Blooms Taxonomy of Hierarchy of learning
- 1. H. M. Patel Institute of English Training and Research Taxonomy of Instructional Objectives CPS 3: Assessment for Learning (4 Credits) Unit – 03
- 3. Domains of Learning • Cognitive: mental skills (knowledge) • Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self) • Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (skills)
- 5. Cognitive Domain • Knowledge • Comprehension • Application • Analysis • Synthesis • Evaluation
- 7. Remembering: Recall or retrieve previous learned information. • Examples: Recite a policy. Quote prices from memory to a customer. Recite the safety rules. • Key Words: defines, describes, identifies, knows, labels, lists, matches, names, outlines, recalls, recognizes, reproduces, selects, states • Technologies: book marking, flash cards, rote learning based on repetition, reading
- 8. Remembering: Recall or retrieve previous learned information.
- 9. Understanding: Comprehending the meaning, translation, interpolation, and interpretation of instructions and problems. State a problem in one's own words. • Examples: Rewrite the principles of test writing. Explain in one's own words the steps for performing a complex task. Translate an equation into a computer spreadsheet. • Key Words: comprehends, converts, defends, distinguishes, estimates, explains, extends, generalizes, gives an example, infers, interprets, paraphrases, predicts, rewrites, summarizes, translates • Technologies: create an analogy, participating in cooperative learning, taking notes, storytelling, Internet search
- 10. Understanding: Comprehending the meaning, translation, interpolation, and interpretation of instructions and problems. State a problem in one's own words.
- 11. Applying Use a concept in a new situation or unprompted use of an abstraction. Applies what was learned in the classroom into novel situations in the work place. • Examples: Use a manual to calculate an employee's vacation time. Apply laws of statistics to evaluate the reliability of a written test. • Key Words: applies, changes, computes, constructs, demonstrates, discovers, manipulates, modifies, operates, predicts, prepares, produces, relates, shows, solves, uses • Technologies: collaborative learning, create a process, blog, practice
- 12. Applying Use a concept in a new situation or unprompted use of an abstraction. Applies what was learned in the classroom into novel situations in the work place.
- 13. Analyzing Separates material or concepts into component parts so that its organizational structure may be understood. Distinguishes between facts and inferences. • Examples: Troubleshoot a piece of equipment by using logical deduction. Recognize logical fallacies in reasoning. Gathers information from a department and selects the required tasks for training. • Key Words: analyzes, breaks down, compares, contrasts, diagrams, deconstructs, differentiates, discriminates, distinguishes, identifies, illustrates, infers, outlines, relates, selects, separates • Technologies: Fishbowls, debating, questioning what happened, run a test
- 14. Analyzing Separates material or concepts into component parts so that its organizational structure may be understood. Distinguishes between facts and inferences.
- 15. Evaluating: Make judgments about the value of ideas or materials. • Examples: Select the most effective solution. Hire the most qualified candidate. Explain and justify a new budget. • Key Words: appraises, compares, concludes, contrasts, criticizes, critiques, defends, describes, discriminates, evaluates, explains, interprets, justifies, relates, summarizes, supports • Technologies: survey, blogging
- 16. Evaluating: Make judgments about the value of ideas or materials.
- 17. Creating: Builds a structure or pattern from diverse elements. Put parts together to form a whole, with emphasis on creating a new meaning or structure. • Examples: Select the most effective solution. Hire the most qualified candidate. Explain and justify a new budget. • Key Words: appraises, compares, concludes, contrasts, criticizes, critiques, defends, describes, discriminates, evaluates, explains, interprets, justifies, relates, summarizes, supports • Technologies: survey, blogging
- 18. Creating: Builds a structure or pattern from diverse elements. Put parts together to form a whole, with emphasis on creating a new meaning or structure.
- 19. Affective Domain
- 21. Receiving Phenomena: Awareness, willingness to hear, selected attention. • Examples: Listen to others with respect. Listen for and remember the name of newly introduced people. • Key Words: acknowledge, asks, attentive, courteous, dutiful, follows, gives, listens, understands
- 22. Responds to Phenomena: Active participation on the part of the learners. Attend and react to a particular phenomenon. Learning outcomes may emphasize compliance in responding, willingness to respond, or satisfaction in responding (motivation). Examples: Participates in class discussions. Gives a presentation. Questions new ideals, concepts, models, etc. in order to fully understand them. Know the safety rules and practice them Key Words: answers, assists, aids, complies, conforms, discusses, greets, helps, labels, performs, presents, tells
- 23. Valuing: The worth or value a person attaches to a particular object, phenomenon, or behavior. This ranges from simple acceptance to the more complex state of commitment. Valuing is based on the internalization of a set of specified values, while clues to these values are expressed in the learner's overt behavior and are often identifiable. Examples: Demonstrates belief in the democratic process. Is sensitive towards individual and cultural differences (value diversity). Shows the ability to solve problems. Proposes a plan to social improvement and follows through with commitment. Informs management on matters that one feels strongly about. Key Words: appreciates, cherish, treasure, demonstrates, initiates, invites, joins, justifies, proposes, respect, shares
- 24. Organization: Organizes values into priorities by contrasting different values, resolving conflicts between them, and creating a unique value system. The emphasis is on comparing, relating, and synthesizing values. Examples: Recognizes the need for balance between freedom and responsible behavior. Explains the role of systematic planning in solving problems. Accepts professional ethical standards. Creates a life plan in harmony with abilities, interests, and beliefs. Prioritizes time effectively to meet the needs of the organization, family, and self. Key Words: compares, relates, synthesizes
- 25. Internalizes Values (characterization): Has a value system that controls their behavior. The behavior is pervasive, consistent, predictable, and most important characteristic of the learner. Instructional objectives are concerned with the student's general patterns of adjustment (personal, social, emotional). Examples: Shows self-reliance when working independently. Cooperates in group activities (displays teamwork). Uses an objective approach in problem solving. Displays a professional commitment to ethical practice on a daily basis. Revises judgments and changes behavior in light of new evidence. Values people for what they are, not how they look. Key Words: acts, discriminates, displays, influences, modifies, performs, qualifies, questions, revises, serves, solves, verifies
- 28. Perception (awareness): The ability to use sensory cues to guide motor activity. This ranges from sensory stimulation, through cue selection, to translation. Examples: Detects non-verbal communication cues. Estimate where a ball will land after it is thrown and then moving to the correct location to catch the ball. Adjusts heat of stove to correct temperature by smell and taste of food. Adjusts the height of the forks on a forklift by comparing where the forks are in relation to the pallet. Key Words: chooses, describes, detects, differentiates, distinguishes, identifies, isolates, relates, selects.
- 29. Set: Readiness to act. It includes mental, physical, and emotional sets. These three sets are dispositions that predetermine a person's response to different situations (sometimes called mindsets). Examples: Knows and acts upon a sequence of steps in a manufacturing process. Recognize one's abilities and limitations. Shows desire to learn a new process (motivation). NOTE: This subdivision of Psychomotor is closely related with the “Responding to phenomena” subdivision of the Affective domain. Key Words: begins, displays, explains, moves, proceeds, reacts, shows, states, volunteers.
- 30. Guided Response: The early stages in learning a complex skill that includes imitation and trial and error. Adequacy of performance is achieved by practicing. • Examples: Performs a mathematical equation as demonstrated. Follows instructions to build a model. Responds hand-signals of instructor while learning to operate a forklift. • Key Words: copies, traces, follows, react, reproduce, responds
- 31. Mechanism (basic proficiency): This is the intermediate stage in learning a complex skill. Learned responses have become habitual and the movements can be performed with some confidence and proficiency. Examples: Use a personal computer. Repair a leaking faucet. Drive a car. Key Words: assembles, calibrates, constructs, dismantles, displays, fastens, fixes, grinds, heats, manipulates, measures, mends, mixes, organizes, sketches.
- 32. Complex Overt Response (Expert): The skilful performance of motor acts that involve complex movement patterns. Proficiency is indicated by a quick, accurate, and highly coordinated performance, requiring a minimum of energy. This category includes performing without hesitation, and automatic performance. For example, players are often utter sounds of satisfaction or expletives as soon as they hit a tennis ball or throw a football, because they can tell by the feel of the act what the result will produce. Park into a tight parallel parking spot. Operates a computer quickly and accurately. Displays competence while playing the piano.
- 33. Key Words: assembles, builds, calibrates, constructs, dismantles, displays, fastens, fixes, grinds, heats, manipulates, measures, mends, mixes, organizes, sketches, sings. NOTE: The Key Words are the same as Mechanism, but will have adverbs or adjectives that indicate that the performance is quicker, better, more accurate, etc.
- 34. Adaptation: Skills are well developed and the individual can modify movement patterns to fit special requirements. Examples: Responds effectively to unexpected experiences. Modifies instruction to meet the needs of the learners. Perform a task with a machine that it was not originally intended to do (machine is not damaged and there is no danger in performing the new task). Key Words: adapts, alters, changes, rearranges, reorganizes, revises, varies..
- 35. Origination: Creating new movement patterns to fit a particular situation or specific problem. Learning outcomes emphasize creativity based upon highly developed skills. Examples: Constructs a new theory. Develops a new and comprehensive training programming. Creates a new gymnastic routine. Key Words: arranges, builds, combines, composes, constructs, creates, designs, initiate, makes, originates.
- 36. Category Example and Key Words (verbs) Imitation — Observing and patterning behavior after someone else. Performance may be of low quality. Examples: Copying a work of art. Performing a skill while observing a demonstrator. Key Words: copy, follow, mimic, repeat, replicate, reproduce, trace Manipulation — Being able to perform certain actions by memory or following instructions. Examples: Being able to perform a skill on one's own after taking lessons or reading about it. Follows instructions to build a model. Key Words: act, build, execute, perform Precision — Refining, becoming more exact. Performing a skill within a high degree of precision Examples: Working and reworking something, so it will be “just right.” Perform a skill or task without assistance. Demonstrate a task to a beginner. Key Words: calibrate, demonstrate, master, perfectionism Other Psychomotor Domain Taxonomies As mentioned earlier, the committee did not produce a compilation for the psychomotor domain model, but others have. The one discussed above is by Simpson (1972). There are two other popular versions by Dave (1970) and Harrow (1972):
- 37. Category Example and Key Words (verbs) Articulation — Coordinating and adapting a series of actions to achieve harmony and internal consistency. Examples: Combining a series of skills to produce a video that involves music, drama, color, sound, etc. Combining a series of skills or activities to meet a novel requirement. Key Words: adapt, constructs, combine, creates, customize, modifies, formulate Naturalization — Mastering a high level performance until it become second-nature or natural, without needing to think much about it. Examples: Maneuvers a car into a tight parallel parking spot. Operates a computer quickly and accurately. Displays competence while playing the piano. Michael Jordan playing basketball or Nancy Lopez hitting a golf ball. Key Words: create, design, develop, invent, manage, naturally
- 38. Steps towards writing effective learning/ instructional objectives: • Make sure there is one measurable verb in each objective. • Each objective needs one verb. Either a student can master the objective, or they fail to master it. If an objective has two verbs (say, define and apply), what happens if a student can define, but not apply? Are they demonstrating mastery? • Ensure that the verbs in the course level objective are at least at the highest Bloom’s Taxonomy as the highest lesson level objectives that support it. (Because we can’t verify they can evaluate if our lessons only taught them (and assessed) to define.) • Strive to keep all your learning objectives measurable, clear and concise.
- 39. Level Key Words Knowledge •Observe and recall information •Arrange, define, describe, match, order, memorize, name, note, repeat, questions (Who? What? When? Where?). Comprehension •Understand information, grasp meaning •Alter, change, classify, define in your own words, discuss, explain, extend, give examples, translate, etc. Application •Use information, use methods •Apply, calculate, compute, construct, operate, practice, write an example question (how many? Which? What is?). Analysis •See patterns, organise parts •Analyse, appraise, categorise, compare, conclude, contrast, criticize, diagnose, differentiate, etc. Synthesis •Use old ideas to create new ones •Assemble, compile, compose, create, improve, synthesize, what if, etc. Questions (How can we improve? What would happen if? How can we solve?). Evaluation •Compare and discriminate ideas •Appraise, argue, choose, certify, criticize, decide, deduce, defend, discriminate, estimate, evaluate, recommend, etc.
- 40. Level Activities Knowledge Memorising information, defining techniques, etc. Comprehension Understanding an article with the objective of providing a summary Application Using the knowledge of the learner to apply it to concrete situations (real life) Analysis Asking a learner to dissect a subject, explain how everything fits together Synthesis Placing the pieces of a subject back together but in a novel way by gathering information from several sources Evaluation Judging the value of a subject for a specific purpose