Atelectasis ppt Nikhil
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This document provides information about atelectasis, including: - Atelectasis is a condition where one or more areas of the lungs collapse or do not inflate properly, resulting in inadequate gas exchange. - It can be caused by obstructive factors like mucus plugs or non-obstructive factors like pleural effusions. - Treatment aims to re-expand the lungs and includes techniques like bronchodilators, chest physiotherapy, bronchoscopy, and sometimes surgery. - Nursing care focuses on encouraging deep breathing, clearing secretions, providing comfort, and monitoring for complications of impaired gas exchange.
Atelectasis ppt Nikhil
- 1. SUMANDEEP NURSING COLLEGE PRACTICE TEACHING ON : ATELECTASIS PRESENT BY: Nikhil vaishnav M.Sc. Nursing 1st Year
- 4. ATELECTASIS Atelectasis is a condition in which one or more areas of lungs collapse or don't inflate properly . The word Atelectasis is derived from the Greek words Ateles and Ektasis which means Incomplete Expansion.
- 5. As a result of Atelectasis fresh air does not reach to the alveoli and oxygen and carbon di oxygen can not be exchanged properly . It can lead to hypoxia and many other complications.
- 6. INCIDENCE In U.S incidence of atelectasis is reported to occur in 8% to 15% of children during mechanical ventilation.
- 7. CLASSIFICATION OF ATELECTASIS • Compression Atelectasis. • Absorption Atelectasis. • Relaxation Atelectasis. • Adhesive Atelectasis. • Cicatrization Atelectasis. • Rounded Atelectasis.
- 8. COMPRESSION ATELECTSIS Compression atelectasis occurs from the lesion of the thorax compresses the lungs. It takes place in congenital emphysema.
- 9. ABSORPTION ATELECTASIS Refers to the condition where the reduction of nitrogen concentration in the lungs causes a collapse.
- 10. RELAXATION ATELECTASIS Relaxation or passive atelectasis results when pleural effusion or Pneumothorax eliminates contact between parietal pluera and visceral pleura.
- 11. ADHESIVE ATELECTASIS Adhesive atelectasis results from surfactant deficiency. This is observed particularly in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
- 12. CICATRIZATION ATELECTASIS It results from the severe scarring of the parenchyma and caused by the necrotizing pneumonia.
- 13. ROUNDED ATELECTASIS Occurs as a consequence of diseases with chronic pleural scarring, especially asbestos-related pleural disease and TB.
- 14. ETIOLOGY Atelectasis may be the result of a blocked airway (obstructive) or of pressure from outside the lung (nonobstructive). Almost everyone who has surgery has some atelectasis from anaesthesia.
- 15. OBSTRUCTIVE ATELECTASIS CAUSES 1. Mucus plug. 2. Foreign body- Atelectasis is common in children who have inhaled an object, such as a peanut or small toy part, into their lungs. 3. Tumour in a major airway- An abnormal growth can narrow the airway. 4. Blood clot.
- 16. NON OBSTRUCTIVE ATELECTSIS CAUSES 1. Injury- Chest trauma from a fall or car accident. 2. Pleural effusion. 3. Pneumonia- Different types of pneumonia, an infection of your lungs, may temporarily cause atelectasis. 4. Pneumothorax. 5. Tumour- A large tumour can press against and deflate the lung
- 17. RISK FACTORS Age — being younger than 3 or older than 60 years of age. Any condition that interferes with spontaneous coughing, yawning and sighing. Lung disease, such as asthma in children, COPD, bronchiectasis or cystic fibrosis. Premature birth.
- 18. Recent abdominal or chest surgery. Recent general anaesthesia. Respiratory muscle weakness, due to muscular dystrophy, spinal cord injury or another neuromuscular condition. Any cause of shallow breathing.
- 19. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Reduced ventilation or blockage Obstruction of passage of air from & to alveoli Trapped alveolar air absorbed into bloodstream Affected portion of alveoli becomes airless Alveoli collapse(Atelectasis)
- 20. C/M OF ATELECTASIS 1. Breathing difficulty( Dyspnoea). 2. Chest pain. 3. Cough with sputum production. 4. Respiratory distress.
- 21. 5. Central cyanosis. 6. Anxiety. 7. Low grade fever . 8. Tachypnoea.
- 22. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION 1. History collection: regarding occupation and any consumption of alcohol or smoking. 2. Physical examination: Decreased breath sound, Crackles heard on affected area. 3. Chest X- ray. 4. CT scan. 5. Pulse oximetry. 6. Bronchoscopy. 7. Blood gas Analysis.
- 23. MANAGEMENT Treatment of the atelectasis will depend on the underlying causes. The goal of treatment is to re expand the collapsed portion of the lungs. Treatment usually consists of a combination of therapies rather than the single treatment. Treatment option of atelectasis are as follows:
- 24. TREATMENT OF TUMOUR 1) If tumour is the causative factor of collapse, treatment of the tumour with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation may be recommended.
- 25. BRONCHOSCOPY 2) Bronchoscopy: If airway obstruction is caused by a foreign body, mucous plug, or tumour,. Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy may be used to remove the blockage and correct the obstruction.
- 27. INCENTIVE SPIROMETER 3) An incentive spirometer may be used to encourage deep breathing exercises.
- 29. BRONCHODIALATORS Bronchodilators medication may be given by the nebulizer. These help expand the airways. Examples are Albuterol, Metaproterenol.
- 30. CHEST PHYSIOTHERAPY 5) Postural drainage and chest percussion (Chest physiotherapy) is helpful. This allows mucus to drain more easily.
- 33. CHANGING THE SIDE OF PATIENT 6) Lying on the side of healthy lung may help to expand the blocked lung.
- 34. POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE 7) Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP): PEEP is the maintenance of positive pressure within the lungs at the end of expiration . -This is a treatment in which a mixture of oxygen is given by mask under pressure. It prevents the lungs from collapsing completely during expiration.
- 35. INTUBATION AND VENTILATION 8) Intubation and ventilation may be needed if symptoms are severe.
- 36. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT 9) Surgical management: If atelectasis is chronic, it can be difficult to get the lungs to re-expand. - Removal of the involved part of the lung via lobectomy or segmental resection may then be needed.
- 37. COMPLICATIONS
- 38. BRONCHIECTASIS
- 39. NURSING DIAGNOSIS Ineffective breathing pattern related to Excessive mucus production . Impaired gas exchange related to Lung volume reduction. Activity intolerance related to weak body condition secondary to increased respiratory effort.
- 40. Acute pain related to lungs inflammation. Anxiety related to hospitalization. Knowledge deficit related to lack of information about the disease process, treatment procedures at the hospital. Risk for fluid volume deficits related to fever, fluid loss.
- 41. NURSING INTERVENTIONS Encourage the patient to perform coughing and deep breathing exercise every 1 to 2 hours. Help the patient use an incentive spirometer to encourage deep breathing. Gently reposition the patient often and help him walk as soon as possible.
- 42. Use Postural drainage and chest percussion to remove secretions. Administer sedative with care because these medications depress respirations and cough reflex. Provide suctioning as needed for patients who are intubated or unable to clear their own secretions. Offer reassurance and emotional support because the patient’s limited breathing capacity may frighten him.
- 43. Administer adequate Analgesics to control pain. Humidify inspired air and encourage adequate fluid intake to mobilize secretions. Assess breath sounds and respiratory status frequently. Monitor pulse oximetry readings and ABG value for evidence of hypoxia.
- 44. PREVENTION In children atelectasis is often caused by a blockage in the airway. Therefore to decrease risk keep small objects out of reach of children. The risk of developing atelectasis can be reduced with persistent deep breathing and coughing following surgery or general anaesthesia.
- 45. PROGNOSIS In an adult atelectasis is a small area is not life threatening . Large areas of atelectasis may be life threatening, especially in a baby or small child, or someone who has another lung disease or illness.
- 46. In general, the outlook depends on the underlying disease. For example, people with extensive cancer have a poor prognosis, while patients with simple atelectasis after elective surgery have good prognosis.
- 47. THANK YOU