Big data societal externalitites. Results from the BYTE case studies
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This document summarizes the key findings from several case studies conducted as part of the BYTE project on the societal externalities of big data. It discusses case studies in the areas of healthcare, culture, environment, and crisis informatics. For each case study, it identifies the data sources used, provides an overview of the externalities identified, including both benefits like improved services and costs/challenges around issues like privacy, skills needs, and intellectual property rights. It finds that while big data can enable benefits, it also poses risks that must be addressed through responsible and ethical practices.
Big data societal externalitites. Results from the BYTE case studies
- 1. BYTE:&& ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Big&data&societal&externali5es Results&from&the&BYTE&case&studies Guillermo&Vega=Gorgojo&–&University&of&Oslo Big data roadmap and cross-disciplinary community for addressing societal externalities
- 4. @BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu Overview&of&the&case&studies ◦ 7!case!studies:!environment,!crime!informa2cs,!smart! ci2es,!culture,!health,!shipping,!oil!&!gas!! ◦ Research!on!the!challenges,!uses!and!opportuni2es!of!big!data! ◦ Big!data!externali2es!on!economic,!legal,!social,!ethical!and! poli2cal!issues! ◦ Case!studies!methodology!! ◦ SemiOstructured!interviews!with!senior!data!and!IT!experts!from! the!case!study!organiza2ons! ◦ Disciplinary!focus!groups!with!6O12!external!experts!per!case!study! industry! ◦ Analysis!of!results!based!on!the!qualita2ve!and!case!study!research! literature! ◦ Transcripts!of!interviews,!coding!of!the!data,!obtaining!the!findings!
- 7. @BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu Key&points&of&the&healthcare&case&study ◦ Data!sources!(volume)! ◦ Blood!samples! ◦ DNA!samples! ◦ Sequenced!gene2c!data!(~15O20!GBs/pa2ent)! ◦ Reference!sequences! ◦ External!repositories! ◦ Sequencing!gene2c!data!is!computa2onally!expensive! ◦ Complex!data!analysis!pipeline! ◦ Comparison!with!previously!iden2fied!genes!for!the!discovery!of! gene2c!muta2ons!or!uniden2fied!genes! ◦ Many!stakeholders!involved! ◦ Huge!privacy,!data!protec2on!and!ethical!concerns!
- 8. @BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu Externali5es&of&the&healthcare&case&study&(I) +!Be`er!services!–!improving!healthcare! ◦ More!accurate!and!2mely!diagnoses!and!efficient!treatments! ◦ Poten2al!for!the!development!of!future!treatments!associated!to! data!usage!in!healthcare! +!More!targeted!services!–!enabling!personalized!medicine! ◦ Case!study!focused!on!rare!gene2c!disorders!possible!due!to!the! advances!on!big!data!analysis! +!CostOeffec2veness!of!services!! ◦ Cost!savings!through!more!accurate!and!2mely!diagnoses!and! efficient!treatments!! O!Need!of!data!skills!and!resources! ◦ Outsourcing!costs!of!genome!sequencing! ◦ Gene!detec2on!can!be!delayed!from!~1.5!weeks!with!private! equipment!to!~4!weeks!when!sharing!computer!resources! ◦ Budget!restric2ons!of!GRI!(public!body)!
- 9. @BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu Externali5es&of&the&healthcare&case&study&(II) +!Innova2ve!business!models!based!on!big!data! ◦ Sequencing!laboratory!in!Hong!Kong! ◦ Poten2al!development!of!marketable!treatments!and!therapies!! +!Accelerate!scien2fic!progress! ◦ Iden2fica2on!of!rare!genes!through!big!data! +!Innova2on!through!open!data! ◦ Open!data!as!an!efficient!way!of!sharing!data!(genomic!datasets)! O!Poten2al!for!discrimina2on! ◦ Only!the!rich!and!wealthy!may!benefit!from!these!treatments! ◦ Poten2al!discrimina2on!based!on!genotypes,!e.g.!insurance!policies! O!Difficult!and!complex!ethical!issues! ◦ Incidental!findings!to!the!pa2ents!and!their!family!members!
- 10. @BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu Externali5es&of&the&healthcare&case&study&(III) O!Enforcing!anonymity!is!very!difficult! ◦ Almost!impossible!due!to!the!rarity!of!diseases! O!Privacy!protec2on!can!entail!nega2ve!consequences! ◦ Subsequent!uses!of!data!require!permission! ◦ Further!research!can!be!hindered! O!Issues!with!intellectual!property!rights! ◦ Gene!paten2ng!of!new!drug!therapies!
- 12. @BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu Key&points&of&the&culture&case&study ◦ Data!sources!(variety)! ◦ Cultural!metadata! ◦ From!>40M!of!cultural!works!(digital!images,!sound!recordings,! manuscripts…)! ◦ Mul2tude!of!cultural!heritage!organiza2ons! ◦ Working!with!70!na2onal!aggregators!of!>60K!cultural!heritage! ins2tu2ons! ◦ Linked!Open!Data! ◦ CC0!metadata!licence! ◦ Focus!on!improving!the!visibility!of!cultural!heritage!works! ◦ PECHO!just!holds!the!metadata,!the!actual!content!is!kept!in!the! cultural!heritage!ins2tu2ons!
- 13. @BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu Externali5es&of&the&culture&case&study&(I) +!Be`er!services! ◦ Improved!visibility!of!collec2ons!(social!value)! +!Cost!effec2veness!of!services! ◦ PECHO!provides!the!hos2ng!of!metadata!to!all!the!par2cipant!cultural! heritage!ins2tu2ons! ◦ PECHO!is!looking!to!cloud!solu2ons!for!scalability!and!costO effec2veness!reasons! +!Poten2al!for!new!products!and!services!based!on!open!data! ◦ E.g.!online!guided!tour!models!for!tourism!purposes! O!Not!clear!dataObased!business!models! ◦ Strong!focus!on!deriving!cultural!and!social!value,!but!mone2sing! cultural!data!is!quite!unclear! ◦ “Copyright!paranoia”!can!severely!hinder!emerging!business!models!
- 14. @BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu Externali5es&of&the&culture&case&study&(II) O!Open!data!puts!the!private!sector!at!a!compe22ve!advantage! ◦ PECHO!metadata!can!be!used!by!private!corpora2ons!with!no! obliga2ons!to!share!their!own!data! O!Mild!privacy!issues!with!open!cultural!metadata! O!Big!issues!with!intellectual!property!rights! ◦ Significant!barrier!to!sharing!data!and!open!data!prac2ces!(diminished! here!through!the!use!of!a!CC0!licence)! ◦ Fragmented!IPRs!legisla2on!in!Europe!is!challenging! O!Fear!of!loss!of!data!control! ◦ Cultural!ins2tu2ons!were!at!first!reluctant!about!opening!cultural! metadata! ◦ Need!to!showcase!the!benefits! O!Tensions!with!US!big!data!players! ◦ General!trend!towards!reversing!outsourcing!prac2ces!and!keeping! infrastructure!and!technical!developments!local! ! ! !
- 16. @BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu Key&points&of&the&environment&case&study ◦ Data!sources!(volume,!variety,!velocity)! ◦ Space!component!(satellite!data…)! ◦ InOsitu!component!(rain!gauges…)! ◦ Service!component!(models…)! ◦ U2li2es,!infrastructures,!maps,!social!media,!etc.! ◦ Huge!amounts!of!data!and!lots!of!applica2ons! ◦ Climate!change,!weather!forecast,!environment!monitoring,!eOscience,! infrastructure!planning! ◦ Complex!ecosystem! ◦ Data!providers,!applica2on!developers,!research!ins2tu2ons,!IT!service! providers,!ci2zens! ◦ Case!study!conducted!in!the!context!of!the!Group!on!Earth! Observa2ons!
- 17. @BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu Externali5es&of&the&environment&case&study&(I) +!New!products!and!services!based!on!open!data! ◦ Data!availability!is!taken!for!granted!in!this!domain! ◦ Myriad!of!applica2ons!and!services:!inf.!planning,!farming,!disasters…! +!Be`er!services! ◦ E.g.!more!accurate!weather!forecas2ng! +!Gather!public!insight!and!accelerate!scien2fic!progress! +/O!New!market!opportuni2es,!but!threats!to!tradi2onal! businesses! ◦ CrowdOsourced!data,!availability!of!analy2cal!tools! ◦ Some!ins2tu2ons!are!threatened,!e.g.!weather!forecas2ng!centres! O!Inefficiencies!associated!to!big!data! ◦ Energy!bill!of!IT!infrastructures! ◦ Inefficiencies!caused!by!excess!of!preOcomputed!data!
- 18. @BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu Externali5es&of&the&environment&case&study&(II) O!Reduced!market!compe22on!and!digital!divide! ◦ Unequal!opportuni2es!for!SMEs!to!services!and!rising!inequali2es! caused!by!elite!skills!in!data! ◦ OverOdependency!on!external!IT!providers!and!services!like!Google! Maps! O!Privacy!concerns! ◦ When!using!social!media!and!personal!data! O!Issues!with!intellectual!property!rights! ◦ Shortcomings!in!legal!frameworks!and!inconsistent!na2onal!policies!! ! !
- 20. @BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu Key&points&of&the&crisis&informa5cs&case&study ◦ Data!sources!(velocity!and!variety)! ◦ Social!media!data!from!Twi`er!(~100s/min)! ◦ Text!messages!to!humanitarian!agencies! ◦ News!media! ◦ Aerial!and!satellite!imagery! ◦ Crowdsourcing!and!machine!learning! ◦ Data!collec2on!is!rela2vely!straighnorward! ◦ Digital!volunteers!first!classify!the!collected!tweets!and!score!their! relevance! ◦ A!data!analysis!tool!is!trained!with!the!previous!data!and!then! employed!to!analyse!live!Tweets! ◦ Obtained!insight!is!sent!to!humanitarian!and!relief!organiza2ons!
- 21. @BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu Externali5es&of&the&crisis&informa5cs&case&study&(I) +!Be`er!and!more!targeted!services! ◦ Provide!relief!faster!and!be`er!alloca2on!of!resources!! ◦ React!quickly!to!ci2zens’!demands!(based!on!Twi`er!data)! +!Gather!public!insight!through!open!data! ◦ Predict!the!needs!of!ci2zens!affected!by!a!crisis!(Twi`er)! +/O!CostOeffec2ve!services?! ◦ Be`er!resource!alloca2on!for!humanitarian!organiza2ons!! ◦ Crowdsourcing!of!digital!volunteers!(cheap!and!quick!processing)! ◦ Need!an!injec2on!of!resources!in!order!to!deal!with!big!data!(need! of!data!experts!and!data!infrastructures)! O!Not!clear!dataObased!business!models! ◦ Need!to!devote!resources!to!addi2onal!competencies!outside!an! organiza2on’s!exper2se!
- 22. @BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu Externali5es&of&the&crisis&informa5cs&case&study&(II) +!Awareness!around!the!need!for!socially!responsible!and! ethical!data!prac2ces! ◦ Development!of!tools!and!procedures!to!ensure!ethical!data! O!Important!privacy!concerns!and!poten2al!for! discrimina2on! ◦ Misuse!of!sensi2ve!informa2on! ◦ Invasive!use!of!informa2on! O!Poten2al!misinterpreta2on!of!data! O!Issues!with!intellectual!property!rights! ◦ IPRs!are!func2oning,!but!preven2ng!access!to!addi2onal!data! O!Tensions!with!US!big!data!players! ◦ Personal!data!can!be!subject!to!US!law!! ◦ Unpredictable!response!of!big!players!and!vendor!lockOin!concerns! ! ! ! !
- 24. @BYTE_EU www.byte-project.eu Case&studies&summary CASE%STUDY% Big%data% maturity% Poten8al%for% open%data% Clear%business% models% Privacy%concerns% Culture% ★★! ★★★! ! ★! ! ★★! ! Smart%ci8es% ★★! ! ★★★★! ! ! ★★! ★★★★! ! Crisis%informa8cs% ★★★! ! ★★★! ! ★★! ! ★★★★! ! Health% ★★★! ! ★★★★★! ! ★★★! ! ★★★★★! ! Oil%&%gas% ★★★★! ! ★★★! ★★! ★! Environment% ★★★★★! ! ★★★★★! ! ★★★! ★★★! !