Auto Reset on Temporary Fault Otherwise Permanent Trip in Three Phase Transmission Line

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | March-2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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AUTO RESET ON TEMPORARY FAULT OTHERWISE PERMANENT
TRIP IN THREE PHASE TRANSMISSION LINE
Saqib Momin*1, Rahul Killedar*2, Omkar Shinde*3, Abhijeet Desai*4, Sanjeevan Ranage*5,
Prof. Deepa Kerutagi*6
12345Students, Electrical, Sanjay Ghodawat Institute,Atigre,India
6Professor, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Sanjay Ghodawat Institute,Maharashtra, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract- Transmission line protection is an
important issue in power system in electrical
engineering. Transmission and distribution lines
have good contribution in the generating unit and
consumers to obtain the continuity of electric supply.
It runs over hundreds of kilometers to supply
electrical power to the consumers. As 85-87% of
power system faults are occurring in transmission
lines, it is a required to detect and locate the faults in
the power system as early as possible. This paper
describes an automatic tripping mechanism for the
three phase supply system. In the event of temporary
fault, the project output resets automatically after a
brief interruption, while it remain in tripped
condition in case of permanent fault. The faults that
are LG, LL and 3L might be lead to damage to the
power system equipment and may be affect the
power system. This project is designed to understand
about the basic operation of the relay and what are
all the advanced techniques which are been used by
the people to make the safety operation of the
electrical appliance and protection.
Keywords: transmission line, tripping
mechanism, LG, LL and 3L.
1. INTRODUCTION
In different reviews it has been seen that blame happens
are 70% to 90% is transient blame on overhead lines. A
transient blame, for example, a separator flashover or
short out is a blame which is cleared by the confine the
blame, and which does not repeat when the line is re-
invigorated. Shortcomings have a tendency to be less
homeless people (close to the 80% territory) at lower,
dissemination voltages and more transient (close to the
90% territory) at higher, sub transmission and
transmission prompt stumbling of at least one circuit
breakers to voltages. Lightning is the most widely
recognized reason for transient issues, incompletely
coming about because of separator flashover from the
high transient voltages incited by the lightning. Other
conceivable causes are swinging wires and impermanent
contact with outside articles. Consequently, transient
deficiencies can be cleared by quickly de-invigorating
the line, keeping in mind the end goal to permit the
blame to clear. Auto reclosing can then reestablish
administration to the line. The rest of the 10 - 30% of
shortcomings is semi perpetual or lasting in nature. A
little branch falling onto the line can bring about a semi-
lasting deficiency. For this situation, be that as it may, a
quick de-empowering of the line and consequent auto
reclosing does not clear the blame. Rather, an organized
time-deferred excursion would permit the branch to be
consumed with extreme heat without harm to the
framework. Semi perpetual deficiencies of this sort are
probably going to be most common in very lush
territories and can be generously controlled by forceful
line freedom programs. Lasting shortcomings are those
that won't clear after stumbling and reclosing. A case of a
perpetual blame on an overhead line is a broken wire
bringing about a stage to open, or a broken shaft creating
the stages to short together. Blames on underground
links ought to be viewed as lasting. Link deficiencies
ought to be cleared without auto reclosing and the
harmed link repaired before administration is
reestablished. There might be special cases to this, as on
account of circuits made out of both underground links
and overhead lines.
Despite the fact that auto reclosing achievement rates
fluctuate starting with one organization then onto the
next, plainly the lion's share of issues can be effectively
cleared by the correct utilization of stumbling and auto
reclosing. This de-empowers the line sufficiently long for
the blame source to pass and the blame circular segment
to de-stimulate, then naturally recloses the line to
reestablish benefit. Along these lines, auto reclosing can
fundamentally decrease the blackout time because of
flaws and give a more elevated amount of administration

progression to the client. Moreover, effective fast
reclosing auto reclosing. On transmission circuits can be
a central point when endeavoring to keep up framework
steadiness. For those deficiencies that are lasting, auto
reclosing will reclose the circuit into a blame that has not
been cleared, which may affect framework steadiness
(especially at transmission levels). The elements are as
per the following. 1. Confine the heap when there is
increment in the heap current 2. Sorts of blame that it
can detect: low voltage, high voltage, high current 3. On
the off chance that the heap is segregated as a result of
low voltage it will be exchanged on consequently when
the voltage gets balanced out 4. Sign of kind of blame
that has been happened on a 16x2 spot network lcd 5
Can change the present setting effortlessly. This is
worked by utilizing an Atmega-8 microcontroller.
Distinctive segments of the venture are outlined on
partitioned pcb so that the venture can be exhibited
effectively. The exhibit of the venture is exceptionally
straightforward as by opening any one stage wire, which
is only a low voltage, can be seen on the show. By
chipping away at this venture one can see how to gauge
the rms estimation of the sine wave by utilizing an ADC.
The voltage and current sizes are ventured around
utilizing a PT and CT. from that point the yield is
associated with pinnacle indicator circuit which will give
the yield dc voltage of greatness equivalent to the most
extreme estimation of the sine wave. From that point the
yield is given to an ADC which is interfaced to the
microcontroller .the controller will work a transfer in the
event that it finds any sudden change in the yield of the
pinnacle locator segment, so that the heap is isolated
frame the supply. All the required dc voltages are
composed in the circuit itself by utilizing the voltage
controller IC's. Control link blame area methods are
utilized as a part of force framework for exact
pinpointing of the blame positions. The advantages of
precise area of blame are: 1. Quick repair to reestablish
back the power framework. 2. Enhance the framework
accessibility and execution. 3. Lessen working expense
and spare the time required by the team looking in awful
climate, boisterous range and extreme territories.
2. COMPONENTS
2.1. VOLTAGE REGULATOR 7805
Although designed primarily as fixed voltage controllers,
these gadgets can be utilized with outer parts to get
flexible voltages and streams. The LM78XX/LM78XXA
arrangements of three-terminal positive controllers are
accessible in the TO-220/D-PAK bundle and with a few
settled yield voltages, making them valuable in a Wide
scope of utilizations. Each sort utilizes inside current
constraining, warm shutdown Fig.(b) Block graph of
voltage controller 7805 and safe working range security,
making
it basically indestructible. On the off chance that
satisfactory warmth sinking is given, they can convey
more than 1A yield Current.
2.2 555 TIMER
Contingent upon the producer, the standard 555
bundle incorporates more than 20 transistors, 2 diodes
and 15 resistors on a silicon chip introduced in a 8-stick
smaller than usual double in-line bundle (DIP-8).[4]
Variants accessible incorporate the 556 (a 14-stick DIP
joining two 555s on one chip), and the 558 (a 16-stick
DIP consolidating four somewhat altered 555s with DIS
and THR associated inside, and TR falling edge delicate
rather than level touchy).
Ultra-low power variants of the 555 are
additionally accessible, for example, the 7555 and
TLC555. The 7555 is intended to bring about less supply
glitching than the exemplary 555 and the producer
asserts that it ordinarily does not require a "control"
capacitor and much of the time does not require a power
supply sidestep capacitor.
The 555 has three operating modes:
 Monostable mode: in this mode, the 555
capacities as a "one-shot". Applications include
timers, missing pulse identification, bounce free
switches, touch switches, frequency divider,
capacitance measuring, pulse-width modulation
(PWM) etc.
 Astable – free running mode: the 555 can work
as an oscillator. Application includes LED and
light flashers, pulse generation, logic clocks, tone
generation, security alarms, pulse position
modulation etc.
 Bistable mode or Schmitt trigger: the 555 can
work as a flip-flop, if the DIS pin is not
associated and no capacitor is used. Uses include
bounce free latched switches, and so on.
Fig.(a) Pin diagram of voltage regulator7805

2.3. LM358
The LM358 series consists of two independent,
high gains; inside frequency compensated operational
amplifiers which were planned particularly to work from
a single power supply over a different range of voltages.
Split power supplies can be possible and the low power
supply current drain is independent of the value of the
power supply voltage.
Application of it include transducer amplifiers,
dc gain blocks and all the conventional operational
amplifiers circuits which now can be all the more
effectively actualized in single power supply system. For
example, the LM358 series can be directly off of the
standard +5V control supply voltage which is utilized as
a part of digital system and will easily give the
required interface electronics without requiring the
extra ±15V power supplies.
2.4. RELAYS
Fig(c).Common Relays
A relay is an electrically worked switch. Many
relay utilize an electromagnet to work a switching
mechanism mechanically, however other working
principles are also used. Relays are utilized where it is
important to control a circuit by a low-control motion
(with complete electrical isolation among control and
controlled circuits), or where a few circuits must be
controlled by one signal. A relay is an electrically worked
switch. Current passing through the coil of the relays
make a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes
the switch. The current in a coil can be on or off so relays
have two switch positions and most have double throw
(changeover) switch contacts as shown in figure. Relays
permit one circuit to switch a second circuit which can
be totally separate from the first. For example a low
voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V
AC mains circuit. There is no any electrical connection
inside the relay among between the two circuits; the link
provides is magnetic and mechanical. The coil of a relay
passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a
12V relay; however, it can be as much as 100mA for
relays designed to work from lower voltages. Most ICs
(chips) can't give this current and a transistor is typically
used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value
required for the relay coil. The maximum output current
for 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply
relay coils directly without amplification.
Relays are normally SPDT or DPDT however
they can have many more arrangements of switch
contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover
contacts are readily available. For additional data about
switch contacts and the terms used to describe them
please observe the page on switches.

Fig(d). Relay showing coil and switch contacts
Most relays are designed for PCB mounting yet you can
patch wires straightforwardly to the pins providing you
take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay.
2.5. DIODES
1.Diodes are used to change over AC into DC these
are utilized as half wave rectifier or full wave rectifier.
Three points must he remembered while utilizing any
type of diode.
1.Maximum forward current limit
2.Maximum turn around voltage limit
3.Maximum forward voltage limit
Fig (e). 1N4007 diodes
The number and voltage limit of a portion of the
important diodes accessible in the market are as per the
following:
• Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003,
IN4004, IN4005, IN4006 and IN4007 have most
extreme reverse bias voltage limit of 50V and
maximum forward current limit of 1 Amp.
• Diode of same capacities can be utilized as a part
of place of each other. Other than this diode of more
can be utilized as a part of place of diode of low
capacity however diode of low capacity can't be
utilized as a part of place of diode of high capacity. For
example, in place of IN4002; IN4001 or IN4007 can be
utilized but IN4001 or IN4002 can't be utilized as a
part of place of IN4007. The diode BY125made by
organization BEL is identical of diode from IN4001 to
IN4003. BY 126 is identical to diodes IN4004 to 4006
and BY 127 is identical to diode IN4007.
2.6. RESISTORS
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component
designed for restricts an electric current by creating a
voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the
current that is, as per Ohm's law:
V = IR
The essential qualities of resistors are their resistance
and the power they can disperse. Different
characteristics include temperature coefficient, noise,
and inductance, critical resistance, the value below
which power dissipation limits the maximum allowed
current flow, and above which the limit is supplied
voltage. Basic resistance depends upon the materials
constituting the resistor and its physical measurements;
it's determined by design.
2.7. CAPACITORS
A capacitor or condenser is an passive electronic
component consisting of a couple of conductors isolated
by a dielectric. At the point when a voltage potential
difference exists between the conductors, an electric
field is present in the dielectric. This electrical field
stores energy and produces a mechanical force in
between two plates. The effect is greatest between wide,
flat, parallel and narrowly separated of conductors.
Fig(f).Different capacitors

A perfect capacitor is described by a solitary
steady esteem, capacitance, which is measured in farads.
This is the proportion of the electric charge on every
channel to the potential difference between them. In
practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a little
measure of leakage current. The conductors and leads
present an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric
has an electric field strength point of resulting about a
breakdown voltage.
The properties of capacitors in a circuit may
decide the resonant frequency and quality factor of a
resonant circuit, power dissipation and operating
frequency in a digital logic circuit, energy capacity in a
high power system, and numerous other important
aspects.
A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a
device for storing electric charge. The types of useful
capacitors fluctuate broadly, however all contain no less
than two conductors isolated by a non-conductor.
Capacitors utilized as parts of electrical system, for
instance, comprise of metal foils isolated by a layer of
protecting film.
Capacitors are broadly utilized as a part of
electronic circuits for blocking direct current while
permitting alternating current to pass, in filter networks,
for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the full
resonant circuit that tune radios to particular
frequencies and for some different purposes.
A capacitor is a passive electronic component
comprising of a couple of conductor isolated by a
dielectric (insulator). At the point when there is a
potential difference (voltage) over the conductors, a
static electric field creates in the dielectric that stores
vitality and produces a mechanical force between the
conductors. A perfect capacitor is described by a single
constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is
the proportion of the electric charge on every conductor
the potential difference between them.
The capacitance value of capacitor is
greatest when there is a narrow separation between
large areas of the conductor; hence capacitor conductors
are called as "plates", referring to an early means of
construction. In practice the dielectric between the
plates passes a small value of leakage current and also
has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a
breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads
introduce an undesired inductance and resistance.
3. OPERATING PROCEDURE:
The project utilizes 6 numbers step down transformers
for of the whole circuit under low voltage conditions of
12v just to test the 3 phase fault examination. The
primary side of 3 transformers is associated with a 3
stage supply in star arrangement, while the secondary of
the same is also associated in star arrangement. The
other arrangement of 3 transformers with its primary
associated in star to 3 phases has their secondary's
associated in delta configuration. The output of all 6
transformers is rectified and filtered individually and is
given to 6 relay coils. 6 push switches, one each
connected across the relay coil is meant to make a fault
condition either at star i.e. LL Fault or 3L Fault. The NC
contacts of all the relay are made parallel while all the
common points are grounded. The parallel connected
point of NC is given to pin2 through a resistor R5 to a
555 timer i.e. wired in monostable mode. The output of a
similar timer is connected to the reset pin 4 of another
555 timer in astable mode. LED'S are connected at their
output to show their status either on or off. The output of
the U3 555 timer from pin3 is given to an operational
amplifier LM358 through wire 11 and d12 to the non
altering input of pin3, while the inverting input is kept at
a settled potential by a potential divider RV2. The
potential at pin2 coming from the potential divider is
held to the point that it is higher than the pin3 of the
operational amplifier used as a comparator so that pin1
develops zero logic that fails to work the relay through
the driver transistor Q1. This relay Q1 is "3CO" relay i.e.
is meant for disconnecting the load to indicate fault
conditions.
While any push catch over the relay is pressed it
disconnects that relay and in the process in common
contacts moves to the NC position to give a logic low at
trigger pin of 555 timer to build up a output that brings
the U3 555 timer, which is used as a part of astable mode
for its reset pin to high such that the astable operation
takes place at its output and which is shows appears by
flashing D11 LED. In the fault is off temporary in nature
i.e. if the push button pressed is released instantly the U1
monostable disables U3 the output of which goes to zero
in case of any push button kept pressed for a longer
duration the monostable output gives a longer duration
active situation for U3 the astable timer the output of
which charges capacitor C13 through R11 such that the
output of the comparator goes to high that drives the
relay to turn off three phase load.
The output of Op-amp stays high indefinitely
through a positive feedback given for its pin1 to pin3
through a forward biased diode and a resistor in series.
This outcomes in the relay for permanently switched to
disengage the load connected at its NC contacts
permanently off. In order to maintain or keep up flow of
DC supply the star connected set DC'S are paralleled
through D8, D9 and D10 for continuous supply to the
circuit DC voltage of 12v and DC voltage of 5v derived
out of voltage regulator IC 7805.

4. HARDWARE TESTING
4.1CONTINUITY TEST:
Test will be performed just after the hardware soldering
and configuration has been completed. We use a multi
meter to perform this test. This test aims at finding any
electrical open paths in the circuit after the soldering.
4.2POWER ON TEST:
This test is performed to analyze whether the voltage at
various terminals is as per the necessity or not. This test
will be performed without ICs. In this we can assure that
the voltage at all the terminals is according to the
requirement.
5. RESULT
In this final stage, components assembled and connected
all the circuit related connections of the respective
transformers, pcb circuit and the load to notify the faults
to be occurred by tripping through the push buttons.
Testing was performed on the circuits and were
successfully executed for the respective continuity test
and the power-on test.
Fig(g).Implementing connections
The transformers are connected to the pcb circuit whose
input is 12v. the push buttons, LEDs glows and is
executed by pressing push button. After successfully
implementing the connection of transformers and load
with pcb circuit, we gave three phase supply to
transformer. We created fault by pressing push button
and fault created successfully. The fault was cleared
immediately within seconds notifying the occurrence of
temporary fault. Following is successful execution of
fault creating fault and correcting it.
Fig(h).Final execution
6. CONCLUSION
This project design in the form of hardware for six single
phase transformer to 230v to 12v of output for to
develop an automatic tripping mechanism for the three
phase supply system while temporary fault and
permanent fault occurs in system. During temporary
fault it returns the supply to the load immediately,
otherwise it results in permanent trip.
7. REFERENCES
[1] Kimbark, Edward Wilson, ScD; Power System
Stability; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., N.Y., London
[2] HAVRAN, F.J. 1999. Fault investigation on power
transmission system. ESKOM. Internal document:
38, 96- 99KELLER, P.
1998. Correct fault analysis. Eskom internal
document Turan Gonen, “Electric Power
Transmission System Engineering, Analysis and
Design”, Crc Press Taylor and Francis Group.
[3] Turan Gonen, “Electric Power Transmission System
Engineering, Analysis and Design”, Crc Press Taylor
and Francis Group.
[4] Paul M. Anderson, “Analysis of Faulted Power
Systems”, The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc., 1995.
[5] Miroslav D. Markovic, “Fault Analysis in Power
Systems by Using the Fortescue Method”, TESLA
Institute, 2009.

[6] Jun Zhu. “Analysis Of Transmission System Faults
the Phase Domain”, Texas A&M University. Master
Thesis, 2004.
[7] D. C. Yu, D. Chen, S. Ramasamy and D. G. Flinn, “A
Windows Based Graphical Package for Symmetrical
Components Analysis”, IEEE Transactions on Power
Systems, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp 1742-1749, November
1995.

Auto Reset on Temporary Fault Otherwise Permanent Trip in Three Phase Transmission Line

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Auto Reset on Temporary Fault Otherwise Permanent Trip in Three Phase Transmission Line