BEHAVIORAL MANAGEMENT THEORIES.powerpoint presentation
- 2. Behavioral Management Theory The behavioral management theory is often called the human relations movement because it addresses the human dimension of work. Behavioral theorists believed that a better understanding of human behavior at work, such as motivation, conflict, expectations, and group dynamics, improved productivity.
- 3. Theorists: 1. Hugo Munsterberg: Hugo Munsterberg is known as the “father of industrial psychology” He focused on providing a view of psychology’s practical applications. Munsterberg believed that industry can be benefited by psychologists in three major areas: ● Seeking modern ways to hire the right person for the right job. ● Achieving optimum efficiency by identifying the psychological conditions. ● Finding methods to direct the behavior of individual employees to be in harmony with the management’s objectives.
- 4. 2. Douglas McGregor: Douglas McGregor expressed his views of human nature in two sets of assumptions. They are popularly known as ‘Theory X’ and ‘Theory Y’. Theory X stands for the set of traditional beliefs held, while Theory Y stands for the set of beliefs based on researchers in behavioral science which are concerned with modern social views on the man at work. These two theories represent the extreme ranges of assumptions. The managerial attitudes and supervisory practices resulting from such assumptions have an important bearing on employees’ behavior.
- 5. Theory X assumptions: ● Employees inherently dislike work and, whenever possible, will attempt to avoid it. ● Since employees dislike work, they must be coerced, controlled, or threatened with punishment. ● Employees will avoid responsibilities and seek formal direction whenever possible. ● Most workers place security above all other factors and will display little ambition. Theory Y assumptions: ● Employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play. ● People will exercise self-direction and self-control if they are committed to the objectives. ● The average person can learn to accept, even seek, responsibility. ● The ability to make innovative decisions is widely dispersed throughout the population.
- 6. 3.Abraham Maslow: Abraham Maslow, a practicing psychologist, developed one of the most widely recognized need theories, a theory of motivation based upon a consideration of human needs. His theory of human needs had three assumptions: 1. Human needs are never completely satisfied. 2. Human behavior is purposeful and is motivated by the need for satisfaction. 3. Needs can be classified according to a hierarchical structure of importance, from the lowest to highest. Maslow broke down the needs hierarchy into five specific areas:
- 8. Physiological needs. Maslow grouped all physical needs necessary for maintaining basic human well being, such as food and drink, into this category. ‐ However, after the need is satisfied, it is no longer a motivator. Safety needs. These needs include basic security, stability, protection, and freedom from fear. A normal state exists for an individual to have all these needs generally satisfied. Otherwise, they become primary motivators. Belonging and love needs. After the physical and safety needs are satisfied and are no longer motivators, the need for belonging and love emerges as a primary motivator. The individual strives to establish meaningful relationships with significant others. Esteem needs. An individual must develop self confidence and want to achieve status, ‐ reputation, fame, and glory. Self actualization needs. ‐ Assuming that all the previous needs in the hierarchy are satisfied, an individual needs to find himself. Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory helped managers visualize employee motivation.