Bonding Basics 2
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Bonding Basics 2
- 1. WELCOME TO THE SUE SHOW Starring Sue
- 2. Valence Electrons Valence electrons Valence electrons Chemical bonds are formed only between the electrons in the highest unfilled energy level. These electrons are called valence electrons. You can think of valence electrons as the outer “skin” of an atom. Electrons in the inner (filled) energy levels do not “see” other atoms because they are shielded by the valence electrons. For example, chlorine has 7 valence electrons. The first 10 of chlorine’s 17 electrons are in the inner (filled) energy levels. Most elements bond to reach 8 valence electrons It turns out that 8 is a magic number for chemical bonding. All the elements heavier than boron form chemical bonds to try and get to a configuration with eight valence electrons (Figure 8.10). Eight is a preferred number because 8 electrons are a complete (filled) energy level. The noble gases already have a magic number of 8 valence electrons. They don’t form chemical bonds because they don’t need to! Light elements bond to reach 2 valance electrons For elements with atomic number 5 (boron) or less, the magic number is 2 instead of 8. For these light elements, 2 valence electrons completely fills the first energy level. The elements H, Li, Be,and B, form bonds to reach the magic number of 2. Hydrogen is special Because of its single electron, hydrogen can also have 0 valence electrons! Zero is a magic number for hydrogen, as well as 2. This flexibility makes hydrogen a very “friendly” element; hydrogen can bond with almost any other element.
- 5. Valence Electrons and the Periodic Table Period 2 elements The picture below shows how the electrons in the elements in the second period (lithium to neon) fill the energy levels. Two of lithium’s three electrons go in the first energy level. Lithium has one valence electron because it’s third electron is the only one in the second energy level. Each successive element has one more valence electron Going from left to right across a period each successive element has one more valence electron. Beryllium has two valence electrons. Boron has three and carbon has four. Each element in the second period adds one more electron until all 8 spots in the second energy level are full at atomic number 10, which is neon, a noble gas. Neon has 8 valence electrons.
- 6. Valence Electrons and the Periodic Table Bonding Oxygen has 6 valence electrons. To get to the magic number of oxygen needs to add two electrons. Oxygen forms chemical bonds that provide these two extra electrons. For example, a single oxygen atom combines with two hydrogen atoms because each hydrogen can supply only one electron. Oxygen combines with one beryllium atom because beryllium can supply two valence electrons to give oxygen it’s required number of 8. Double bonds share 2 electrons Carbon has four valence electrons. That means two oxygen atoms bond with a single carbon atom, each oxygen sharing two of carbon’s four valence electrons. The bonds in carbon dioxide (CO2) are double bonds because each bond involves 2 electrons. Be2+ O2- BeO
- 8. Oxidation Numbers Oxidation numbers A sodium atom always ionizes to become Na+ (a charge of +1) when it combines with other atoms to make a compound. Therefore, we say that sodium has an oxidation number of 1+. An oxidation number indicates the charge on the remaining atom (ion) when electrons are lost, gained, or shared in chemical bonds. Notice that the convention for writing oxidation numbers is the opposite of the convention for writing the charge. When writing the oxidation number, the positive (or negative) symbol is written after the number, not before it. Oxidation numbers and the periodic table Oxidation numbers correspond closely to an element’s group on the periodic table. All of the alkali metals have oxidation numbers of 1+ since these elements all prefer to lose one electron in chemical bonds. All of the halogens have an oxidation number of 1- because these elements prefer to gain an electron in chemical bonds. The diagram below shows the trend in oxidation numbers across the periodic table. Most transition metals have complicated oxidation numbers because they have many more electrons.
- 11. Ionic and Covalent Bonds Why bonds are ionic or covalent Whether or not a compound is ionic or covalently bonded depends on how much each element “needs” an electron to get to a magic number (2 or 8). Elements which are very close to the noble gases tend to give or take electrons rather than share them. These elements often form ionic bonds rather than covalent bonds. Sodium chloride is ionic As an example, sodium has one electron more than the noble gas, neon. Sodium has a very strong tendency to give up that electron and become a positive ion. Chlorine has one electron less than argon. Therefore, chlorine has a very strong tendency to accept an electron and become a negative ion. Sodium chloride is an ionic compound because sodium has a strong tendency to give up an electron and chlorine has a strong tendency to accept an electron. Widely separated elements form ionic compounds On the periodic table, strong electron donors are the left side (alkali metals). Strong electron acceptors are on the right side (halogens). The farther separated two elements are on the periodic table, the more likely they are to form an ionic compound. Nearby elements form covalent compounds Covalent compounds form when elements have roughly equal tendency to accept electrons. Elements that are nonmetals and therefore close together on the periodic table tend to form covalent compounds with each other because they have approximately equal tendency to accept electrons. Compounds involving carbon, silicon, nitrogen, and oxygen are often covalent.