Bio 22 Lab Respiratory System
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Respiration involves the diffusion of gases through membranes to facilitate metabolic processes in organisms. Simple organisms rely on direct diffusion through their integument, while more complex animals have respiratory systems. Aquatic animals use gills and many land animals use lungs. Amphibians are unique in that they can respire through their skin, mouth, and lungs. Their respiratory system includes glottis, larynx, bronchi and lungs, with gas exchange aided by a moist, permeable membrane.
Bio 22 Lab Respiratory System
- 2. Respiration OXYGEN- one of the most important requirements of animals. CONSTANT & ABUNDANT SUPPLY Necessary for metabolic processes CO2 – released as waste product Gaseous exchange that occurs between an organism and its environment.
- 3. Respiratory System All respiratory processes involve diffusion of gases through moist and semi-permeable membranes to hasten respiration Simple organisms Direct diffusion of gases in and out of their integument Larger more complex animals Presence of a system which functions mainly to transport gases reciprocally between the cells and the external environment
- 4. Respiratory Systems of different organisms AQUATIC Animals • Gills that extract oxygen that is dissolved in water ARTHROPODS • Tracheal system ARACHNIDS • Book lungs VERTEBRATES • Lungs
- 5. Amphibians AMPHIBIANS • Pulmonary respiration – through the lungs • Cutaneous respiration – through the skin • Buccopharyngeal respiration – through the mouth. An extensive network of blood vessels runs throughout the frog skin. O2 can pass through the membranous skin, thereby directly entering into the blood vessels.
- 6. Respiratory System of Amphibians: Anatomy a. Esophagus opening b. Vomerine teeth 1. Grove of the maxilla 2. Maxillary teeth 3. Internal nares 4. Bulge of Eye ball 5. Eustachian tube opening 6. Jaw ridge 7. Underside of the tongue 8. Glottis 9. Cut muscle and bone
- 7. Respiratory System of Amphibians: Anatomy Glottis Slit-like opening at the floor of the pharynx Cricoid cartilage and Arytenoid cartilage Larynx Directly below the glottis Hollow cartilaginous structure Bronchi Very short tubes that connects that larynx to the lungs Lungs Large, sac-like, thin-walled, elastic structures
- 8. Guide Questions Frogs have Vocal Cords and Vocal Sacs. Differentiate the two Vocal cords: produces the sound Vocal sacs: amplifies the sound How do frogs respire underwater? Through CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION: the oxygen present in the water diffuses through the frog’s skin directly into the blood vessels How are the skin and the lining of the mouth able to serve as organs of respiration in the frog? Skin: O2 from the air dissolves in the moist skin (see CUTANEOUS RESPIRATION) Lining of the mouth: much like the skin but the movement of the mouth-floor can facilitate the gas exchange
- 9. Guide Questions Breathing in frogs is called positive pressure breathing. Describe this type of breathing. Valves in the nostrils close and the throat pouch pushes upwards forcing the air into the lungs. As the frog raises the floor of it’s mouth, air is forced down the trachea Differentiate positive pressure breathing from negative pressure breathing Positive: air is PUSHED down via PRESSURE pump Negative: air is PULLED down via SUCTION pump What is the significance of a moist semi-permeable membrane in the respiratory process? The moist surface allows the O2 to dissolve from the air The semi-permeable membrane allows the O2 to diffuse form the external to the internal environment
- 10. Guide Questions Why are respiratory organs closely associated with the circulatory system? The circulatory system transports the gases that are acquired and expelled through the respiratory system Differentiate between external and internal respiration, and between inhalation and exhalation. External respiration: exchange of gases between the lungs of the organism and the external environment Internal respiration: exchange of gases between the blood vessels and the tissue cells (the gases then diffuse into or out of the cells) Inhalation: diaphragm relaxes, lungs inflate, O2 is taken into the body Exhalation: diaphragm contracts, lungs deflate, CO2 is expelled from the body
- 11. References Biology 22 General Zoology Laboratory Manual Hallare, A.V. Student Handbook in General Zoology Part 2 www. Biology-resources.com/frogs.html www.science.jrank.org/pages/5827/Respiration.html