Bonding and structure powerpoint
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This document provides information on ionic and covalent bonding. It discusses how ionic bonding occurs through the transfer of electrons from metal to non-metal atoms, giving each atom a stable electron configuration. Ions are held together by electrostatic attraction in a lattice structure. Covalent bonding occurs through the sharing of electrons between non-metal atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration. Covalent structures can be either simple molecules or giant molecular structures held together by strong covalent bonds. The document also discusses allotropes such as diamond and graphite which are different structural forms of the same element.
Bonding and structure powerpoint
- 1. 2014-07-25 1 IGCSE1 Between metals and non-metals. Electrons are transferred from the metal atoms to the non-metal atoms. The atoms get full outer energy levels and become more stable.
- 2. 2014-07-25 2 Sodium +chlorine sodium chloride The sodium ion has obtained an electron configuration like neon. The chlorine atom has an electron configuration like argon.
- 3. 2014-07-25 3 The oppositely charged ions attract each other and are pulled or bonded together by strong electrostatic forces. This bonding is called ionic or electrovalent bonding. 1. Draw diagrams to represent the bonding in each of the following ionic compounds. a) Magnesium fluoride ሺܨ݃ܯଶሻ b) Potassium fluoride ܨܭ c) Lithium chloride ݈ܥ݅ܮ d) Calcium oxide ܱܽܥሻ
- 4. 2014-07-25 4 The ions are packed together in a regular arrangement called a lattice. Here oppositely charged ions attract one another strongly. Ionic structures are: 1. Solids at room temperature 2. High melting and boiling points (due to strong intermolecular forces). 3. Usually hard substances. 4. Cannot conduct electricity when solid, because ions are not free to move. 5. Mainly dissolve in water (water is able to bond with both negative and positive ions which breaks up the lattice). 6. Usually conduct electricity when molten or in an aqueous solution (ions are free to move).
- 5. 2014-07-25 5 When ionic compounds combine their respective charges need to balance. e.g. how many݈ܥି ions will need to bond with an ݃ܯଶା ion to balance? So the formula will be ݈ܥ݃ܯଶ Using the table write the formula for: a) Copper (I) oxide b) Zinc phosphate c) Iron (III) chloride d) Lead bromide
- 6. 2014-07-25 6 Between non-metal atoms Sharing of electrons Each atom wants a noble gas electron configuration i.e. 8 electrons in its outer shell. It gets these by sharing electrons with other atoms. Between non-metal atoms Sharing of electrons e.g. ܪଶ This shared pair of electrons is called a single covalent bond.
- 7. 2014-07-25 7 Other covalent compounds include: 1. Methane (ࡴ) Methane is tetrahedral 2. Ammonia (ࡴۼ) Ammonia is pyramidal
- 8. 2014-07-25 8 2. Water (ࡴࡻ) Water has a bent orV-shape 2. Carbon dioxide (ࡻ) Carbon dioxide is linear in shape. ܱ ൌ ܥ ൌ ܱ
- 9. 2014-07-25 9 1. Draw diagrams to represent the bonding in each of the following covalent compounds. a) Tetrachloromethane ݈ܥܥସ b) Oxygen gas ܱଶ c) Hydrogen sulphide ܪଶܵ d) Hydrogen chloride ݈ܥܪ e) Ethene ܥଶܪସ f) Methanol ܪܥଷܱܪ g) Nitrogen ܰଶ 2. Why is the water molecule bent? Covalent compounds can either be simple molecular or giant molecular. Simple Molecular compounds Formed from only a few atoms. Strong covalent bonds between atoms in a molecule (intramolecular bonds). Weak bonds between the molecules (intermolecular bonds). These weak bonds can be Van der Waals bonds.These increase in strength as the molecule gets bigger.
- 10. 2014-07-25 10 Giant Molecular compounds Formed from hundreds of thousands of atoms. Examples are diamond, graphite and silicon (IV) oxide and plastics such as polythene. Simple structures They are usually gases, liquids or solids with low melting and boiling points. MP are low due to the weak intermolecular forces of attraction. Giant structures High melting points as structure is held together by strong covalent bonds. Generally do not conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water.* *Some molecules react with water to form ions (e.g. HCl) which can then conduct electricity. Generally do not dissolve in water.
- 11. 2014-07-25 11 When an element can exist in more than one physical form in the same state is said to exhibit allotropy or polymorphism. Each physical form is called an allotrope. E.g. sulphur, tin, carbon and iron. The allotropes of carbon are diamond and graphite.
- 12. 2014-07-25 12 Graphite is a form of carbon in which the carbon atoms form layers.These layers can slide over each other, so graphite is much softer than diamond. It is used in pencils, and as a lubricant. Each carbon atom in a layer is joined to only three other carbon atoms. Graphite conducts electricity.
- 13. 2014-07-25 13 Diamond is a form of carbon in which each carbon atom is joined to four other carbon atoms, forming a giant covalent structure. As a result, diamond is very hard and has a high melting point. It does not conduct electricity.
- 14. 2014-07-25 14 Graphite can conduct electricity due to the vast electron delocalization within the carbon layers. These valence electrons are free to move, so are able to conduct electricity. However, the electricity is only conducted within the plane of the layers. Diamond is a carbon tetrahedral shape and so carbons are linked with each other and are not free to move in plates like graphites can.That is also why graphite is a lubricant and diamond is a cutting abrasive. Silica, which is found in sand, has a similar structure to diamond. It is also hard and has a high melting point, but contains silicon and oxygen atoms, instead of carbon atoms. The fact that it is a semi-conductor makes it immensely useful in the electronics industry: most transistors are made of silica.
- 15. 2014-07-25 15 Buckminsterfullerene is yet another allotrope of carbon. It is actually not a giant covalent structure, but a giant molecule in which the carbon atoms form pentagons and hexagons - in a similar way to a leather football. It is used in lubricants. Uses of diamond and graphite.
- 16. 2014-07-25 16 Soda Glass Found in bottles and windows It is made by heating a mixture of sand (silicon (IV) oxide), soda (sodium carbonate) and lime (calcium oxide). Borosilicate Glass Pyrex is borosilicate glass boron oxide + silicon (IV) oxide stronger than soda glass used in cooking utensils and laboratory glass ware.
- 17. 2014-07-25 17 Form a giant structure Atoms packed closely together in a regular arrangement valence electrons tend to move away from their atoms These form a “sea” of delocalised electrons which surround a lattice of positively charged metal ions. Positively charged ions held together by the strong attraction to the mobile electrons. The electrostatic force between the electrons and the metal ions acts in all directions.
- 18. 2014-07-25 18 1. High melting and boiling points – due to the strong forced of attraction between the metal ions and electrons. 2. Good conductors of electricity – delocalised electrons are free to move. 3. Good conductors of heat – atoms are closely packed and can pass “vibrations” on to the next atom. 4. Malleable (can be bent) and ductile (can be drawn into a wire) – the positive ions are arranged in layers which can slide past eachother when a force is applied. Why does electrical conductivity of metals decrease with an increase in temperature?
- 19. 2014-07-25 19 Complete the worksheet handed out to you. Spare copies can be found on Moodle.