Basic programming

• WRITE :
1. Use to print the output.
2. Ex:
a) write : ‘Donald’.
b) Write : ‘Donald’ , ‘Sap abap’.
c) Write : ‘Donald ‘ , / ‘Sap abap’.
d) Write : ‘Donald ‘ , / ‘Sap abap’ color 2. (1-7)
e) Write : 30 ‘Donald ‘ , / ‘Sap abap’.
f) Write : 30 ‘Donald ‘ , / 30 ‘Sap abap’.
g) Write : 30 ‘Donald ‘ , / , /30 ‘Sap abap’.
or
Write : 30 ‘Donald ‘ .
skip.
write : ‘Sap abap’.
a) Skip 10.

Parameters :
• To provide the input option to the user.
• Ex :
parameters : p_name type c.
write : p_name.
• Every program is having 3 screens.
1. ABAP Editor
2. Selection Screen
3. Output Screen
Data:
• Used to declare variables.
ex : data : p3 type i.
SELECT-OPTIONS : To provide the range input option to the user.
Ex: select-options : p_vbeln for VBAK-vbeln.

Data Declaration
Data Type Description Length Declaration Default Value
C CHAR REQUIRE VAR(10) TYPE C SPACE
I INT --- VAR TYPE I 0
N NUM REQUIRE VAR(3) TYPE N 000
D DATE ----- VAR TYPE D 00000000
T TIME --------- VAR TYPE T 000000
F FLOAT
(MAX 8)
VAR TYPE F 0.0000000000
0E+00
P PACKED
DECIMAL
(MAX 16) VAR TYPE P DECIMAL 2 0.00
X XSTRING ----- VAR TYPE X 00
STRING STRING -------- VAR TYPE STRING SPACE

Control Break Statements:
1. Do --- endo.
2. While -- endwhile.
3. If.. Endif.
4. Case … endcase.
5. If…. Elseif … elseif … endif.

Do enddo
• Ex:
Data : count type I.
Parameters : num type I.
count = 1.
Do num times.
write : / count.
count = count + 1.
enddo.

While .. Endwhile
• Ex:
DATA: COUNT TYPE I.
PARAMETERS : NUM TYPE I.
COUNT = 1.
WHILE COUNT <= NUM .
WRITE : / COUNT .
COUNT = COUNT + 1.
ENDWHILE.

If … endif
• Ex:
PARAMETERS : SAL TYPE I.
IF SAL > 25000.
WRITE : 'software engineer'.
ENDIF.

If… else … endif
• Ex :
PARAMETERS : SAL TYPE I.
IF SAL > 25000.
WRITE : 'software engineer'.
else.
WRITE : 'Support Engineer'.
ENDIF.

Case .. endcase
• Ex:
PARAMETERS: color TYPE i.
CASE COLOR.
WHEN '1'.
WRITE 'color 1' COLOR 1.
WHEN '2'.
WHEN '3'.
WHEN '4'.
WHEN '5'.
WHEN OTHERS.
WRITE : 'color not found'.
ENDCASE.

System Variables
• SY-DATUM : System date.
• SY-UZEIT : System time
• SY-CPROG: Current program name
• SY-REPID: Current program name
• SY-UNAME: System username
• SY-LANGU: System language
• SY-LINNO: Current line number
• SY-ULINE: Horizontal line
• SY-VLINE: Vertical Line
• SY-TCODE : Current Transaction code
All the system variable available in structure SYST
• SY-SUBRC : returns 0 if previous statement executed successfully.
• SY-TABIX: Stores internal table index.
• SY-INDEX : Can be used as a counter in the loops.
• SY-LSIND : returns list index.

Operation on string
• Concatenate : Used to combine the character.
• Ex:
data: name(20) TYPE c.
PARAMETERS : name1(10) TYPE c,
name2(10) TYPE c.
CONCATENATE name1 name2 INTO name.
WRITE name.

• Separated by : To maintain the space between 2 strings.
Ex:
data: name(20) TYPE c.
PARAMETERS : name1(10) TYPE c,
name2(10) TYPE c.
CONCATENATE name1 name2 INTO name SEPARATED BY space.
WRITE name.

• Alignments
• RIGHT-JUSTIFIED AND LEFT-JUSTIFIED :
• By default always characters are left justified and numbers are
right justified.
Ex :
PARAMETERS : name(10) TYPE c,
num TYPE i.
WRITE : name COLOR 2 RIGHT-JUSTIFIED,
/ num COLOR 3 LEFT-JUSTIFIED.
CENTERED :
PARAMETERS : name(10) TYPE c,
num TYPE i.
WRITE : name COLOR Centered ,
/ num COLOR 3 LEFT-JUSTIFIED.

• Split : Using to split.
Ex:
data: var1(10) TYPE c,
var2(10) TYPE c.
PARAMETERS : p_name(20) TYPE c.
SPLIT p_name at '.' INTO var1 var2.
WRITE : / var1,
/ var2 .

• Replace : It replace only 1st occurrence in string.
Ex:
REPLACE 'A' WITH 'B' into p_name.
WRITE : p_name.

• Replace all occurrences of : To replace the all the occurrence
of given string.
• Ex :
REPLACE ALL OCCURRENCES OF 'A' in p_name WITH 'B'.
WRITE : p_name.

• TRANSLATE : It works similar to replace all occurrences of
PARAMETERS : p_text(20) TYPE c.
TRANSLATE p_text USING 'AB'.
WRITE : p_text.

• Offset : Splitting based on position.
Ex :
DATA : p1(10) TYPE c,
p2(10) TYPE c.
PARAMETERS : p_text(10) TYPE c.
p1 = p_text(2).
p2 = p_text+2(8).
WRITE : / p1 , / p2.

• CONDENSE :
Ex :
PARAMETERS : k(5) TYPE c.
CONDENSE k NO-GAPS.
WRITE : k .
• NO-GAP : Use to remove the gap.
Ex:
WRITE : 'jugul' , 'donald'.
WRITE : / 'jugul' NO-GAP, 'donald'.
• NO-ZERO : Use to remove zero’s.
Ex :
PARAMETERS : k(5) TYPE n.
WRITE : k no-zero.

Structures
• Structures are combination of different variables or types.
• Syntax :
types : Begin of <structure name>,
------
------
End of <structure name>.

Ex :
Types: Begin of ABC,
name(10) type c,
DOB type d,
age(2) type c,
End of ABC.
A variable which has been declared with reference of structure
is Know as Work Area.
DATA: WA type ABC.
• Assigning value to Work area.
WA-NAME = ‘STEVE’.
WA-DOB = ‘22-07-1990’.
WA-AGE = ’26’.
WRITE : / WA-NAME , WA-DOB, WA-AGE.

• Clear : Clear is used to clear the content of variable.
TYPES : BEGIN OF T_STD,
NAME(20) TYPE C,
AGE TYPE I,
CLASS TYPE I,
END OF T_STD.
DATA : WA TYPE T_STD.
WA-NAME = 'DONALD'.
WA-AGE = 25.
WA-CLASS = 2.
WRITE : / WA-NAME , WA-AGE ,WA-CLASS.
CLEAR WA.
WA-NAME = 'JUGUL'.
WA-CLASS = 3.
WRITE : / WA-NAME , WA-AGE ,WA-CLASS.

Internal Table
• Internal table is like table which can be able to hold multiple
records.
• Syntax :
< variable name> type table of <structure/table name >.
Ex :
TYPES : BEGIN OF T_STD,
NAME(20) TYPE C,
AGE TYPE I,
CLASS TYPE I,
END OF T_STD.
DATA : WA TYPE T_STD,
ITAB TYPE TABLE OF T_STD.

WA-NAME = 'DONALD'.
WA-AGE = 25.
WA-CLASS = 2.
• Append is used to append the record from work area to
internal table.
APPEND WA TO ITAB.
CLEAR WA.
WA-NAME = 'JUGUL'.
WA-CLASS = 3.
APPEND WA TO ITAB.
CLEAR WA.
• To access data from internal table .
LOOP AT ITAB INTO WA.
WRITE : / WA-NAME ,WA-AGE , WA-CLASS.
ENDLOOP.

To select record from Database
table into work Area.
• Ex:
DATA : WA TYPE ZSTUD.
SELECT SINGLE * FROM ZSTUD
INTO WA
WHERE STUDID = '124'.
WRITE:/ WA-STUDID , WA-DEPARTID1, WA-STUDNAME , WA-
FEES.

Corresponding fields of
• Used to place the selected fields at corresponding fields in
WA/internal table.
• Ex :
DATA : WA TYPE ZSTUD.
SELECT SINGLE DEPARTID1 STUDNAME FROM ZSTUD
INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF WA
WRITE:/ WA-DEPARTID1, WA-STUDNAME .
• If we want to put data into work area , then we have to use
single in our selection statement.
• Using corresponding fields of in program reduces the
performance.

• How to avoid ?
Ans : create the structure for required field.
Ex :
TYPES: BEGIN OF T_STD,
DEPARTID1(2) TYPE C,
STUDNAME(60) TYPE C,
END OF T_STD.
DATA: WA TYPE T_STD.
INTO WA

• In structure instead of assigning data type and length ,we can
also assign the database table and field name.
Ex:
DEPARTID1 TYPE ZSTUD-DEPARTID1,
STUDNAME TYPE ZSTUD-STUDNAME,
END OF T_STD.
INTO WA

• Also we can do it, by assigning data element directly.
• Ex:
DEPARTID1 TYPE ZDEPID,
STUDNAME TYPE ZSTUDNAME1,
END OF T_STD.
INTO WA

• Using parameter:
Ex :
DEPARTID1 TYPE ZDEPID,
STUDNAME TYPE ZSTUDNAME1,
END OF T_STD.
PARAMETERS : STUID TYPE ZSTUD-STUDID.
INTO WA
WHERE STUDID = STUID.

Select ---- EndSelect
• Used to select multiple records directly from database table.
Ex :
DATA : WA TYPE MAKT.
PARAMETERS : P_MATNR TYPE MAKT-MATNR.
SELECT * FROM MAKT
INTO WA WHERE MATNR = P_MATNR.
WRITE : / WA-MATNR , WA-SPRAS, WA-MAKTX, WA-MAKTG.
ENDSELECT.
• It fetches records multiple time from database table. So it
reduces the performance.

Internal Table
Ex:
DATA : WA TYPE MAKT,
ITAB TYPE TABLE OF MAKT.
PARAMETERS : P_MATNR TYPE MAKT-MATNR.
SELECT * FROM MAKT
INTO TABLE ITAB WHERE MATNR = P_MATNR.
WRITE : / WA-MATNR , WA-SPRAS, WA-MAKTX, WA-MAKTG.
ENDLOOP.
Note : if there is no composite key , then work area is sufficient to fetch data from
database.

Fetching data from 2 tables.
• Ex :
TYPES : BEGIN OF T_VBAP,
VBELN TYPE VBAP-VBELN,
POSNR TYPE VBAP-POSNR,
MATNR TYPE VBAP-MATNR,
END OF T_VBAP.
DATA : ITAB TYPE TABLE OF T_VBAP,
WA TYPE T_VBAP,
WA1 TYPE MAKT.
PARAMETERS : P_VBELN TYPE VBAP-VBELN.
SELECT VBELN POSNR MATNR FROM VBAP
INTO TABLE ITAB WHERE VBELN = P_VBELN.
WRITE : / WA-VBELN , WA-POSNR , WA-MATNR.
SELECT SINGLE * FROM MAKT INTO WA1 WHERE MATNR = WA-MATNR AND SPRAS = 'EN'.
WRITE : WA1-MAKTX.
ENDLOOP.
Note: It reduces the performance . Because within the loop fetching data from database number of times.

Inner JoinEx:
TYPES : BEGIN OF T_STR,
MAKTX TYPE MAKT-MAKTX,
END OF T_STR.
DATA : ITAB TYPE TABLE OF T_STR,
WA TYPE T_STR.
SELECT VBELN
POSNR
A~MATNR
MAKTX
INTO TABLE ITAB
FROM VBAP AS A INNER JOIN MAKT AS B ON B~MATNR = A~MATNR
WHERE VBELN = P_VBELN AND SPRAS = 'EN'.
WRITE : / WA-VBELN , WA-POSNR , WA-MATNR , WA-MAKTX.
ENDLOOP.
Note : Whenever tables are less than or equal 3 go for inner join technique.

For all entries in
Ex :
TYPES : BEGIN OF T_VBAP,
END OF T_VBAP.
TYPES : BEGIN OF T_MAKT,
MATNR TYPE MAKT-MATNR,
END OF T_MAKT.
TYPES : BEGIN OF T_FINAL,
END OF T_FINAL.
DATA : WA TYPE T_VBAP,
ITAB TYPE TABLE OF T_VBAP,
WA1 TYPE T_MAKT,
ITAB1 TYPE TABLE OF T_MAKT,
WA2 TYPE T_FINAL,
ITAB2 TYPE TABLE OF T_FINAL.

START-OF-SELECTION.
SELECT VBELN POSNR MATNR FROM VBAP
INTO TABLE ITAB
WHERE VBELN = P_VBELN .
IF ITAB IS NOT INITIAL.
SELECT MATNR MAKTX FROM MAKT
INTO TABLE ITAB1 FOR ALL ENTRIES IN ITAB
WHERE MATNR = ITAB-MATNR AND SPRAS = 'EN'.
ENDIF.
WA2-VBELN = WA-VBELN.
WA2-POSNR = WA-POSNR.
WA2-MATNR = WA-MATNR.
CLEAR WA1.
READ TABLE ITAB1 INTO WA1 WITH KEY MATNR = WA-MATNR.
If sy-subrc = 0.
WA2-MAKTX = WA1-MAKTX.
Endif.
APPEND WA2 TO ITAB2.
ENDLOOP.
LOOP AT ITAB2 INTO WA2.
WRITE : / WA2-VBELN , WA2-POSNR , WA2-MATNR , WA2-MAKTX.
ENDLOOP.

• Note :
1. Check the for all entries table is not empty .
2. Write all key field in selection criteria.
3. Data type and length of for all entries matching field should
be match for both the table.

• Important : Read table.
1. Clear the work area before read the table.
2. After reading table use sy-subrc .
3. To improve the performance use Binary search in read
statement.
Ex :
READ TABLE ITAB1 INTO WA1 WITH KEY MATNR = WA-
MATNR binary search.
* before the loop sort the internal table.
sort itab1 by matnr.

Different Types of Internal
Table
• Based on header line internal tables are classified into 2 types:
• Header Line nothing but work area.
1. Internal table with header line .
2. Internal table without header line.
• Internal table without header line
Ex:
Types : begin of stru,
name(20) type c,
age(2) type c,
end of stru.
Data: wa type stru,
itab type table of stru.

• Internal table with header line.
Ex
Types : begin of stru,
name(20) type c,
age(2) type c,
end of stru.
Data: itab type table of stru with header line.
Itab-name = ‘Donald’.
Itab-age = 25.
Append itab.
Loop at itab.
write : / itab-name , itab-age.
Endloop.

• Based on sorting technique internal tables can divided 3 types.
1. Standard internal table.
2. Sorted internal table.
3. Hashed internal table.
• By default any internal table is standard internal table.
1. Standard internal table.
• This is follows linear search(one by one) algorithm.
• Searching time is proportional to number of records.
• Syntax:
Data : <internal table > TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF <TB /STR
name> WITH NON-UNIQUE KEY <key > WITH HEADER LINE.
<optional>

• Sorted internal tables :
1. This is follows binary search help.
2. It supports unique as well as no-unique key.
3. Syntax :
Data : <internal table > TYPE SORTED TABLE OF <tab/str name>
WITH <UNIQUE / non-unique > KEY <keyname> WITH
HEADER LINE .
<optional >

• Hashed internal table.
1. There is no non-unique key.
2. Its follows index based search.
3. Syntax :
Data : <internal table > TYPE HASHED TABLE OF <TB/STR NAME>
WITH UNIQUE KEY <KEY> WITH HEADER LINE.
<OPTIONAL>

Basic programming

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Basic programming