Building Systems
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This document discusses systems and system theory. It defines a system as a collection of parts integrated to accomplish an overall goal, with inputs, processes, outputs, and feedback. Systems can be simple or complex and come in many forms, including biological, mechanical, ecological, and social. Complex systems like organizations are made up of interconnected subsystems arranged hierarchically. The application of systems theory to management encourages viewing organizations holistically rather than focusing on individual parts. It emphasizes understanding interactions and feedback loops between subsystems to diagnose problems and maintain perspective. The document also presents an equation that change requires sufficient dissatisfaction with the status quo, a clear vision of the future, and practical steps that outweigh resistance to change.
Building Systems
- 1. BUILDING SYSTEMS Republic of the Philippines Region III – Central Luzon TARLAC STATE UNIVERSITY Tarlac City EDUARDO A. PANTIG JR. Ed. D. – IEM
- 2. a system is a collection of parts (or subsystems) integrated to accomplish an overall goal (a system of people is an organization). Systems have input, processes, outputs and outcomes, with ongoing feedback among these various parts. If one part of the system is removed, the nature of the system is changed.
- 3. Systems range from very simple to very complex. There are numerous types of systems. For example, there are biological systems (the heart, etc.), mechanical systems (thermostat, etc.), human/mechanical systems (riding a bicycle, etc.), ecological systems (predator/prey, etc.), and social systems (groups, supply and demand, friendship, etc.).
- 4. Complex systems, such as social systems, are comprised of numerous subsystems, as well. These subsystems are arranged in hierarchies, and integrated to accomplish the overall goal of the overall system. Each subsystem has its own boundaries of sorts, and includes various inputs, processes, outputs and outcomes geared to accomplish an overall goal for the subsystem. A pale of sand is not a system. If one removes a sand particle, you've still got a pale of sand. However, a functioning car is a system. Remove the carburetor and you've no longer got a working car.
- 5. The effect of this systems theory in management is that writers, educators, consultants, etc. are helping managers to look at organizations from a broader perspective. Systems theory has brought a new perspective for managers to interpret patterns and events in their organizations. In the past, managers typically took one part and focused on that. Then they moved all attention to another part. The problem was that an organization could, e.g., have wonderful departments that operate well by themselves but don't integrate well together. Consequently, the organization suffers as a whole.
- 6. Now, more managers are recognizing the various parts of the organization, and, in particular, the interrelations of the parts, e.g., the coordination of central offices with other departments, engineering with manufacturing, supervisors with workers, etc. Managers now focus more attention on matters of ongoing organization and feedback. Managers now diagnose problems, not by examining what appear to be separate pieces of the organization, but by recognizing larger patterns of interactions. Managers maintain perspective by focusing on the outcomes they want from their organizations. Now managers focus on structures that provoke behaviors that determine events -- rather than reacting to events as was always done in the past.
- 8. C = D x V x S > R C = Change D = Dissatisfaction with the status quo V = Vision of the future S = Steps in Change R = Resistance to Change
- 9. This equation suggests that in order to bring about change in a larger system there must be a sufficient degree of dissatisfaction with the status quo (D), a vision of the future that is clear, compelling and different from the present (V), and practical steps to move toward the vision (S).
- 10. Multiplied together these three variables must be greater than the resistance to change, which is assumed to always have a value will greater than zero. If any of the three variables D, V, S is equal to zero the total product will be equal to zero and resistance to change will win out.
- 11. What particular change do you think is appropriate to your school system? It is timely to build a new system based on the formula C = D x V x S > R?
- 12. http://managementhelp.org/organizations/s ystems.htm Organization Development and Transformation (Managing Effective Change) Sixth Edition by: Wendell L. French, Cecil H. Bell, Jr, Robert A. Zawacki (2005)