBOOK National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying Published by the National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying£ 280 Seneca Creek Road, Clemson, SC 29631 800–250–3196 www.ncees.org ©2008 by the
National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying£. All rights reserved. ISBN 978–1–932613–37–7 Printed in the United States of
America April 2010 Revised PREFACE The Fundamentals of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Statics

Dynamics

Fluid Mechanics

Thermodynamics

Heat Transfer

Transport Phenomena

Biology

Chemistry

Materials Science/Structure of Matter

Computer Spreadsheets

Measurement and Controls

Engineering Economics

Ca3130 Unit 1 Case Study
2.8 CA3130 Op–Amp
CA3130A and CA3130 are op–amp that combine the advantage of both CMOS and bipolar transistors. Gate–protected P–channel MOSFET transistor
are used in the input circuit to provide very high–input impedance, very low input current and exceptional speed performance. The use of P,OS
transistor in the input stage results in common mode input voltage capability down to 0.5V below the negative supply terminal, an important attribute in
single–supply application.
The CA3130 series circuit operates at supply voltage ranging from 5V to 16V. They can be phase compensated with a single external capacitor, and
have terminals for adjustment of offset voltage for application requiring offset null capability
[Figure.2.8]
Controllable output power analysis of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Efficiency increases due to low energy consumption
3. It provide battery backup for about one hour
7.2 Application
1. To reduce cost, size and weight of a power supply
2. CCTV cameras, TV's, monitor, PC's, laptop and camcorder power packs, printers, fax machine, VCRs, portable CD players, microelectronics based
devices in automotive, computing, communication, consumer electronics and industrial applications use SMPS.
Controllable output power analysis of SMPS using PWM technique for DC appliances
Sigma, Matar Page XXXVII
CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
Sigma, Matar Page XXXVIII
 Suitable components were selected and tested for desired performance. Functional verification was performed on combined circuit of the selected
components for open loop network both in NI MULTISIM and on NI ELVIS. PWM based feedback network was successfully designed tested and
implemented both in NI MULTISIM and in Hardware using NI ELVIS Suite. The Design and implementation of desired
SMPS circuit was successfully completed.
Sigma,

The Application Of Field Effect Transistors ( Fet )
FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS
ABSTRACT
In this project we have discussed about the basic information related to Field Effect Transistors (FET). Starting from the history of FET and its
development over the years. It is a three terminal unipolar transistor involving single carrier type operation. Next, we discussed about its composition
and basic operation principle. We also focussed on different types of FETs commercially used worldwide and their significance at various level of
Electronic industry. Scientific papers on FET were read thoroughly and various advancements were noted. It was realised that modification in FET can
bring about tremendous change in characteristic of the device. Though the advancement bears a numerous drawbacks and requires future research, a
step closer to low cost and environment friendly device has been initiated. The advantages and disadvantages were also discussed precisely to help us
understand the selection of various devices in different circumstances. Lastly, future prospect of FET is discussed that can lead to promising
advancement in the field of electronics.
INTRODUCTION
Transistor is a semiconductor device which is composed of at least three terminals and is mainly used to amplify, switch electronic signals and electrical
power. It is the fundament and inevitable part of modern

House Wiring
HOUSE WIRING Wiring is not a duck soup. Period. If you are among those freebies, who want to do wiring just because their neighbors are doing it,
you are on a wrong trail. Wiring is a very serious subject and it's better to get some information about basicelectrical wiring before you step into it. Any
gaffe can burn down your beautiful house in a few minutes. It is a common fact that people get confused when they are cabling for the first time.
Gathering some information about circuits, wires and electrical grid is very essential when you plan to do wiring yourself. Basic House Wiring Follow
Local Electrical Code If proper precautions are not taken, electricity can be fatal. Follow the local codes and regulations regarding residential ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These wires will ground devices and shall be bonded to junction boxes and appliance connections for safety. Wire Gauges and Uses: |Wire Use |Rated
Ampacity |Wire Gauge | |Low–voltage Lighting and Lamp Cords |10 Amps |18 Gauge | |Extension Cords |13 Amps |16 Gauge | |Light Fixtures, Lamps,
Lighting Runs |15 Amps |14 Gauge | |Receptacles, 110–volt Air Conditioners, Sump Pumps, Kitchen |20 Amps |12 Gauge | |Appliances | | | |Electric
Clothes Dryers, 220–volt Window Air Conditioners, |30 Amps |10 Gauge | |Built–in Ovens, Electric Water Heaters | | | |Cook Tops |45 Amps |8 Gauge |
|Electric Furnaces, Large Electric Heaters |60 Amps |6 Gauge | |Electric Furnaces, Large Electric Water Heaters, Sub Panels |80 Amps |4 Gauge |
|Service Panels, Sub Panels |100 Amps |2 Gauge | |Service

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Traditional Infrared Touch...
Traditional Infrared Touchscreens
Touchscreen interactive devices have become increasingly important in both consumer and commercial applications. They're a large component of
many everyday devices from your mobile to your chromebook. They're electronic visual displays that can detect the presence and location of a touch
within the display area (Bhalla, 2010). There is considered four different groups of touchscreen technologies each with its distinct advantages and
disadvantages with some of the variations containing sub groups within them: Capacitive, surface acoustic wave (SAW) and infrared (Bhalla, 2010).
The focus of this article will be on infrared touchscreens, specifically traditional infrared touchscreens. Traditional ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The projecting mechanism of the IR touchscreen consist of Infrared LEDs, which lines two adjacent side of the screen's bezel and the receiving
component, that are commonly phototransistor, lines the side opposite to the LEDs (Walker, 2012). Starting with the receiving component, the
phototransistor, it is a transistor that is sensitive to light. The basic concept that paved the path for phototransistors was uncovered by Albert Einstein in
his Nobel prize winning 1905 paper (Handbook of Photoelectric Sensing, 1993). Einstein made the bold proposal that light traveled through space in
concentrated bundles (Known today as protons) (Handbook of Photoelectric Sensing, 1993). Einstein also outlined how protons when striking materials
liberate photoelectrons, and the energy from the photoelectrons can be used to create a small current (Handbook of Photoelectric Sensing, 1993). The
property of a small current being produced by the striking of photons exploited by transistors in order to create the photodetector, the phototransistor. In
1948, a year after the transistor was invented, John Northup Shive created the first example of a phototransistor where he used a beam of light instead
of a wire as the emitter of a point contact transistor, generating holes that flow to the collector (Electronic Circuits and Diagram–Electronics Projects
and Design, 2013). The first application of the

Unmanned Railway Gate
INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 2. EMBEDDED SYSTEM 2.1 Definitions 2. Examples Of Embedded Systems 3. Microprocessor and Microcontroller 4.
Microprocessor verses Microcontroller 3. BLOCK DIAGRAM 3.1.1 Block Diagram Description 3.1.2 555 Timers 3.1.3 Infrared Sensor 3.1.4
Microcontroller (89S52) 3.1.5 Power Supply 4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 4.1.1 555 Timers 4.1.2 Infrared Emitted Diode(TSAL 6200) 4.1.3 IR
Receiver(TSOP) 4. DTMF generator
5. COMPONENTS THEIR 5.1.1Microcontroller 5.1.2 Description Of 8952 Microcontroller 5.1.3 Features Of Microcontroller 5.1.4 Block Diagram
Of Microcontroller 5.1.5 Pin Configurations 5.1.6 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The project is simple to implement and subject to further improvement.
[pic]
[pic]
2 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
2.1 DEFINITIONS: Embedded system is a combination of hardware and software, it is also named as Firm ware. An embedded system is a special
purpose computer system, which is completely encapsulated by the device it controls. It is a computer–controlled system. An embedded system is a
specialized system that is a part of a larger system or machine. As a part of a larger system it largely determines its functionality. Embedded systems are
electronic devices that incorporate microprocessors with in their implementations. The main purpose of the microprocessors are simplify the system
design and improve flexibility. In the embedded systems, the software is often stored in a read only memory (RAM) chip. Embedded systems provide
several major functions including monitoring of the analog environment by reading data from sensors and controlling actuators.
2.2 EXAMPLES OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS: Embedded systems are found in wide range of application areas. Originally they were used only for
expensive industrial control applications, but as technology brought down the cost of dedicated processors, they began to appear in moderately
expensive applications such as automobiles, communication and office equipments and television Today's embedded systems are so inexpensive that
they

Intelligent Spy Robo
INTELLIGENT SPY ROBO–VER–02
INTRODUCTION
This is one of the version of spy robot which we designed in this academic period. Intelligent spy robot project has been designed for the spying
purpose .it is radio controlled and can be operated at a radial distance of 50 yards. Many time our army jawan need to venture into the enemy area just
to track their activities. Which is often a very risky job, it may cost precious life. Such dangerous job could be done using small spy robot all the
developed and advance nations are in the process of making combat robot design, a robot who can fight against enemy. Our robot us just a step towards
similar activity.
This robot is radio operated , self powered , and has all the controls like a normal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The power–down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.
Pin Configuration
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Pin Description
VCC:
Supply voltage.
GND:
Ground.
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8–bit bi–Directional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 require external pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 also
serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on–chip precision analog comparator.The Port 1 output buffers
can sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as
inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull–ups.Port 1 also receives code data during Flash
programming and verification.
Port 3
Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bi–irectional I/O pins with internal pullups. P3.6 is hard–wired as an input to the output of the on–chip
comparator and is not accessible as a general purpose I/O pin. The Port 3 output buffers can sink 20 mA. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are
pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL)
because of the pullups.Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as listed below: Port 3 also receives some control
signals for

Memristor
MEMRISTOR Memristor Type | Passive | Working principle | Memristance | Invented | Leon Chua (1971) | First production | HP Labs (2008) |
Electronic symbol | The memristor (pron.: /ˈmɛmrɨstər/; a portmanteau of memory resistor) was originally envisioned in 1971 by circuit theorist Leon
Chua as a missing non–linear passive two–terminal electrical component relating electric charge and magnetic flux linkage. Leon Chua has more
recently said that the memristor definition could be generalized to cover all forms of 2–terminal non–volatile memory devices based on resistance
switching effects and Chua has said that the memristor is the oldest known circuit element with its effects predating the resistor, capacitor and inductor.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2. The area of each lobe of the pinched hysteresis loop shrinks as the frequency of the forcing signal increases. 3. As the frequency tends to infinity, the
pinched hysteresis loop degenerates to a straight line through the origin, whose slope depends on the amplitude and shape of the forcing signal.
According to Chua all resistive switching memories including ReRAM, MRAM, and phase change memory meet these criteria and should thus all be
considered memristors. However, it is unclear whether there is sufficient evidence to support this claim since most experimental papers do not provide
data for the Lissajous curves over a range of initial conditions or over a range of frequencies. Theory The memristor was originally defined in terms of
a non–linear functional relationship between magnetic flux linkage Φm (t) and the amount of electric charge that has flowed, q (t): fΦmt,qt= 0 The
variable Φm (magnetic flux linkage) is generalized from the circuit characteristic of an inductor. It does not represent a magnetic field here, and its
physical meaning is discussed below. The symbol Φm may simply be regarded as the integral of voltage over time. [6] In the relationship between Φm
and q, the derivative of one with respect to the other depends on the value of one or the other, and so each memristor is characterized by its
memristance function describing the charge–dependent rate of change of

ET1310 Review For Final
Review for final 1. What is the device that allows AC to pass through an amplifier circuit while blocking DC? a. Regulator capacitor b. Coupling
capacitor c. Rheostat d. Diode 2. Which amplifier has the BJT as the most commonly used amplifier? a. CC b. CB c. CE d. Op–amp 3. How do we
determine the voltage gain of the common–emitter amplifier? a. Divide the AC collector resistance by the AC emitter resistance b. Divide the AC
collector resistance by the AC base resistance c. Divide the AC emitter resistance by the AC base resistance d. Divide AC emitter resistance by the AC
collector resistance. 4. Which amplifier has voltage gain of approximately 1? a. Common emitter b. Common base c. Common collector d. FET 5. What
is termed as super ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Collector c. Base d. Amplifier 25. In a common collector amplifier Av equals: a. 1 b. Re/r'e c. Rload/Zin d. Zin/ Zout 26. When a AC signal is supplied
to a CE amplifier, the input signal moves the operating point: a. Along the DC load line b. Along the AC load line c. Between the AC and DC load lines
d. Nowhere 27. What is common application of CB amplifiers? a. Buffer b. RF amplifier c. Oscillator d. Switching circuit with hysteresis 28.
Comparing the AC parameters of the CB and CE amplifiers, main difference is that the CB amplifiers has : a. Very low input resistance b. Higher
voltage gain c. Higher output resistance d. Input output signals that differ in phase by 180 degrees 29. Which of the following is true for a common base
amplifier? a. The input signal is applied to the base b. The output signal is taken from the base c. The base is not connected d. The base is the reference
terminal for the input and output signal 30. Which of the following best describes how the RC time constant affects a capacitors ability to reduce
voltage various (ripple) in a capacitor input filter? a. The RC time constant decreases as the capacitor value decreases, slowing down the voltage
variations b. The RC time constant has no effect on voltage variations c. The RC time constant increases as the capacitor value increases, reduces the
voltage variations d. The RC time constant increases as the capacitor value decreases, increases the voltage variations 31. What are the three

Iaem
®
CA3140, CA3140A
Data Sheet February 10, 2005 FN957.9
4.5MHz, BiMOS Operational Amplifier with MOSFET Input/Bipolar Output
The CA3140A and CA3140 are integrated circuit operational amplifiers that combine the advantages of high voltage PMOS transistors with high
voltage bipolar transistors on a single monolithic chip. The CA3140A and CA3140 BiMOS operational amplifiers feature gate protected MOSFET
(PMOS) transistors in the input circuit to provide very high input impedance, very low input current, and high speed performance. The CA3140A and
CA3140 operate at supply voltage from 4V to 36V (either single or dual supply). These operational amplifiers are internally phase compensated to
achieve stable operation in unity gain follower ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (V+ +8V) To (V– –0.5V) Input Terminal Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1mA Output Short Circuit
Duration∞ (Note 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Indefinite Operating Conditions Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –55oC to 125oC
Thermal Information
Thermal Resistance (Typical, Note 1) θJA (oC/W) θJC (oC/W) PDIP Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 N/A SOIC Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
165 N/A Maximum Junction Temperature (Plastic Package) . . . . . . . 150oC Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . . . –65oC to 150oC
Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s) . . . . . . . . . . . . 300oC (SOIC – Lead Tips Only)
CAUTION: Stresses above those listed in Absolute Maximum Ratings may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress only rating and
operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied.
NOTES: 1. θJA is measured with the component mounted on a low effective thermal conductivity test board in free air. See Tech Brief TB379 for
details 2. Short circuit may be applied to ground or to either supply.
Electrical Specifications
VSUPPLY = ±15V, TA = 25oC TYPICAL VALUES
PARAMETER Input Offset Voltage Adjustment Resistor
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS Typical Value of Resistor Between Terminals 4 and 5 or 4

Bastion Research Paper
Transistor is one of the best games I've had played this year.
The game is made by SuperGiant Games who created the critically acclaimed game Bastion.
(Now I'm going to try to do this with no spoilers)
Transistor takes place in a utopia sort of world called CloudBank; where everything is determined by popular choice.
You play as red, a very famous lounge singer in her city.
Something happens to the one she loves and her voice gets stolen.
She's out for vengeance; using the power of this mysterious sword like thing known as the transistor.
The game dosen't want to reveal everything to you, it wants you to poke and prod at it and think outside the box.
It's a action RPG that makes you think of the best way to get out a life or death

Advantages And Components Of Avago
C. Features Advantages
Some of the key features of these components are ultra–small size, low insertion loss and high rejection. These components also ensure reliability in
high power and temperature conditions. Advantages of these components are listed below:
1. The used of copper bumps dissipates heat better than traditional interconnects. This ensures less thermal radiations from the device.
2. The wafer level packaging ensures mechanical protection for the filters enhancing interference reducing.
3. The dual output power mode enhances the talk time even in portable conditions.
4. Use of FBAR filters (Low Insertion Loss) ensures long battery life and fewer dropped calls.
RF Power amplifier – Skyworks
Power amplifier from Skyworks has been identified with the product number SKY77356 and SKY77802. Avago is one of the leading companies in
PAD. As mentioned in table 1, this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This figure is due to the inefficiency of power amplifiers. It also affects the performance of the device too. These chips in the smartphone wastes 65
percent of their energy due to their inefficiency [11]. Now a startup which is spinout from MIT, ETA devices say that they have found the design for
high efficiency. If the design works out properly then it would slash half of the power consumption on its implemented base stations.
Generally the power amplifier operated in 2 modes standby and output modes. To increase the efficiency lowest standby mode must be used. But the
sudden jump from standby to output mode might distort the signals. So the technologies stay at high standby level wasting a lot of electricity. This
company now proposes an idea of using a fast electronic gearbox which can choose among different voltages that can be sent to the transistor and they
claim it is capable of doing 20 million times per second. This technology is called as Asymmetric Multilevel out phasing

Thyristor Ram
THYRISTOR RAM
Muktesh Waghmare, Raman Gaikwad
1: Principle:
Thyristor is well–known for its high–current drive capability and its bi–stable characteristics. It has been widely used in power electronics applications.
With the exponential advances in CMOS technology tiny thyristor devices can now be easily embedded into conventional nano–scale CMOS. This
enables the creation of a memory cell technology with features that include small cell size, high performance, reliable device operation, and good
scalability. Use of thyristor provides a positive regenerative feedback that results in very large bit cell operation margins. The difference is that the
four–transistor CMOS latch of a 6T–SRAM is replaced by the PNP–NPN bipolar latch of a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Indium is known to have an acceptor level which is 156 meV above the top of the valence band of silicon. As a result, the fraction of ionized indium
atoms increases with temperature, resulting in reduced gain. Such a thyristor (TCCT) that has good thermal stability, large switching speed and a small
fabrication size is used to create memory cells. Two possible thyristor cell structures for memory devices are as follows:
3.1: Thyristor based S–RAM: T–RAM consists of a thin vertical thyristor with a surrounding MOS gate as the bi stable element and a planar
NMOSFET as the access transistor. A novel gate–assisted switching mechanism is used in T–RAM which enables the thyristor to switch at a high speed
and a low voltage level. [5]
: Write operation:
Both WL1 and WL2 are high. The first word–line will control the access gate while the second word–line will control the thyristor gate. When writing a
high, the bit–line BL is set at low, and both word–lines WL1, WL2 are switched on. At this moment, the thyristor behaves like a forward biased PN
diode. After a write operation, both gates are shut off, and a high state is stored in the thyristor.
When writing a low, the bit–line BL is set at high state, and both word–lines WL1, WL2 are switched on. At this moment, the thyristor behaves like
a reverse biased diode. After the write operation, both gates are shut off, and a low state is stored in the thyristor
Read

Memristor
MEMRISTOR
Memristor
Type | Passive | Working principle | Memristance | Invented | Leon Chua (1971) | First production | HP Labs (2008) | Electronic symbol |
The memristor (pron.: /ˈmɛmrɨstər/; a portmanteau of memory resistor) was originally envisioned in 1971 by circuit theorist Leon Chua as a missing
non–linear passive two–terminal electrical component relating electric charge and magnetic flux linkage. Leon Chua has more recently said that the
memristor definition could be generalized to cover all forms of 2–terminal non–volatile memory devices based on resistance switching effects and
Chua has said that the memristor is the oldest known circuit element with its effects predating the resistor, capacitor and inductor. The ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like other two–terminal components (e.g., resistor, capacitor, inductor), real–world devices are never purely memristors (ideal memristor), but will
also exhibit some amount of capacitance, resistance, and inductance.
Memristor definition and criticism
According to the original 1971 definition the memristor was considered the fourth fundamental circuit element forming a non–linear relationship
between electric charge and magnetic flux linkage. In 2011 Leon Chua has argued for a broader definition so that all 2–terminal non–volatile memory
devices based on resistance switching should be considered memristors. Stan Williams of HP Labs has also argued that MRAM, phase change memory,
and RRAM should be considered memristor technologies. Some researchers have argued that biological structures such as blood and skin should also
be considered to be memristors. Others have argued that the memory device under development by HP Labs and other forms of RRAM are not actually
memristors or memristive systems but part of a broader class of variable resistance systems and that a broader definition of memristor is a scientifically
unjustifiable land grab to favor the memristor patents of Hewlett–Packard.
Some researchers have pointed out problems with the memristor models of HP Labs. A paper by P. Meuffels and H. Schroeder published in Applied
Physics a noted that one of the early memristor papers included a mistaken assumption regarding

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