Automated system computer science O level ce
- 3. Definition A combination of software and hardware that is designed and programmed to work automatically without the need of any human intervention.
- 4. The hardware that are need in an automated system are ...
- 5. The hardware that are need in an automated system are ... Sensor - Input devices that take readings from their surroundings and send this data to a microprocessor or computer. If the data is analogue, it is first converted into a digital format by an analogue-digital converter (ADC)
- 6. Microprocessor - The microprocessor processrs the input from the sensors (eg. check if input values exceed preset values). If necessary, it will send instructions to other components such a actuator. The hardware that are need in an automated system are ... Sensor - Input devices that take readings from their surroundings and send this data to a microprocessor or computer. If the data is analogue, it is first converted into a digital format by an analogue-digital converter (ADC)
- 7. Microprocessor - The microprocessor processrs the input from the sensors (eg. check if input values exceed preset values). If necessary, it will send instructions to other components such a actuator. The hardware that are need in an automated system are ... Sensor - Input devices that take readings from their surroundings and send this data to a microprocessor or computer. If the data is analogue, it is first converted into a digital format by an analogue-digital converter (ADC) Actuator - Turns electrical signals (sent by microprocessor) into physical outputs such as movements (eg. turn on a valve, rotate steering wheel).
- 8. Your task: go to each station and then explore the different types of automated system by filling up the finding sheet Station game
- 9. Industry Application of automated system in the real world transport Agriculture Weather Gaming lighting Science
- 10. Autonomous cars use sensors, cameras, actuators and microprocessors (together with very complex algorithms) to carry out their actions safely. Sensors (radar and ultrasonics) and cameras allow the control systems in cars to perform critical functions by sensing the dynamic conditions on a road. They act as the ‘eyes’ and ‘ears’ of the car. Microprocessors process the data received from cameras and sensors and send signals to actuators to perform physical actions, such as: • change gear • apply the brakes • turn the steering wheel transport Descriptions:
- 11. transport Advantages disAdvantages • safer since human error is removed due to fewer accidents. • better for the environment since vehicles will operate more efficiently. • very expensive system to set up in the first place. • the ever-present fear of hacking into the vehicle's control system.
- 12. automatic harversting of crops for supplying to shops and supermarkets. sensors detect optimal times for harvesting based on factors such as weather conditions, microprocessors determine exact locations for the harvest and actuators are used to carry out the extraction of goods from the ground. agriculture Descriptions:
- 13. agriculture Advantage DisAdvantage delivery of chemicals (pesticide and fertiliser) can be given accurately, which is important to the success of farming and crops. fewer job opportunities as humans are increasingly replaced by machinery. the robots can also be expensive.
- 14. Automated monitoring of weather at airports to help predict poor flying and landing conditions. Sensors check for potentially dangerous weather such as wind, rain, fog or snow, microprocessors are programmed to issue relevant warnings as a result of the data gathered and actuators can activate emergency systems such as lighting wherever required. weather
- 15. weather advantages disadvantages Information about the overhead weather conditions is fed constantly to air traffic controllers. Predictions can sometimes be incorrect, for example if snow is forecast and does not arrive.
- 16. The introduction of artificial intelligence as opponents in computer games. Sensors are built into gaming environments where characters interact with human controllers, microprocessors determine game outcomes and decisions, and actuators are activated in controllers to give haptic feedback, such as vibrations. gaming
- 17. gaming advantages disadvantages The depth of gaming challenge is increased with computer- generated opponents who behave in a 'human' way. decreases real social interactions with other humans and can create an almost fictional life.
- 18. lighting lighting control systems in a house where routines can be present based on behaviours. sensors can detect ambient light levels, microprocessors run routines based on human requirements and actuators can activate home equipment.
- 19. lighting system can be taught to react to environmental factors, such as switching lights on and off when the conditions are correct. advantage disadvantage systems can become complex as they are different from traditional switches. the lightbulbs and technology also tend to be expensive to maintain.
- 20. science Automated laboratory experiments that can be carried out continuously over many days. Sensors detect changes in environmental conditions, microprocessors can calculate required alterations to the experimental settings and actuators can turn on heaters, coolers or water supplies as required.
- 21. science many more repetitions of experiments and reading of data can take place than when humans carry out tests manually. advantage disadvantage if something goes wrong it can be several hours before this is discovered, which could ruin any results collected.
- 22. Robotic s 6. 2
- 23. Robo t "Robota" in Czech meaning: Forced labour
- 24. Definition the term "robotic" means the design, construction and operation of robots that are used to enhance our working and personal lives.
- 25. Characteristics of a robot • It has electrical components - A robot should have a combination of sensors, a microprocessor and actuators - Sensors sense the surrounding, microprocessor processes the input data, and actuators do the work
- 26. Characteristics of a robot 2. It has mechanical structures - it should be a machinery that has movable parts - Eg. They can make use of wheels, cogs, pistons, gears (etc.) to carry out functions such as turning, twisting, moving backwards/forwards, gripping or lifting
- 27. Characteristics of a robot 3. It is programmable - Robots have brain known as a controller that determines the action to be taken to perform a certain task - Controllers • Rely on input data from the sensors • Are programmable to allow the robots to do certain tasks
- 28. • It has electrical components 2. It has mechanical structures 3. It is programmable Based on the definition of a robot, is chat-bot a robot?
- 29. • It has electrical components 2. It has mechanical structures 3. It is programmable No, because chat-bot does not have mechanical structure.
- 30. Knowledg e software robots and hardware robots are different. strictly speaking, software robots are not robot as they don't have the above characteristics.
- 31. Knowledg e • independent robots - have no direct human control (they are said to be autonomous, for example, an autonomous vehicle) • dependent robots - have a human who is interfacing directly with the robot (the human interface may be a computer or a control panel)
- 32. Robotics are used in the following fields: transport industry Agriculture medicin e domesti c Entertainment
- 33. research task research the usage of robotic in any field (choose one). explain how it works from what you understand. then, state the advantage and disadvantage of using robotic in that field. transport industry Agriculture medicin e domesti c Entertainment
- 34. industry Descriptions: disAdvantage(s): Advantage(s): Robots are equipped with sensors so they can gather important information about their surroundings and also preventing them from doing ‘stupid things’; for example, stopping a robot spraying a car if no car is present, or stop the spraying operation if the supply of paint has run out, and so on. Examples of tasks perform: - Paint spraying of car bodies - Welding bodyworks on cars - Manufacturing of microchips - Manufacturing electrical goods - Automatic warehouse • Robots are capable of working in conditions that may be hazardous to humans • Robots work 24/7 without the need to stop • robots can lead to higher unemployment amongst manual labour tasks • there is a risk of deskilling when robots take over certain tasks.
- 35. Autonomous cars use sensors, cameras, actuators and microprocessors (together with very complex algorithms) to carry out their actions safely. Sensors (radar and ultrasonics) and cameras allow the control systems in cars to perform critical functions by sensing the dynamic conditions on a road. They act as the ‘eyes’ and ‘ears’ of the car. Microprocessors process the data received from cameras and sensors and send signals to actuators to perform physical actions, such as: • change gear • apply the brakes • turn the steering wheel transport Descriptions:
- 36. transport Advantages disAdvantages • safer since human error is removed due to fewer accidents. • better for the environment since vehicles will operate more efficiently. • very expensive system to set up in the first place. • the ever-present fear of hacking into the vehicle's control system.
- 37. Robots could replace slow, repetitive and dull tasks allowing farmers to concentrate on improving production yields. Five areas where robotics could play a big role: • Harvesting and picking - they are more accurate (only pick ripe fruit, for example) and much faster at harvesting • Weed management - weed management robots can distinguish between a weed and crop using AI • Phenotyping - Process of observing physical characteristics of a plant in order to assess its health and growth • Seed planting drones and fertiliser distribution agriculture Descriptions:
- 38. agriculture Advantage DisAdvantage delivery of chemicals (pesticide and fertiliser) can be given accurately, which is important to the success of farming and crops. fewer job opportunities as humans are increasingly replaced by machinery. the robots can also be expensive.
- 39. Robots can be used during surgeries to perform complex procedures with more precision, flexibility and control. They can also be used to monitor vital life data, in research and development such as tissue engineering, in the replacement of limbs such as bionic prosthetics and to simulate certain medical environments and tasks for training purpose. Robots can take blood samples from patients: – less painful to patients since the robot is better at determining a ‘good vein’ – safer to doctors and nurses if the patient has an infectious disease – doctors and nurses can be freed up to do more skilled work medicine Descriptions:
- 40. medicine Advantage DisAdvantage surgery can take less time, which improves the chances of recovery for the patient this technology is expensive and has to be tested extensively in research before it is used on humans
- 41. Traditional household appliances like vacuum cleaners and lawnmowers are being replaced by robotic versions. Examples: • Autonomous vacuum cleaner • Autonomous grass cutter • Personal assistant (eg. Alexa) domestic Descriptions:
- 42. domestic Advantage DisAdvantage robots can quickly learn the environment. they can be programmed to work at convenient times this can encourage a more sedentary lifestyle.
- 43. entertainment Descriptions: The use of robots in the entertainment industry is increasing. They are now found in areas such as • Entertainment parks and arenas/venues • The film and TV industry. Entertainment parks - Theme parks are now using autonomous robots to entertain visitors to the park; these robots (often dressed as cartoon characters) can interact with visitors to allow them to engage safely with the theme park attractions and make the whole experience ‘more realistic’. The film and TV industry - Use of robots to control cameras; for example, keeping them steady and auto-focusing when moving around a scene; the movie Gravity used many robots to operate cameras, props and the actors (for example, to give an actor the appearance of moving around in the vacuum of space uncontrollably, robot arms were used to simulate human behaviour and produce life-like
- 44. entertainment Advantage disAdvantage film can be presented in ways that a human would not be able to normally see due to robotic technology. fewer job opportunities as humans are increasingly replace by machinery.
- 46. sensors microprocessor environmen t end effectors controller program repetitive intelligence
- 50. AI DEFINITION A branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of INTELLIGENT human behaviour (reasoning, speech, sight) by a computer. WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
- 51. Work in pair, write down the thought process of how would you plan your class outing. ACTIVITY (5 MINUTES)
- 52. The thought process that you might have ... Okay, who is going with us.? Okay, what's their hobbies? Okay, what's their hobbies? Where?.. to be continue
- 53. When we are designing an ai system, we are essentially instilling our thought process onto a machine Okay, who is going with us.? Okay, what's their hobbies? Okay, what's their hobbies? Where?.. to be continue
- 55. Method 1: Draw a reasoned conclusion based on given data price (k$) sqrt feet (M) example: Predicting the price of a 500 300 800
- 56. Method 1: Draw a reasoned conclusion based on given data price (k$) sqrt feet (M) We can predict the house price using 500 300 800 around here
- 57. Method 1: Draw a reasoned conclusion based on given data price (k$) sqrt feet (M) out of syllabus: this method is known as linear regression in machine learning 500 300 800 around here
- 58. Method 2: By carrying out a sequence of steps (asking some questions), the AI machine can learn, and next time it will know how to do the task more effectively and even apply it to a novel/new situation does he cough? fever? close contact? conclusion: Covid positive
- 59. method 3: AI can quickly discern patterns and then make predictions by adapting to the new data $500 $50000 suspicious... example: fraud detection system based on spending habit
- 62. EXPERT SYSTEM A computer system that mimics the decision-making ability of a human. it simulates the judgement (using knowledge and experience) and behaviour of a human or organisation that has expert knowledge and experience.
- 63. EXPERT SYSTEM let us try out an expert system
- 64. STRUCTURE OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM INTERACT USER INTERFACE How a user communicates and interacts with the expert system. The system will often ask questions that require an answer or a button press. USER INTERFACE
- 65. STRUCTURE OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM INTERACT KNOWLEDGE BASE Stores all the knowledge about an area of expertise obtained from a number of expert resources USER INTERFACE
- 66. STRUCTURE OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM INTERACT USER INTERFACE KNOWLEDGE BASE RULE BASE A set of inference rules Used by inference engine to draw conclusion
- 67. STRUCTURE OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM INTERACT KNOWLEDGE BASE INFERENCE BASE USER INTERFACE
- 68. STRUCTURE OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM INTERACT KNOWLEDGE BASE RULE BASE USER INTERFACE INFERENCE ENGINE • Searches the knowledge base for information/data that matches the queries • Make use of inference rule in the rule base • produce possible solutions to a problem
- 69. STRUCTURE OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM INTERACT KNOWLEDGE BASE RULE BASE USER INTERFACE INFERENCE ENGINE EXPLANATION SYSTEM types of conclusion given: • suggested action to take • accuracy of its prediction
- 70. STRUCTURE OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM INTERACT KNOWLEDGE BASE RULE BASE USER INTERFACE INFERENCE ENGINE EXPLANATION SYSTEM
- 71. EXAMPLE(1) OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS INTERACT KNOWLEDGE BASE RULE BASE USER INTERFACE INFERENCE ENGINE EXPLANATION SYSTEM LIBRARY OF SYMPTOM RELATIONS TO DISEASE IF USER HAS MULTIPLE SYMPTOMS, SUGGEST DISEASE SUGGEST POSSIBLE DISEASE AND ACTION STEPS
- 72. EXAMPLE(2) OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM ROUTE SCHEDULING FOR DELIVERY SERVICE INTERACT KNOWLEDGE BASE RULE BASE USER INTERFACE INFERENCE ENGINE EXPLANATION SYSTEM NUMBER OF ROUTES, PARCELS AND DELIVERY POINTS IF TRAFFIC JAM, DON'T PICK THAT ROUTE SUGGEST THE BEST ROUTE TO BE TAKEN
- 73. EXAMPLE(3) OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM DIAGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER INTERACT KNOWLEDGE BASE RULE BASE USER INTERFACE INFERENCE ENGINE EXPLANATION SYSTEM MAMMOGRAPHYS WITH ALL TYPES OF CANCERS / NORMAL MAMMOGRAPHY IF HUGEWHITE SPOTS ARE OBSERVED, CATEGORISE AS CANCEL PREDICT PROBABILITY OF A PERSON GETTING BREAST CANCER
- 74. EXAMPLE(3) OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM DIAGNOSIS OF BREAST CANCER KNOWLEDGE BASE MAMMOGRAPHYS WITH ALL TYPES OF CANCERS / NORMAL MAMMOGRAPHY
- 75. OTHER EXAMPLES OF AN EXPERT SYSTEM • MINERAL PROSPECTING • PLANT AND ANIMAL IDENTIFICATION • FINANCIAL PLANNING • CAR ENGINE FAULT SYSTEMS • BANK LOAN APPROVAL SYSTEM
- 76. Work in pair, find one example of an expert system. use the software, and then states its advantages and disadvantages (if have) ACTIVITY (30 MINUTES)
- 77. EXPERT SYSTEM Advantages Disadvantages 1. HIGH LEVEL OF EXPERTISE 2. HIGH ACCURACY 3. CONSISTENT RESULT 4. HAVE THE ABILITY TO STORE VAST AMOUNTS OF IDEAS AND FACTS 5. THEY HAVE VERY FAST RESPONSE TIME 1. SET UP AND MAINTENANCE COSTS ARE VERY HIGH 2. THEY ARE ONLY AS GOOD AS THE INFORMATION ENTERED INTO THE SYSTEM
- 79. MACHINE LEARNING This is the science of training computers with sample data so that they can go on to make predictions about new unseen data, without the need to specifically program them for the new data.
- 80. MACHINE LEARNING Algorithms are ‘trained’ and learn from their past experiences and examples. They don’t need to be specifically programmed. They can make predictions about new unseen data.
- 81. "CONGRATULATION, YOU HAVE WON 2 MILLIONS DOLLAR $$$ IN THE NATIONAL LOTTERY. SIGN UP AS OUR MEMBER NOW TO REDEEM YOUR PRIZE" EXAMPLE (1) SPAM FILTER "HOW DO WE TEACH THE MACHINE THAT THIS EMAIL IS INDEED A SPAM EMAIL?"
- 83. "CONGRATULATION, YOU HAVE WON 2 MILLIONS DOLLAR $$$ IN THE NATIONAL LOTTERY. SIGN UP AS OUR MEMBER NOW TO REDEEM YOUR PRIZE" PROCESS A MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHM COLLECTS DATA ABOUT EMAILS CARRIES OUT A CLEANING PROCESS TO REMOVE STOP WORDS (THE, AN, A) "CONGRATULATION, WON 2 MILLIONS DOLLAR $$$ NATIONAL LOTTERY SIGN UP OUR MEMBER NOW REDEEM PRIZE"
- 84. PROCESS A MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHM COLLECTS DATA ABOUT EMAILS CARRIES OUT A CLEANING PROCESS TO REMOVE STOP WORDS (THE, AN, A) CERTAIN WORDS/ PHRASES ARE FREQUENTLY USED IN EMAIL THAT COULD INDICATE THAT THE INCOMING EMAIL IS VERY LIKELY TO BE SPAM (LOTTERY, EARN, FULL-REFUND).
- 85. PROCESS A MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHM COLLECTS DATA ABOUT EMAILS CARRIES OUT A CLEANING PROCESS TO REMOVE STOP WORDS (THE, AN, A) CERTAIN WORDS/ PHRASES ARE FREQUENTLY USED IN EMAIL THAT COULD INDICATE THAT THE INCOMING EMAIL IS VERY LIKELY TO BE SPAM (LOTTERY, EARN, FULL-REFUND). THE MACHINE LEARNING MODEL IS BUILT AND A TRAINING DATA SET IS USED TO TRAIN THE MODEL AND MAKE IT USING PAST EMAILS KNOWN THE BE SPAM. ONCE IT IS EVALUATED, THE MODEL IS FINE-TUNED AND TESTED LIVE
- 86. EXAMPLE (2) AUTO TAG - PHOTOGRAPH
- 87. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE EXPERT SYSTEM AND MACHINE LEARNING CATEGORY 1: EXPERT SYSTEM CATEGORY 2: MACHINE LEARNING THE MAIN DIFFERENCE IS THAT EXPERT SYSTEMS ARE RULE BASED SYSTEMS WHILE MODERN MACHINE LEARNING (ML) ARE BASED ON STATISTICAL MODELING OF DATA. THAT IS, AN EXPERT SYSTEM USES IF-THEN STATEMENTS WHEN DOING INFERENCE WHILE AN ML SYSTEM PROJECTS THE INPUT INTO SOME MODEL SPACE.