Ber.ii ppt
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This document summarizes information about genetic diversity and status of Ziziphus species in India. It discusses two main species cultivated in India - Ziziphus mauritiana (Indian ber) and Ziziphus jujuba (Chinese ber). It provides details on their origin, distribution, cultivation practices, morphological characteristics, flowering and fruiting patterns. It also describes the genetic resources conserved in germplasm collections and the diversity within the Ziziphus genus. Factors influencing productivity and strategies to improve the species through exploitation of wild relatives are summarized.
Ber.ii ppt
- 1. Genetic Diversity and Status of Ziziphus in India
- 2. Ber : Ziziphus Mauritiana Order : Rhamnales Cultivation : Marginal ecosystems of the subtropics and tropics (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Central to Southern Africa and northern parts of Australia) • Suitable to rehabilitate resource poor areas •Suitable for integration into agro-forestry system of warm desert eco- regions •Help in economic sustenance and insurance against ecological degradation
- 3. Species : Ziziphus jujuba Cultivation : Drier parts of china, including Taiwan, Syria, Spain, France, Uzbekistan, South Western USA •Can tolerate very low temperature and suitable for growing in colder regions •Major production of Chinese jujube fruits is dehydrated and marketed as “Chinese dates”
- 4. Difference between Indian Ber and Chinese ber Indian Ber Chienese Ber Ziziphus mauritiana Ziziphus jujube Indian ber Chinese ber Cultivated in warmer regions Cultivated in colder regions Trees large and spreading Trees small and have upright growth Branches vine like Branches Zig Zag Leaves pubescent on lower surface Leaves glabose on lower surface Flowers in autumn (Sept–Oct. ) Flowers in Spring (Feb-March) Summer dormancy Winter dormancy Doesn’t prefer cool climate Prefers cool climate Single spine, generally curved Spines are in pair, one is larger and straight Fruits have more acidity and less Vitamin C Fruits are less acidic and contains higher vitamin C
- 5. ORIGIN Original home of Ziziphus mauritiana Myanmar (Burma) Indo-Malaysia Indian archeological : 1500 BC - 300 AD and literary records Indian Scriptures : 800 - 300 BC
- 6. DISTRIBUTION All over the Indian sub - continent Himalayas (1500 m - Kanyakumari Western Desert - Eastern wet tropics Central - South India Area under cultivation 90, 000 ha
- 8. GERMPLASM CONSERVATION Centre Accessions (No.) Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner, Rajasthan 311 National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (CAZRI), Jodhpur, Rajasthan 146 Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 25 Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 51 Central Institute for Arid Horticulture (CHES), Godhra, Gujarat 52 CCS, Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar 79 CCS, HAU, (RRS), Bawal Hissar 58 N. D. Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad 30 Mahatma Phule Agriculture University, Rahuri, Maharashtra 93 Fruit Research Station, Punjab Agricultural University, Punjab 41 Rajasthan Agricultural University, RRS, Jobner, Rajasthan 54
- 9. Z. apetla Hook. f. Z. funiculosa Ham. Z. glabra Roxb. Z. horrida Roth. Z. incurva Roxb. Z. Jujuba Mill. North Eastern Hills N. W. Himalayas Z. horsifieldi Miq. Nicobar Island Z. oxyphylla Edgew. N. W. Himalayas Z. rupicola T. Andern. Central and Eastern India Z. trinervia Roxb. Z. truncata Blatt. and Hall. Z. Vulgaris Lam. North west DIVERSITY OF THE GENUS: Ziziphus Cont…
- 10. * Z. nummularia Wight and Arn. * Z. mauritiana Lam. N. W. India and U. P. * Z. oenoplia Mill. * Z. rugosa Lam. * Z. rotundifolia Lam. * Z. Sativa Gaertn. Throughout India * Z. Xylopyra Willd Sub Himalyan tract, Central and Southern India (Maheswari and Singh, 1965)
- 13. Genetic variability among the species
- 14. CYTOLOGY Cultivars Chromosome number Banarasi, Banarasi Pewandi, Bombay, Chhuhara, Dandan, Desi Alwar, Golar, Gorva, Kaithali, Kala gola, Katha phal, Laddu, Mirchia, Nalgarhi, Narikeli, Nazuk, Noki, Pathani, Sandhura Narnaul, Sanaur, Sanaur-2, Sanaur-3, Sanaur-4, Sanaur-6, Seb, Safeda selected, 28/1, Umran, Wilayati, ZG-2, ZG-3, Hoshiarpur n = 24 Illaichi and Mithianwali n = 48 Kalianwali n = 30 Z. rotundifolia n = 24, 36 Z. nummularia n = 48 Z. sativa n = 12 Z. vulgaris n = 26 Khoshoo and Singh, 1963
- 15. Chromosomal association at diakinesis of metaphase I Species/cultivar Chromosome number (2n) Chromosomal association I II III IV Z. mauritiana cv. Illaichi 96 -- 48 -- -- Z. mauritiana cv. Umran 48 -- 24 -- -- Gola (wild) 96 1 36 1 5 Boradi (wild) 96 1 44 1 1 Z. rotundifolia 48 72 -- -- 22 36 -- -- 1 -- (Nehra et al., 1983)
- 16. GROWTH FORMS Characteristics Range Tree Form Erect - semi - erect - spreading Petiole length (cm) 1.1 - 3.2 Leaf length (cm) 4.9 - 12.0 Leaf width (cm) 3.6 - 6.5 Length : width 1.0 - 2.2 Leaf area (cm2 ) 15 - 60 Leaf colour Light - Dark green Leaf shape Oblong - oval - elliptic - round - cordate Leaf base Obtuse - broad - round - oblique - tapering- narrow - acute Leaf apex Round - obtuse flat - obtuse cupped - acute -curved - acute (Pareek., 2001)
- 17. FLOWERING PERIOD AND FRUIT MATURITY Location Lat. - Long. Av. Temp °C. Max Min Av. Rainfall (mm) Flowering period Fruit maturity Aruppukotai (09° 55' N - 78° 07' E) 26.3 20.9 904.9 10 May - 20 Sep 10 Sep - 25 Feb Rayadurg (14° 58' N– 77° 35' E) 32.7 15.0 923.7 10 Jan - 20 Jul 20 Oct - 20 Nov Anantapur (14° 41' N– 77° 37' E) 38.4 17.2 562.3 20 May - 30 Aug 30 Oct - 20 Jan S. K. Nagar (24° 19' N – 72° 19' E) 41.4 09.5 650.0 25 Aug - 25 Nov 10 Jan - 05 Mar Varanasi (25° 18' N– 83° 00 ' E) 41.5 09.5 1041.4 15 Sep - 05 Nov 28 Feb - 20 Mar Jodhpur (26° 18' N – 73 ° 00 ' E) 41.6 09.5 350.1 25 Aug - 30 Oct 30 Dec - 05 Mar Sikar (27° 36' N – 75° 06' E) 40.6 08.3 648.1 20 Aug - 10 Nov 10 Jan - 20 Mar Faizabad (26° 47' N – 82° 08' E) 40.5 08.4 1181.4 30 Aug - 30 Oct 10 Feb - 20 Mar Bikaner (28° 06' N – 73° 18' E) 42.5 07.1 243.0 30 Aug - 30 Oct 30 Jan - 20 Mar Bawal (29° 10' N – 75° 44' E) 41.6 5.5 446.0 20 Aug -25 Nov 05 Feb - 15 Apr Patiala (30° 18' N – 76° 24' E) 40.4 07.1 859.5 10 Sep - 20 Nov 15 Feb - 20 Apr
- 18. Flowering 6-Feb 9-Mar 9-Apr 10-May 10-Jun 11-Jul 11-Aug 11-Sep 12-Oct 12-Nov 13-Dec Arid Semi Arid Tropical Subtropical Months Initital Peak Ends Fruit Maturing 0 50 100 150 200 Arid Semi Arid Tropical Sub Tropical Days .Intiation Peak
- 19. FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS Characteristics Range Shape Round - oval - ovate - oblong - oblate Style end Round - round with depression - bluntly tapering - obliquely flat Length (cm) 1.82 - 5.80 Breadth (cm) 1.1 - 4.7 Size (l x w) cm 2.2 - 1.7 x 5.7-3.5 Weight (g) 3.8 - 39.5 Stem end Round - round with shallow cavity-obtuse or flattened - slightly ridged-faintly grooved- distinctly ridged - necked - tapering Cavity in pericarp At stem end - at styler end - at both ends. Colour of developing fruit Light green - green - dark green - green with red pigment - brownish red - half red green Colour of ripe fruit Green - greenish - light yellow - golden yellow -brownish - reddish brown
- 20. COMPOSITION Characteristics Range Pulp (%) 81.00 - 97.00 Stone (%) 2.70 - 12.00 Starch (%) 0.72 - 1.15 TSS (°Brix) 12.00 - 23.00 Total Sugar (%) 3.10 - 14.50 Reducing Sugar (%) 1.40 - 9.70 Non Reducing sugars (%) 1.30 - 9.70 Acidity (%) 0.13 - 1.42 Ascorbic acid (mg/100g) 39.00 - 166.00 Fe2O3 (mg/100g) 0.01 - 2.00
- 21. IDENTIFIED TRAITS Traits Cultivar Fruit maturity Early (Gola, Goma Kirti, Mundia, Nazuk, Sandhura Thar Sevika, Thar Bhubhraj), mid season (Banarasi, Dandan, Jogia, Kaithali, Sanaur-2, Sanaur-5, Seb), Late (Illaichi, Kali, Katha phal, Mahrawali, Umran, Vikas, ZG-3) Sweetness Thar Bhubhraj, Thar Sevika, Reshmi, Umran Pulp texture Coconut-like (Umran), juicy (Gola, Aligang), Melting (Illaicchi) Fruit size Very large (Ponda), large (Umran), Medium (Mundia, Banarasi, Gola), Small (Illaichi) Fruit shape Apple like (Seb), Cardamom-shaped (Illaichi), Bell shaped (Mundia), Round (Gola), Oblong (Umran) Fruit colour Bright golden (Sanaur), Bright yellow (Gola), Greenish yellow with brown blush (Kathaphal) Acidity Very low (Umran, Maharwali), Moderate (Sanaur), Acidic (Kathaphal) (Pareek., 2001)
- 22. Thar Bhubhraj Thar Sevika (Seb x Katha) SELECTION AND HYBRIDS CIAH-
- 24. Z. rotundifolia
- 26. Goma Kirti Banarasi Karaka Cont…
- 27. Ponda Mirchia
- 28. BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESSES Traits Cultivar Tolerant to fruit fly Illaichi, Thar Sevika, Thar Bhubhraj, Bawal Selection-1, Bawal selection-2 Resistance to fruit fly Tikadi, Meharun Tolerant to Powdery mildew Bawal Selection-1, Thar sevika, Thar Bhubhraj, Sanaur-5, katha phal, safed Rohtak, Gola, Seb, Meharun Resistance to Powdery mildew Tikadi, Khavaspura Tolerant to Frost Mahrawali, ZG-3 Resistance to Frost Tikadi, Khavaspura Salt tolerance Z. rotundifolia, Banarsi Karaka >50% (60.5 ESP, 20.25 dsm-1 )
- 29. CHILLING INJURY
- 30. Narma Manuka Noki Gola Gurgaon Gola Kakrola Gola Noki BS 75, 1B-51 Gola Gurgoan Chonchal Illaichi Bagwadi Sanaur 5 Ladu Kaithali Katha Phal Seb B. Pewandi B. Kadaka Mundia Dandan Alwar Desi Govindgarh special Kala Gola Chhuhara Umran Gola Hisar Reshmi Carboxylation efficiency WUE PN CLASSIFICATION OF BER CULTIVAR
- 31. SHELF LIFE Cultivar Storage condition Temperature Good Thar Sevika Thar Bhubhraj Seb Umran Mahrawali Banarasi karaka Illaichi Room Temperature (10-12 days) Zero Energy (15-20 days) Cold storage (30-35 days) 15°-25°C, 64% RH 12°-20°C, 95% RH 10-12°C, 79%RH Poor Gola Room Temperature ( 7- 8 days) Zero Energy (10-15 days) Cold storage (20-25 days) 15°-25°C, 64% RH 12°-20°C, 95% RH 10-12°C, 79%RH (Anon., 1997)
- 32. PROCESSING Dehydration Umran, Bagwari, Chhuhara, Chinese cultivars, Kaithali Preserve Umran, Banarasi Karaka, kaithali Candy Illaichi, Umran, Banarasi karaka, Kathaphal, Kaithali, Narma Bevarage Gola, Mundia
- 37. DIVERSITY FOR IMPROVEMENT Wild relatives Exploitable attributes Z. nummularia and Z. lotus Dwarfness, deep tap root system Drought tolerance Early fruit Maturity Z. jujuba Resistance to low temperature damage Excellent for dehydration High vitamin C and P contents in fruits Z. mistol Resistance to low temperature damage Z. mauritiana Vigrous tree frame Extended period of fruit availability Z. rotundifolia Wood of marginal timber value Tolerant to low temperature Fruits of medicinal value
- 38. Retain single trunk and allow 4-5 primary branches at 1-1.2 m height. Maintain 4-5 secondaries on each primary branches. Regular pruning during summer to promote new growth. Skirting is also required.
- 39. Training in Ziziphus mauritiana
- 41. Effect of pruning time on fruit yield (kg/tree) at different locations Pruning time Locations Pruning time Bawal1 Rahuri2 Aruppukotai1 April 1 -- 34.7 30.0 January 1 May 1 44.5 38.7 30.2 February 1 May 15 47.3 -- 31.5 March 1 June 1 58.1 27.3 30.5 April 1 June 15 46.0 -- 26.6 May 1 July 1 -- 13.7 24.8 June 1 AICRP on AZF, 2007
- 42. Effect of pruning time on fruit yield (kg/tree) at Bikaner Pruning time Pruning intensity (%) 25 50 75 April 20 26.0 29.0 22.0 April 30 22.0 27.0 18.0 May 10 16.0 19.0 15.0 May 20 17.0 18.0 14.0 Shukla and Awasthi, 2009
- 43. Israel Pyramid system Side creates continuous wall for production Flowering and production starts from the ground level making harvesting easy and cheap Fifteen year old orchard kept at a height of 2.0m (annual pruning) Planting distance 1.5mx3.0m Tree shape of 4.5m2 (222 trees/ha)
- 44. Top working Lopping at 2m height Shoots emerge in 15-30 days time One vertical, well spaced and vigorous shoot on each limb are retained in different directions Shoots budded with a suitable scion cultivar In arid and semi arid sub tropics of India lopping is carried out between spring and summer time
- 45. Budded plants of berMist unit for raising plants NURSERY MANAGEMENT
- 47. FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS • Conservation of genetic resources. • Molecular techniques. • Spotting of genetic markers for resistance to powdery mildew, fruit fly and frost. • Inducing resistance against powdery mildew, fruit fly and frost
- 48. Ber-Cluster bean-Mustard Ber-Indian Aloe Ber-khejri-cluster bean Ber Based Cropping System
- 49. Mustard Cluster bean Wheat Ground nut Indian Aloe Ber J F M A M J J A S O N D Cash-flow from Ber based cropping system
- 50. Ber+Indian Aloe
- 51. Ber + MustardBer + Mustard
- 52. Ber + Khejri + Cluster bean
- 54. Allelopathic Effects Root exudates Leaf leachates Litter decomposition Volatile toxicants Sick soil toxicant Root exudates Sick soil toxicant Volatile toxicant Leaf leachates Litter decomposition
- 55. Allelopathic influence of Ziziphus Ground storey crop Germination (%) Reduction* (%)Treated Control Groundnut 87.60 94.20 6.60 Cluster Bean 95.20 98.00 2.80 Wheat 96.60 98.40 1.80 Mustard 13.40 91.20 77.60 * Reduction in germination percent over control Saroj et al. (2000) Allelochemicals Zizynummin Dammarane Saponin
- 56. Allelopathic response Cluster bean Ground nut Mustard Wheat