Basics of Campus Journalism

CAMPUS
JOURNALISM
JULY 6, 2021 | 8:00 AM
2021
SEMINAR
PASACAO ACADEMY, INC.
Sta. Rosa del Norte, Pasacao Camarines Sur
Academic Year 2021-2022
THE ACADEMIAN BULLETIN
Theme: “Padayon: Defending Press Freedom through Campus Journalism”

At the end of this learning session, the participants should be able to:
1. Define Journalism and its underlying principles
2. Understand RA 7079: the Campus Journalism Act of 1991
3. Identify the parts and fields of the school paper
4. Learn the technicalities and pre-requisite knowledge upon
writing
5. Execute what they’ve learn

Journalism according to the americanpressinstitute.org, is the activity of gathering,
assessing, creating, and presenting news and information. It is also the product of
these activities.
Meanwhile, Wikipedia defines it as the production and distribution of reports on
current events (news) based on facts and supported with proof of evidence.
The word journalism is taken from the French journal which in turn comes from the
Latin journal or daily. The Acta Diurna, a handwritten bulletin, was put up daily in
the Forum, the main public square in ancient Rome, and was the world’s first
newspaper. (Wikipedia)

1. Inform the public through the news coverage
2. Influence and mold the public opinion
3. Amuse or entertain the public
4. Serve and promote community welfare as a whole

Journalism covers three channels or areas of mass communication: Audio,
Audio-visual, and Print. These are evident, that’s why sectoral conferences
have these categories: Publication, Radio Broadcasting, and TV Newscast.

These principles are presented by masterclass.com in their writing What is
Ethics in Journalism? Learn About Journalism Ethics With Tips from
Legendary Journalist Bob Woodward published last May 5, 2021.
1
HONESTY
Journalists have an obligation to seek out the truth and report it as accurately
as possible. This requires diligence: this means making every effort to seek out
all the facts relevant to a story. Journalists should also corroborate any
information with multiple sources.

2
INDEPENDENCE
Journalists should avoid taking political sides and should not act on behalf of
special interest groups. Any political affiliations or financial investments that
might constitute a conflict of interest with the subject they are writing about
should be declared to editors and readers. Some organizations characterize
this principle as “objectivity”, while others, especially non-profit civic journalism
projects, reject this term, as they position themselves explicitly on the side of
public interest.
3
FAIRNESS
Journalists should show impartiality and balance in their reporting. Most news
stories have more than one side, and journalists should capture this. They
should not place two different perspectives on equal footing where one is
unsupported by evidence. The exception to the impartiality rule is opinion
writing, as well as “gonzo” journalism and creative nonfiction.

GONZO JOURNALISM
Gonzo Journalism is an unconventional style of journalism that relies on the reporter’s
personal involvement in the story. While traditional reporting relies on hard facts,
gonzo journalism takes readers a step inside the mind and feelings of the writer as the
story unfolds. (masterclass.com)
It features the author as its protagonists, simultaneously experiencing and reporting
on a story from a first-person point of view.
The writer becomes part of story, portraying events through their own experience,
which offers readers their version of the truth.
It is often presented through the lens of social and self-critique, and usually contain
little rewriting or editing.
Ex: MOJO (mobile journo) of ONE PH NEWS

4
PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY
News organizations should listen to their audience. To enable the public to hold
them accountable, journalists should write under their own bylines and accept
responsibility for their words. When news outlets publish factual errors, thy
need to issue a correction – ERRATUM
5
HARM MINIMIZATION
Not every fact that can be published should be published. If the amount of
harm that could come to public individuals—particularly children—as a result of
disclosure exceeds the public good that would come of it, then news outlets
might choose not to publish the story. This is less of a consideration when it
comes to public figures. It is huge, however, in matters of national security,
where lives could be on the line.

6
AVOIDING LIBEL
This is a legal as well as a moral imperative for journalists. Journalists cannot
print false statements that damage a person’s reputation. In most jurisdictions,
true statements cannot be libelous, so journalists can protect themselves by
rigorously checking facts.
7
PROPER ATTRIBUTION
Journalists must never plagiarize. If they use information from another media
outlet or journalist, they need to attribute it to them.

It is both consciously and unconsciously copying someone’s work and
claiming the copy as your own work without due citation.
It is considered as a form of dishonesty and raises the issue off
intellectual property rights.
In academic communities, committing plagiarism is a serious offense that
can suspend—and even expel—the offender. This act should not be done to
avoid being questioned of one’s intellectual integrity.
This is an excerpt from Reading and Writing Skills Book for SHS; Published by Rex Book Store.

COMMONTYPES OF PLAGIARISM
The following are the common types of plagiarism according to scribblr.com.:
GLOBAL PLAGIARISM
(Presenting an entire text by
someone else as your own work)
PARAPHRASING PLAGIARISM
(Rephrasing someone else’s
ideas without citation)
VERBATIM PLAGIARISM
(Directly copying a passage of
text without citation)
MOSAIC PLAGIARISM
(Combining text and ideas from
different sources without citation)
SELF- PLAGIARISM
(Reusing passages and ideas
from your own previously
submitted work)
INCORRECT CITATION
(Failing to give all the necessary
information in your source
citation)

As referred by plagiarism.org, Citation is the way you tell your readers that certain
material in your work came from another source. It gives the readers information
necessary to find that source again, including:
❑ information about the author
❑ the title of the work
❑ the name and location of the company that published your copy of the
source
❑ the date your copy was published
❑ the page numbers of the material you are borrowing

A referencing style is a specific format for presenting in-text references (footnotes or
endnotes), and bibliography.
Referencing is an act of referring.
The following are the different styles of writing references.
1. Harvard style of referencing
2. American Psychological Association Style (APA)
3. Vancouver style
4. Modern Language Association (MLA) citation style
5. The Chicago Manual of style
6. Royal Society of Chemistry style

( )
This is the most commonly used style in journalism.
Retrieved from Pennsylvania State University’s official web page (https;//guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext)
USING IN-TEXT CITATION
Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from
another source. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a
corresponding entry in your reference list.
APA in-text citation style uses the author’s last name and the year of publication, for
example: (Field, 2005). For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for
example: (Field, 2005, p.14)

For sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers, use a
paragraph number, for example: (Field, 2005, para.1)
EXAMPLE PARAGRAPH WITH IN-TEXT CITATION REFERENCES
A few researches in the linguistics field have
developed training programs designed to improve
native speakers’ ability to understand accented
speech (Derwing et al., 2002; Thomas, 2004). Their
training techniques are based on the research
described above indicating that comprehension
improves with exposure to non-native speech.
Derwing et al. (2002) conducted their training with
students preparing to be social workers, but note
that other professionals who work with non-native
speakers could benefit from a similar program.
Derwing, T.M., Rossiter, M. J., & Munro, M. J. (2002).
Teaching native speakers to listen to foreign-
accented speech. Journal of Multilingual and
Multicultural Development, 23(4), 245-259
Thomas, H. K. (2004). Training strategies for
improving listeners’ comprehension of foreign-
accented speech (Doctoral dissertation). University
of Colorado, Boulder.

CITING WEB PAGES INTEXT
Cite web pages in text as you would any other source, using the author and date if
known. Keep in mind that the author may be an organization rather than a person.
For sources with no author, use the title in place of an author.
For sources with no date use n.d. (for no date) in place of the year: (Smith, n.d.).
Below are examples of using in-text citation with web pages.
WEB PAGE WITH AUTHOR:
IN-TEXT CITATION REFERENCE ENTRY
Heavy social media use can be linked to depression
and other mental disorders in teens (Asmelash,
2019)
Asmelash, L. (2019, August 14). Social media use
may harm teens’ mental health by disrupting
positive activities, study says. CNN.
https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/13/health/social-
media-mental-health-trnd/index.html

WEB PAGE WITH ORGANIZATIONAL AUTHOR:
More than 300 million people worldwide are
affected by depression (World Health Organization,
2018)
World Health Organization. (2018, March 22).
Depression. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/
fact-sheets/detail/depression
WEB PAGE WITH NO DATE:
Establishing regular routines, such as exercise, can
help survivors of disaster recover from trauma
(American Psychological Association [APA], n.d.)
American Psychological Association. (n.d.)
Recovering emotionally from disaster.
http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/recovering-
disasters.aspx

GENERAL GUIDELINES
In-text references should immediately follow the title, word, or phrase to which they
are directly relevant, rather than appearing at the end of long clauses or sentences.
In-text references should always precede punctuation marks. Below are examples of
using in-text citation.
AUTHOR’S NAME IN PARENTHESIS AUTHOR’S NAME PART OF NARRATIVE:
One study found that the most important element in
comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with
the topic (Gass & Varonis, 1984)
Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the most
important element in comprehending non-native
speech is familiarity with the topic.

(Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas [KBP], 2016) (KBP, 2016)
GROUP AS AUTHOR
FIRST CITATION SUBSEQUENT CITATION
MULTIPLE WORKS
Separate each work with semi-colons.
Research shows that listening to a particular accent
improves comprehension of accented speech in
general. (Gass & Varonis, 1984; Krench Tomas, 2004)

Retrieved from Pennsylvania State University’s official web page (https:/guides.libraries.psu.edu/apaquickguide/intext)
DIRECT QUOTE
Include page number and place
quotation marks around the direct quote.
One study found that “the listener’s
familiarity with the topic of discourse
greatly facilitates the interpretation of the
entire message” (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p.
85)
Gass and Varonis (1984) found that “the
listener’s familiarity with the topic of
discourse greatly facilitates the
interpretation of the entire message” (p.
85)
NOTE
For direct quotations of more than 40 words, display
the quote as an indented block of text without
quotation marks and include the authors’ names, year,
and page number in parentheses at the end of the
quote.
This suggests that familiarity with nonnative speech in
general, although it is clearly not as important a variable as
topic familiarity, may indeed have some effect. That is,
prior experience with nonnative speech, such as that
gained by listening to the reading, facilitates
comprehension. (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p.77)

’
I believe in the profession of journalism.
I believe that the public journal is a public trust; that all connected with it are, to the full measure of their
responsibility, trustees for the public; that acceptance of a lesser service than the public service is a betrayal
of this trust.
I believe that clear thinking and clear statement, accuracy and fairness are fundamental of good journalism.
I believe that a journalist should write only what he holds in his heart to be true.
I believe that suppression of the news, for any consideration other than the welfare of society, is
indefensible.
According to the Wikipedia, The Journalist’s Creed is a personal and professional
affirmation and code of journalism ethics written by Walter Williams in 1984.

I believe that no one should write as a journalist what he would not say as a gentleman; that bribery
by one’s own pocketbook is as much to be avoided as bribery by the pocketbook of another; that
individual responsibility may not be escaped by pleading another’s instructions or another’s
dividends.
I believe that advertising, news and editorial columns should like serve the best interests of readers;
that a single standard of helpful truth and cleanness should prevail for all; that the supreme test of
good journalism is the measure of its public service.
I believe that the journalism which succeeds best – and best deserves success – fears God and honors
Man; is stoutly independent, unmoved by pride of opinion or greed of power, constructive, tolerant
but never careless, self-controlled, patient, always respectful of its readers but always unafraid, is
quickly indignant at injustice; is unswayed by the appeal of privilege or the clamor of the mob; seeks
to give every man a chance and, as far as law and honest wage and recognition of human
brotherhoods can make it so, an equal chance; is profoundly patriotic while sincerely promoting
international good will and cementing world-comradeship; is a journalism of humanity, of and for
today’s world.

Campus journalism is defined as “that enjoyable activity of the staff of the campus
paper in collecting, organizing and presenting news, writing editorials, colums, features,
and literary articles, taking pictures, cartooning, copy reading, proof reading, dummying,
and writing headlines”
Campus journalism is an activity by an educational institution in collecting, writing
and editing news stories for newspapers, magazines, television or radio and published
within the institution only.
Campus journalism perpetuates the idea of liberalism and at the same time has
an important role in the university and national level. In the Philippines, campus journalism
can be traced back in the 1920s, the era of establishment of The Philippine Collegian and
The Varsitarian, the official publications of University of the Philippines and University of
Sto. Tomas respectively.

Student-publications serve as an avenue for critical thinking and freedom of expression of
student-writers. It is where the student-writers spill out their opinions and views about pertinent
university or national issues. Being a liberal-democratic country, the Philippine government actually
supports the development and promotion of campus journalism with a law which is called the
Campus Journalism Act of 1991.
According to the Campus Journalism act of 1991:
“It is the declared policy of the State to uphold and protect the freedom of the press even at the
campus level and to promote the development and growth of campus journalism as a means of
strengthening ethical values, encouraging critical and creative thinking, and developing moral
character and personal discipline of the Filipino youth. In furtherance of this policy, the State shall
undertake various programs and projects aimed at improving the journalistic skills of students
concerned and promoting responsible and free journalism” (1991, sec.2 p. 1)
Generally, journalism may not solve economic problems, discover new math principles or find a
cure for Ebola virus but journalists will make sure that readers will have awareness of these
information through dissemination. Disseminating information in the university level will enable
students to be aware of the current events and happenings in the university which will be the key to
prevent ignorance and enforce student participation.

Basics of Campus Journalism

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