Biometrics Technology1
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The document discusses access control systems, focusing on biometric authentication, which utilizes unique physiological or behavioral characteristics to verify identity. It outlines various biometric technologies such as fingerprints, retina scans, and facial recognition, explaining their respective methods and levels of security compared to traditional methods like passwords and tokens. Additionally, it covers Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, detailing its components, functionality, and applications in different sectors.
Biometrics Technology1
- 2. Introduction • Access control system protects and preserve Enterprise resources with the help of Computerized control • Only authorized person is allowed to grant access to the system and denied all • For Person authorization it first verifies the persons Identity • Person Identity can be based on person Physiological or behavioral characteristics unique to that person • The system based on person’s Physiological or behavioral characteristics for allowing or denying access to the system is known as Biometrics
- 4. Biometrics
- 5. Biometrics A Definition • Biometrics is a branch of computer Security centering on Authenticating a person’s Identity based on some Physiological or Behavioral Characteristic Unique to that person • Authentication System verifies the Identity of a User before allowing them access to the Internal System
- 6. Stages of Operation • Enrollment Biometric Data is collected for a known Identity Reference template is created and stored • Authentication Verification: Work with Id + Biometrics Fast Processing Involving only one Matching Direct go to ID and Matches the Finger Print Template Identification: Work with Biometrics and searches the Entire Database Processing Time depends upon the number of Finger Print Template
- 8. A Better Approach to Security… Biometrics is seen as more secure than traditional methods: • Passwords • Tokens “ Security Passwords and Tokens are used to Prove one's Identity Electronically ”
- 9. Types of Biometric Authentication •Fingerprints •Retina / Iris Scans •Facial Recognition •Hand Recognition •DNA Matching
- 10. Finger Print • Ridges vs. Valleys • Scanning Mechanisms Optical Scanner Capacitance Scanner Ridge Valley
- 11. Retina Scans • Small Surface • Detailed Scan • Uses Blood Vessels Pattern for Authentication • Slow Scan and Compare Procedure • Long Exposure to Scanner Light Emitted
- 12. Iris Scans • More than 250 unique spots • Compares Trabecular Meshwork (Area of Tissues in the Eyes) of the Iris • Fast and distance Scans • Requires a human Eye
- 13. Facial Recognition • Uses a video Image to look at distances between Features and overall Structure • Requires a human Face
- 14. Hand Recognition • Hand Geometry, not as Unique as Fingerprints • Uses hand features and Measurements increases Uniqueness • Measures up to 90 different points on the hand including Characteristics of the Finger and features on the skin
- 15. DNA Matching • Comparison of a sample of a user’s DNA with a Stored Sample of the real Person’s DNA • DNA is Readily available to collect • Comparison process is slow and not completely Automated
- 16. Basics of Finger Print Technology
- 17. Finger Print • A Fingerprint pattern is comprised of a sequence of Ridges and Valleys The dark lines In a Fingerprint Image is called Ridges The Valleys are the areas between the Ridges • The Finger Image is used to Authenticate person Identity Ridge Valley
- 18. Finger Print Readers • Optical Scanner • Capacitive Scanner
- 19. Finger Print Optical Scanner Optical sensor • The Optical Sensor is based on light Sensing method • The CCD (Charge Couple Device) is used as light Sensing device • The CCD Generate Inverted Image of the Finger • Darker Areas represent more Reflected Light and Lighter Areas represent less Reflected Light • According to the Light intensity, CCD generates an Analog signal
- 20. Finger Print Capacitive Scanner Capacitive sensor • In this method, the Finger skin is act as a plate of the Capacitor • Measurement of the capacitance between the skin and the Sensor plates(Pixel) • Where there is a Ridge or a Valley, the distance varies, as does the Capacitance • Sensor Read the Capacitive value from conductive plates & send it to Integrator circuit for Analog to Digital converter to create Digital Image for the Finger
- 21. Basics of RFID Technology
- 22. Radio Frequency Identification • A System that transmits the Identity (in the form of a unique serial number) of an object or person wirelessly, using radio waves • Uses Tags (Cards), Readers, and Software to exchange Data over Electro-Magnetic waves in RF communication • The Card uniquely Identifies the item it is attached to
- 23. Radio Frequency Identification • The Reader sends out a radio signals, and the Card respond with a signal to Identify itself • The Reader converts the radio waves returned form the Tag into Data • The Data is send to Information processing system ( Host or Processing computer) for identification processing ( Filter, categorized and Analyze) • System Grant or denied access to user based on the Information received
- 24. Component of RFID System • RF tags ( Cards) Contain Chip and Antenna • Readers (Interrogators) Contain RF Module (Transmitter and Receiver), Control Unit, Antenna and Several Interfaces (RS 232, RS 485, Ethernet etc.) • Host Computers Contains Application software, Database and Monitoring software Application, Database and Tag Reader Monitoring Software
- 25. Component of RFID System Antenna Card/Tag Reader Firmware COMMANDS Controller Antenna RESPONSES Interface Host Power Application ,Controlling And Monitoring Software Interface
- 26. Component of RFID System RFID Cards A Card is a Transponder which Receives a Radio signal and in response to it sends out a radio signals Card contains an Antenna, and small Chip for storing small amount of Data Card can be Program at Manufacturer or on Installation Card can be battery feed or powered by the high power EM field generated by the Reader Antenna Field allows the Card Chip/Antenna to send the Signal containing the Data
- 27. Component of RFID System RFID Card(tags) •Tags can be attached to almost anything: – Items, cases or luggages of products, high value goods – vehicles, assets, personnel •Passive Tags( Proximity card) – Do not require power – Draws power from Interrogator Field – Lower storage capacities (few bits to 1 KB) – Shorter read ranges (4 inches to 15 feet) – Usually Write-Once-Read-Many/Read-Only tags – Cost around 25 cents to few dollars •Active Tags( Smart Card) – Battery powered – Higher storage capacities (512 KB) – Longer read range (300 feet) – Typically can be re-written by RF Interrogators – Cost around 50 to 250 dollars
- 28. RFID Card Construction RFID Cards Construction A paper label with RFID inside an antenna, printed, etched or stamped ... … and a chip … on a substrate attached to it e.g. a plastic foil ...
- 29. RFID Tag Memory • Read-only tags – Tag ID is assigned at the factory during manufacturing • Can never be changed • No additional Data can be assigned to the tag • Write once, read many (WORM) tags – Data written once, e.g., during packing or manufacturing • Tag is locked once Data is written • Similar to a compact disc or DVD • Read/Write – Tag Data can be changed over time • Part or all of the Data section can be locked
- 30. RFID Readers • Reader functions: – Remotely power tags – Establish a bidirectional Data link – Inventory tags, filter results – Communicate with networked server • Readers (Interrogators) can be at a fixed point such as – Entrance/exit – Point of sale • Readers can also be mobile/hand-held
- 31. How RFID Works? 1 2
- 32. Operational frequencies Frequency LF HF UHF Microwave Range 125 KHz 13.56 MHz 868-915 MHz 2.45GHz and 5.8 GHz Read Range Shorter( 2.54cm-3 Short(5.08cm”- Medium(0.35m- Longest(0.35m- 0.48cm”) 60.96cm”) 3.48m’) 4.57m) Tag Power Passive Tag Passive Tag Active Tag Active Tag Source Data Rate Slower Moderate Fast Faster Ability to read Better Moderate Poor Worse near metal or wet surfaces
- 33. RFID applications • Manufacturing and Processing • Supply Chain Management • Retail • Security • Location Tracking • Traffic movement Control