Bio sensors
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Biosensors consist of a bioreceptor and transducer. The bioreceptor recognizes the target analyte while the transducer converts this recognition into a measurable signal. Common bioreceptors include enzymes and antibodies. Biosensors offer specificity, speed, simplicity, and continuous monitoring capability. They have applications in healthcare like measuring metabolites, as well as industrial process control and environmental monitoring. Future prospects include data processing, micro instruments, and molecular electronics.
Bio sensors
- 2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION • What Is a Biosensor? • Biosensor = bioreceptor + transducer. • The bioreceptor is a biomolecule that recognizes the target analyte whereas the transducer converts the recognition event into a measurable signal. • Enzyme is a Bioreceptor • Requirements for Sensors
- 3. Need for Biosensor • Diagnostic Market The current climate of prevention the need for detection at increasingly lower limits is increasing in many diverse areas • Clinical Testing clinical testing is one of the biggest diagnostic markets clinical testing products market in excess of 4000 million US$ in the 1990s • Other Markets The medical arena (Technical Insights Inc.) with veterinary and agricultural applications
- 4. • Specificity With biosensors, it is possible to measure specific analytes with great accuracy. • Speed analyte tracers or catalytic products can be directly and instantaneously measured • Simplicity receptor and transducer are integrated into one single sensor& the measurement of target analytes without using reagents is possible • Continuous monitoring capability Biosensors regenerate and reuse the immobilized biological recognition element
- 5. Applications of Biosensor • Health Care – Measurement of Metabolites – Market Potential – Diabetes – Insulin Therapy – Artificial Pancreas • Industrial Process Control – Bioreactor Control • Military Application • Environmental Monitoring – Air and Water Monitoring
- 6. Bioreceptor Molecules • Enzymes Enzymes act as catalysts for biochemical reactions occurring in the cell • Antibody Antibodies constitute about 20% of the total plasma protein and are collectively called immunoglobulin • Receptor Protein Receptor proteins having specific affinity for hormones, antibodies, enzymes • Other Possibilities
- 7. Transducers • Conventional Transducers • Piezoelectric Transducers • Coniductimetry • Capacitance Measurement • Thermometry • Enzyme Thermistor • FET as a Transducer
- 8. Growth of Biosensor • Biosensor Configurations • Discriminative Membrane • Sensitivity Requirements • Immunoassay • DNA Probe • Evolution of Biosensors
- 9. Receptors • Receptors at Membrane Biological receptors are protein molecules most of them are bound to the cell membrane • Hormone Receptors Many hormones released into the blood do not penetrate the cell membrane but react with specific receptors at the cell surface • Smell Receptor taste and olfactory receptors are typical examples of this biospecific recognition process • Light Receptor
- 10. Types of biosensor • Glucose Biosensor • Amperometric Biosensor Glucose biosensor using glucose oxidase is used as an example • Potentiometer Biosensor Examples of Potentiometric Biosensor Penicillin biosensor Glucose biosensor Urea biosensor
- 11. Design Variables • Immobilization Methods (1) adsorption (2) entrapment (3) covalent coupling (4) cross-linking • Change in Conformation • Change in Microenvironment • Non-Uniform Distribution • Reaction and Diffusion
- 12. Future Prospects • Data Processing and Pattern Recognition • Micro Instrument • Molecular Electronics • Multi-Disciplinary Nature
- 13. CONCLUSION Biosensors consist of bio-recognition systems, typically enzymes or binding proteins, such as antibodies, immobilized onto the surface of physico-chemical transducers Disadvantages • They cannot be steam sterilized • They react with the product • And are oversensitive