Building Science II: Lighting Report

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture
Building Science 2 (ARC 3413 / BLD61303)
Project 1a: Lighting Performance Evaluation and Design
Tutor:Sivaraman Kuppusamy
Prepared by:
Chen EeDong0321181
EuniceChan Yu Ming0315729
FooWei Min 0321577
Koh Kar Yi 0320567
Saravanan Vytelingum 0320564
Teo Chen Yi 0320618

CONTENTPAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aim and Objective
1.2 Site Information
1.2.1 Site Introduction
1.2.2 Site Selection
1.2.3 Technical Drawings
2.0 PRECEDENT STUDIES
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Building and Artificial Lighting System
2.3 Methodology
2.4 Electric Lighting Performance
2.5 Conclusion
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Lighting Measuring Equipment
3.2 Methodology
3.3 Data Collection Method
3.4 Zoning
4.0 ANALYSIS
4.1 Zone A
4.1.1 Material Reflectance Value
4.1.2 Observation and Discussion
4.1.2.1 Observation
4.1.2.2 Discussion
4.1.3 Daylight Factor Analysis
4.1.4 Existing Lighting Fixtures
4.1.5 Lumen Method

4.2 Zone B
4.1.2.1 Observation
4.1.2.2 Discussion
4.2.5 Lumen Method
4.3 Zone C
4.3.2.1 Observation
4.3.2.2 Discussion
4.3.5 Lumen Method
4.3 Zone D
4.4.2.1 Observation
4.4.2.2 Discussion
4.4.5 Lumen Method
5.0 CONCLUSION
6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.0INTRODUCTION
1.1 Aim and Objective
This project is mainly aimed to help students observe and analyze thus having a better
understanding toward the lighting characteristic of Bean Brothers. Calculation will be done
to assist the analysis on how the design approaches and material used affect the light
performance of the space. They are lumen method which determines the artificial light level
in a space and daylight factor (DF) which is used to measure for the subjective daylight
quality in a room.
1.2 Site Information
1.2.1 Site Introduction
Building proposed is a 8000-square-feet Korean – operated headquarters factory café
established byKeith, located in the industrial areaat Sunway Damansara.It is a two – storeys
building with orange fencing connected with Mayekawa MyCom, renovated from industrial-
like warehouse space, hiding from the busy shopping malls in Petaling Jaya. With its modern
and contemporary interior hailed from Korea juxtaposing with its factory raw exterior look,
Bean Brothers Coffee Malaysia scores significant points and this makes them a hit for all
social influencers. In the ground floor are old bricks wall in white that stacks up to towards
the high ceiling and numbers of slender dark steel pillars, giving a raw and rustic feel to the
environment. Bar counter in the center of the café below the void allow costumer at 1st floor
to overlook barista at work whereas the wooden as well as barrel ‘table’ go around the 360
degree area to cater crowds during peak hour.
Building Identification: Cuisine Café
Location: Jalan PJU 3/50, Sunway Damansara Petaling Jaya Selangor
Opening Hours: 9AM – 8PM
Figure 1.1: Photograph showing exterior view of the
site. (Source: Malaysian Flavor, 2015)
Figure 1.2: Photograph showing interior view of
the site. (Source: Malaysian Flavor, 2015)

1.2.2 Site Selection
One of the reason why this place is chosen is that it is an extremely spacious coffee
barthat scoressignificant points with variousphotogeniccorners,mainly contributed bythe
lighting design, the primary element in Architecture Design. In addition, it stands out from
the other coffee bar due to its location and context at industrial area. With this given
opportunity, we would like to evaluate this social-media-famous café and understand the
impact of building design and material on acoustic qualities. Evaluation will be carried out
to understand how the acoustic quality can be achieved in its open interior finished by
variousbuilding materials such asconcreteand steel frameandhow it is affectedbythe open
kitchen and bar area.
1.2.3 Technical Drawings
Figure 1.3: Ground Floor Plan. (Source:
Keith. 2016)
Figure 1.4: First Floor Plan.
(Source: Keith. 2016)

2.0PRECEDENT STUDIES
2.1 Introduction
It is an evaluation of lighting performance in office buildings with daylight control
doneby DannyH. W. Li and Joseph C. Lam. The use of daylighting along with artificial lighting
control can provide a better sustainable working environment for buildings and their day to
day operation. The electrical demand for buildings can be reduced drastically by setting up
the proper infrastructure for these innovative systems to curb the demand for lighting. This
research showcase the onsite lightning conditions present for a fully air-conditioned
building in Hong Kong. Electrical consumption, indoor illuminance levels and room
parameters affecting daylighting designs are recorded and analyzed. They range from
various cellular offices having opposite orientations while some with and others without
daylighting controls. The results indicates the possibility to save substantial energy from air
conditioned office buildings in Hong Kong with the use of proper daylighting schemes.
Findings are presented and design strategies are discussed accordingly.
2.2 Building and artificial lighting system
The building was constructed in 1989 with a total of 47 storeys (14/F and 32/F are
refuge floors) with internal dimensions of about 40m x 40m. The total floor area of the main
office would be of 54000m2
The office areas were equipped with ceiling mounted recessed fluorescent lights
using conventional ballasts, each consisting of one 36W tube (T8) and standard diffusers. A
total of five luminaries were installed for each cellular office giving a total lighting load of
180Wtogetherwith the conventional ballast load. The replacement ofluminaires were rated
at 36W peak per luminaire using dimmable electronic ballasts. The dimming range is from
100 to 1% of the light output and two sensor were used to control them out of the five
luminaries. Two were responsible for the ones near the windows while the other for the rest
of the five. They were primarily used to detect the daylighting experienced and adjust the
lighting accordingly to any changes as well as occupancy of the place.

2.3 Methodology
Measuring Equipment: Illuminance meters and a power harmonics analyser.
First stage: Investigation of illuminance levels of the cellular offices due to daylight as well
aselectric fluorescentluminariesusing conventionalballasts ordimmable electronic ballasts.
Second stage: With and without daylighting control, they logged the electricity expenditure
of fluorescent luminaires and daylight illuminance data for cellular offices.
2.4 Electric Lighting Performance
Results shows that the room using light fittings with the dimmable electronic ballasts
tended to have higher illuminance level due to the better efficacy. The difference is about
160 lx.
According to the Chartered Institution of building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Code
for Interior lighting, an office should have a design illuminance level of 500lx.
Reasoning: Due to the decline in lamp output and the gathering of dirt on the luminaire over
a certain period of time. With dimming controls, the energy consumed by the newly installed
light fittings with dimmable electronic ballasts would be less than their maximum rating if
the indoor luminance level was set at 500lx.
Figure 2.1: A typical floor plan of the
office building. (Source: Li, 2001)
Figure 2.2: Electric lighting layout plan
with dimming system for a cellular
office. (Source: Li, 2001)

Figure 2.3: Vertical daylighting factor
for the north-facing cellular office.
(Source: Li, 2001)
Figure 2.4: Vertical daylighting
factor for the south-facing cellular
office. (Source: Li, 2001)
Figure 2.5: Illuminance level using
electric lighting with conventional
ballasts. (Source: Li, 2001)
Figure 2.6: Illuminance level using
electric lighting with dimmable ballasts.
(Source: Li, 2001)

Figure 2.7: Frequency of occurrence for daylight
illuminance on the north-facing office. (Source: Li,
2001)
Figure 2.8: Frequency of occurrence for daylight
illuminance on the south-facing office. (Source: Li,
2001)
Figure 2.9: Electric lighting energy profile for a
typical day using conventional ballasts. (Source: Li,
2001)
Figure 2.10: Electric lighting energy profile for
a typical day using dimmable ballasts. (Source:
Li, 2001)

2.5 Conclusion
Field measurements were carried out in an air conditioned building and indoor
illuminance level of typical cellular office were recorded with and without daylight controls.
The results show that the illuminance level were slightly lower than the standard
recommended indoor illuminance for office environment (500lx). The new light fittings had
on average 640lx of illuminance level. The room parameters affecting daylighting
performance was recorded which includes window area, light transmittance, internal
reflectanceand total areaofinternal surfaces.Basedonthem, just below20% andabout30%
ofthe time the requiredindoorilluminance of500lxcan beprovidedbydaylight forthenorth
and south facing offices under and on off control. It was found that the energy savings in
electric lighting were 0.3kWh/m2 per week and 15.7 kWh/m2 per year for the perimeter
offices using the present daylighting scheme. The correlation between the daylight
illuminance penetrated into an office and the possible electric lighting energy savings was
evaluated. It was found that the percentage of energy savings in electric lighting could be up
to 50% forthe perimeter offices.Moreover, it is envisaged that the further electricity savings
can be realized because of the reduction of heat dissipation from the artificial lighting and
hence, lower cooling load. This indicates that daylighting designs can results in substantial
energy savings in Hong Kong if proper daylighting schemes are incorporated.
Based on this research, we may conclude that daylighting plays a key role in the
design of buildings and should not be considered lightly as it will affect the overall health of
the building in the long run and will eventually determine its sustainability in which it
becomes a key factor in the construction of building nowadays. Daylighting control is a must
to have in modern architecture especially for tall building with large facades exposed to
daylight. A huge amount of this energy should be controllably harvested to minimise cooling
loads. Moreover, efficient artificial lighting that produce less heat as a by-product should be
applied to achieve higher sustainability.

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Acoustic Measuring Equipment
Equipment Uses
(a) Lux Meter To measure illuminances in the café
at different intersections of grid
lines.
(b) Measuring Tape - To measure height of light
source and the distance between
table and light source.
- To find the intersections of grid
on site for data recording.
(c) Camera - To record lighting condition and
lighting appliances.
- To record materials of furniture
and building components used.
3.2 Methodology
Floor plan provided by the owner is adjusted to scale in AutoCad. A grid of 1.5 meter
by 1.5 meter is laid on the floor plan in order to plot readings for analysis. Several visitations
were organized for data collection at different period of the day such as day and night time.
3.3 Data Collection Method
a) Prepare gridlines of 3m x 3m on the floor plan.
b) Stand at every intersection of gridlines and hold the device at 1m and 1.5m from the
ground.
c) Record the possible sound source at each intersection point.
d) Repeat step a to c for another period of time (peak/non-peak).

3.4 Zoning
Figure 3.1: Plan with zonings.
Zone A is a seating area near to
the office and has staircase
accessible to second floor. It has a
total area of 65m2 and 8
intersections of gridlines.
Zone B is located directly in front
of the side entrance, consists of a
bar counter where pastry and
coffee are served. The zone
where one can chat with the
barista at work. It has a total area
of 75.4m2 and 8 intersections of
gridlines.
Zone C caters most number of
seats mainly used for dining and
usually the most crowed area
during peak hour. It has a total
area of 70.8m2 and consist of 8
intersections of gridlines.
Zone D is located directly in front
of the main entrance, consists a
number of seats and a bar table
before one approaches the bar
counter. It has a total area of
72.8m2 and consist of 8
intersections of gridlines too.

4.0 ANALYSIS
4.1 Zone A
Figure 4.1: Zone A floor plan.
Figure 4.2: Light contour diagram for Zone A (day).
The lux readings obtained are results of data collected during the day during the
afternoon to get optimum daylight in order to observe the influence of daylight within the
building. However, at the point of data collection, artificial lighting is also switched on. It is
observed that the top right area in Zone A is the darkest corner, whereas the bottom left
corner registers the highest lux reading and it is hence the brightest. This is because the
bottom left corner (Point A2) is exposed to natural daylight from the adjacent glass door
opening.

No. Materials Colour Reflectance (%) Surface
1. Clear epoxy floor finishing Dark Gray 15 Smooth
2. Concrete wall and ceiling Light Gray 80 Semi-
Smooth
3. Concrete blocks wall Gray 48 Rough

3. Paper drum table (Aluminium
top)
Silver 80 Smooth
7. Steel stool Black 10 Smooth
8. Laminated wood tables and chairs Light Brown 30 Semi-
Smooth

4.1.2.1 Observation
Readings during the day are higher than readings during the night in Zone A.
Average lux reading Day (1-2 pm) Night (6-8 pm)
1.0 m 149 lux 104.5 lux
1.5 m 134.5 lux 75.5 lux
Average lux value 141.75 lux (≈142 lux) 90 lux
Figure 4.3: Average lux reading of day and night times in Zone A.
4.1.2.2 Discussion
Zone A is the rear seating area of the cafe. It is bounded by solid walls made with dark
grey concrete block without any openings. However, the readings obtained during the day
are still higher than readings obtained during the night despite the lack of direct
permeability of natural light and low reflectance of the walls. This can be justified as Zone A
is located next to Zone B, which consists of two large double volume glass doors. The
adjacency of this large opening allows a deeper reach of natural light into Zone A during the
day.
Besides that, the higher lux value during the day can be justified by the high
reflectance of material used in the zone, particularly the usage of aluminum table tops with
luminaires mounted directly above them. The night time lux value is lower as daylight is no
longer a factor in the illumination of Zone A, and its brightness is completely dependent on
artificial illumination.
Figure 4.4: Zone A is located next to the side
entrance. Hence, natural light spills into the space.
Figure 4.5: The high reflectance of the aluminum table
tops reflects the light directly mounted above them,
contributing to overall brightness of the zone during
both day and night time.

Figure 4.6: Section showing daylight illustration.
Height/m Time Weather Luminance/lux Average/lux
1.0 m (sitting height) Day
(1- 2 pm)
Clear sky 69-229 149
1.5 m (standing height) 47-222 134.5
1.0 m Night
(6-8 pm)
Dark, night 59-150 104.5
1.5 m 45-106 75.5
Figure 4.7: Lux reading for day and night time in Zone A.
1.0 m 149 lux 104.5 lux
1.5 m 134.5 lux 75.5 lux
Figure 4.8: Average lux value for day and night time in Zone A.
Luminance level/lux) Luminance example
120000 Brightest sunlight
110000 Bright sunlight
20000 Shade illuminated by clear blue sky; midday
1000-2000 Typical overcast day; midday
400 Sunrise/sunset on a clear day (ambient)
< 200 Extreme or darkest storm clouds; midday
40 Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise
< 1 Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset/sunrise
Figure 4.9: Intensity according to MS 1525 standard.

Date and Time 12th September (1-2 pm), day
Average lux value reading (E internal) 142 lux
Daylight factor formula D =
𝐸 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙
𝐸 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙
× 100 %
Standard direct sunlight 20000 lux
Calculation D =
142
20000
× 100%
= 0.71 %
Figure 4.10: Calculations for daylight factor.
Zone Daylight Factor/% Distribution
Very bright >6 Very large with thermal and glare problems.
Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
Figure 4.11: Daylight Factor according to MS 1525 table.
Averaged day time lux reading collected in Zone A is 142 lux, whereas average night
time lux reading is only 90 lux.
Using the average day time lux value, light distribution is minimal and considered to
be dark as daylight factor falls in 0-1 % range. Zone A is not bounded by walls with window
openings, however, light does spill into the zone from the neighbouring window openings.

4.1.4 Artificial Lighting
Figure 4.12: Lux readings obtained from site for Zone A (night).
Figure 4.13: Light contour diagram for Zone A (night).

Figure 4.14: Source of artificial lighting in Zone A.
Figure 4.15: Section showing artificial light illustration.
The lux reading shown is taken during the 6-8 pm interval (night). Artificial lighting
is switched onduringthe processofdata collection andhas hencebeenmapped into the light
contour diagram without the presence of daylight. The reading range is 45-106 lux, and are
evidently lowermuch lower than day time. ZoneA is quite reliant onartificial lighting during
the night. The position oflighting fixtures (FigureX) coincideswith the light contourdiagram,
showing the intensity of lux readings gradually getting higher towards the light source.

Indication Light Fixture Specification Units
Product Brand Philips LED Bulb 9
Luminous Flux 806
Colour
Temperature
2700K
Colour Rendering
Index
80
Beam Angle 150
Power 8.5W
Placement Ceiling and wall lamp
Product Brand Antique PLT Edison
Bulb
6
Luminous Flux 350
Colour
Temperature
3000K
Colour Rendering
Index
30
Beam Angle 35
Power 60W
Placement Ceiling
Figure 4.16: Light fixtures.

4.1.5 Lumen Method
Space dimensions,
L × W (m)
11.6 m × 5.6 m
Total floor area
(m2)
65 m2
Types of lighting
fixture
Philips LED Bulb Antique PLT Edison
BulbWall light Ceiling mounted
Quantity (N) 2 7 6
Lumen of lighting
fixture, F (lm)
806 806 350
Height of lighting
(m)
1.61 1.9 2.25
Height of working
plane (m)
0.74 0.9 0.9
Mounting height,
Hm (m)
0.87 1 1.35
Reflection factors
(%)
Ceiling: grey concrete
(0.80)
Wall: grey concrete
block (0.80)
Floor: epoxy finishing
(0.15)
Tables: laminated
wood (0.30)
(0.80)
Wall: dark grey
concrete block (0.80)
(0.15)
Tables: grey
aluminium (0.80)
(0.80)
Wall: dark grey
(0.15)
Tables: laminated
wood (0.30)
Room index, K
RI =
𝐿 × 𝑊
𝐻𝑚 ×(𝐿+𝑊)
11.6 × 5.6
0.87 × (11.6 + 5.6)
= 65/14.96
= 4.34
11.6 × 5.6
1 × (11.6 + 5.6)
= 65/17.2
= 3.78
11.6 × 5.6
1.35 × (11.6 + 5.6)
= 65/23.22
= 2.8
Utilization factor,
UF
(refer to table)
0.77 0.66 0.73
Maintenance
factor, MF
0.8 0.8 0.8
Standard
illuminance (lux)
200
Illuminance level
required, Elux =
𝑁 × 𝐹 × 𝑈𝐹 × 𝑀𝐹
𝐴
2 × 806 × 0.77 × 0.8
65
= 15.28
7 × 806 × 0.66 × 0.8
65
= 45.83
6 × 350 × 0.73 × 0.8
65
= 18.86

Hence, the illuminance level required is 120 lux in order to reach the standard
required illuminance of 200 lux as per MS 1525 requirements. To calculate how much more
number of lighting fixtures is required:
Number of
lighting fixtures,
N =
𝐸 × 𝐴
𝐹 × 𝑈𝐹 × 𝑀𝐹
Philips LED Bulb Antique PLT Edison
BulbWall light Ceiling mounted
200 × 65
806 × 0.77 × 0.8
= 26.18 (≈26)
200 × 65
806 × 0.66 × 0.8
= 30.54 (≈31)
200 × 65
350 × 0.73 × 0.8
= 63.6 (≈64)
Hence, 26 Philips LED wall lights, or 31 ceiling mounted Philips LED lights, or 67
Antique PLT Edison bulbs are required to achieve the standard illumination requirement of
200 lux.

4.2 Zone B
Figure 4.17: Zone B floor plan.
Figure 4.18: Light contour diagram of Zone B (day).
Luxreadingsbetween pointsA3-A4 aresignificantly higheras thereis a pairofdouble
volume glass doors which serves as the side entrance of the building. During the day, this
huge glass opening allows a large influx of daylight, highly illuminating the left edge of Zone
B. Thus, it can be mentioned that natural daylight is the main source of light in Zone B during
day time. However, the interior is still dependent on artificial lighting to provide ample
illumination, especially surrounding the bar area.

No. Materials Colour Reflectance
(%)
Surface
2. Concrete wall and ceiling Light Gray 80 Semi-Smooth

4. Glass Transparen
t
0 Smooth
5. Kitchen stainless steel table top Silver 80 Smooth
6. Paper drum table (Aluminium top) Silver 80 Smooth

8. Laminated wood tables and chairs Light Brown 30 Semi-Smooth

4.2.2.1 Observation
Readings collected at zone B during daytime and night time are higher than zone A.
1.0 m 598.5 lux 126.5 lux
1.5 m 872 lux 124.5 lux
Figure 4.19: Average lux value for day and night time in Zone B.
4.2.2.2 Discussion
Zone B is the bar counter area which is located right beside the entrance which has a
full length glass door,it invites naturallighting in which lit upthe entire zoneduringdaytime.
While during night time, zoneB hasmore artificial lighting gatheredat the counterbarwhich
then explains it has a higher reading as well.
Besides, the higher lux value during day time can be due to the high reflectance of the
furniture material in the zone, the stainless steel table top with lighting mounted above. The
night time lux value is lower as there is not daylight at night and the entire zone is fully lit up
by artificial lighting.
Figure 4.20: The artificial lighting at the bar
counter with the high reflectance value of
furniture material.
Figure 4.21: Zone B located adjacent to the
entrance which allows natural lighting in during
day time.

Figure 4.22: Sections showing daylight illustration.
(1- 2 pm)
Clear sky 100-1097 598.5
1.5 m (standing height) 120-1624 872
1.0 m Night
(6-8 pm)
Dark, night 75-178 126.5
1.5 m 53-196 124.5
Figure 4.23: Lux reading for day and night time in Zone B.
1.0 m 598.5 lux 126.5 lux
1.5 m 872 lux 124.5 lux
Figure 4.24: Average lux value for day and night time in Zone B.

× 100 %
Calculation D =
736
20000
× 100%
= 3.68 %
Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
Average day time lux reading collected in Zone B is 736 lux, whereas average night
Light distribution at zone B is relatively high. The calculation shown is 3.68% which
range bright according to the table provided in MS1525. This is due to the reason of the full
length glass door which allows ample daylight in lighting up the space.

Figure 4.28: Lux readings for Zone B during the night.
Figure 4.29: Light contour mapping for Zone B (night).

Figure 4.30: Sources of artificial lighting in Zone B.
Again, artificial lighting is switched on as the lux data is collected. Lux readings are
particularly high around light sources surrounding the bar and illuminating the walkway
besidethe kitchen. Certain artificial light sourceprovidesahigher intensity (classic LED Spot
MV bulb), as witnessed in the light contour diagram (three high lux value spots forming a
triangle in Figure X). Since readings are taken during the night, the brightness intensity
aroundthe entranceis very low without natural daylight, and arereliant on artificial lighting
to provide illumination.
Figure 4.31: Sections showing artificial light illustration.

Luminous Flux 806
Colour
Temperature
2700K
Colour Rendering
Index
80
Beam Angle 150
Power 8.5W
Bulb
11
Luminous Flux 350
Colour
Temperature
3000K
Colour Rendering
Index
30
Beam Angle 35
Power 60W
Placement Ceiling
Product Brand LED STAR PAR 16 8
Luminous Flux 350
Colour
Temperature
2700k
Colour Rendering
Index
80
Beam Angle 36
Power 4.3W
Placement Bar Counter
Product Brand Classic LEDspotMV 3
Luminous Flux 390
Colour
Temperature
2700K
Colour Rendering
Index
80
Beam Angle 36
Power 5.3W
Placement Bar Counter

4.2.5 Lumen Method
Space
dimensions,
L × W (m)
11.6 m × 6.5 m
Total floor area
(m2)
75.4 m2
Types of
lighting fixture
Philips LED Bulb
(Ceiling light)
Antique PLT
Edison Bulb
Classic
LEDSPOT MV
LED STAR PAR
16
Quantity (N) 6 11 3 8
Lumen of
lighting fixture,
F (lm)
806 350 350 390
Height of
lighting (m)
3.2 1.35 3.2 3.2
Height of
working plane
(m)
- 0.35 0.8 0.8
Mounting
height, Hm (m)
3.2 1 2.4 2.4
Reflection
factors (%)
Ceiling: grey
concrete (0.80)
Wall: grey
concrete block
(0.80)
Floor: epoxy
finishing (0.15)
Ceiling: grey
concrete (0.80)
Wall: dark grey
concrete block
(0.80)
Floor: epoxy
finishing (0.15)
Tables: laminated
wood (0.30)
Ceiling: grey
concrete (0.80)
Wall: dark grey
concrete block
(0.80)
Floor: epoxy
finishing (0.15)
Tables: grey
aluminum
(0.80)
Ceiling: grey
concrete (0.80)
Wall: dark grey
concrete block
(0.80)
Floor: epoxy
finishing (0.15)
Tables: grey
aluminum (0.80)
Room index, K
RI =
𝐿 × 𝑊
11.6 × 6.5
3.2 × (11.6 + 6.5)
= 75.4/57.92
= 1.3
11.6 × 6.5
1 × (11.6 + 6.5)
= 75.4/18.1
= 4.17
11.6 × 6.5
2.4 × (11.6 + 6.5)
= 75.4/23.22
= 1.74
11.6 × 6.5
2.4 × (11.6 + 6.5)
= 75.4/23.22
= 1.74
Utilization
factor, UF
(refer to table)
0.52 0.77 0.6 0.6
Maintenance
factor, MF
0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
Standard
illuminance
(lux)
200

Illuminance
level required,
Elux =
𝐴
6 × 806 × 0.52 × 0.8
75.4
= 26.68
11 × 350 × 0.77 × 0.8
75.4
= 31.45
3 × 350 × 0.6 × 0.8
75.4
= 6.68
8 × 350 × 0.6 × 0.8
75.4
= 17.82
Total = 82.63 (≈83)
Number of
lighting
fixtures, N =
𝐸 × 𝐴
Philips LED Bulb Antique PLT
Edison Bulb
Classic
LEDSPOT MV
LED STAR PAR
16
200 × 75.4
806 × 0.52 × 0.8
= 44.98 (≈45)
200 × 75.4
350 × 0.77 × 0.8
= 69.94 (≈70)
200 × 75.4
350 × 0.6 × 0.8
= 89.76 (≈90)
200 × 75.4
350 × 0.6 × 0.8
= 89.76 (≈90)
Hence, 45 Philips LED ceiling mounted Philips LED lights, or 70 Antique PLT Edison
bulbs, or 90 Classic LEDSPOT MV, or 90 LED STAR PAR are required to achieve the standard
illumination requirement of 200 lux.

4.3 Zone C
`
Figure 4.32: Zone C Floor Plan Figure 4.33: Light contour diagram for Zone C (day).
No. Materials Colour Reflectance (%) Surface

2. Concrete wall and ceiling Light Gray 80 Semi-
Smooth
6. Paper drum table (Aluminium top) Silver 80 Smooth

8. Laminated wood tables and chairs Light
Brown
30 Semi-
Smooth
9. Leather cushion Black 10 Smooth
Figure 4.35: Lighting fixtures.

4.3.2.1 Observation
Reading collected at zone C during daytime and night time has a wide range change of
reading.
1.0 m 295 lux 99.5 lux
1.5 m 336 lux 121.5 lux
Average lux value 315.5 lux (≈316 lux) 65.5 lux (≈66 lux)
Figure 4.36: Average lux value for day and night time in Zone C.
4.3.2.2 Discussion
During daytime, the area nearer to the entrance is brighter as it has slight natural
lighting coming in. However, further deep to the corner the reading is lower as it is remote
away from the entrance and there are no openings but only artificial lighting. During night
time, no natural lighting and thus it is darker and even darker at the corner.
Besides, the reflectancevalue of the furniturematerial also contributes to the reading
of lux value, particularly the light colour of the table top and wall.
Figure 4.37: The opening near the zone allow
slight and limited day light to the zone
contributing to a higher value of lux value during
day time.
Figure 4.38: The zone depends fully on artificial
lighting during night time and darker compared
to day time.

Figure 4.39: Section showing daylight illustration.
1.0 m (sitting
height)
Day
(1- 2
pm)
Clear sky 67-523 295
1.5 m (standing
height)
65-607 336
1.0 m Night
(6-8
pm)
Dark,
night
38-161 99.5
1.5 m 38-205 121.5
Figure 4.40: Lux reading for day and night time in Zone C.
1.0 m 295 lux 99.5 lux
1.5 m 336 lux 121.5 lux
Average lux value 315.5 lux (≈316 lux) 65.5 lux (≈66 lux)
Figure 4.41: Average lux value for day and night time in Zone D.
× 100 %
Calculation D =
316
20000
× 100%
= 1.58 %

Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
Average day time lux reading collected in Zone C is 316 lux, whereas average night
The daylight calculation shown in Zone C is 1.58% which is considered averagely
spread as it is ranged 1-3% according to the table provided in MS1525. This is due to the
slight daylight which is allowed in through the entrance at the adjacent area.
Figure 4.45: Lux reading for Zone C (night).

Figure 4.46: Light contour diagram for Zone C (night). Figure 4.47: Sources of artificial lighting in Zone C.
Figure 4.48: Section showing artificial lighting.
The curved corner of the zone (A8) has the lowest lux reading even during night time
(38 lux for both 1 and 1.5 m). Zone C is the main dining area, an open space not bounded by
any partitions or walls. As highlighted in Figure X, artificial light sources are arranged in a
consistent manner, mounted above dining tables, hence the lux readings obtained are fairly
consistent.

Luminous Flux 806
Colour
Temperature
2700K
Colour Rendering
Index
80
Beam Angle 150
Power 8.5W

4.3.5 Lumen Method
Space dimensions,
L × W (m)
(6 × 8.8) + (6 × 3)
Total floor area
(m2)
70.8
Types of lighting
fixture
Philips LED Bulb
Wall Light Ceiling Mounted Light
Quantity (N) 3 16
Lumen of lighting
fixture, F (lm)
806 806
Height of lighting
(m)
1.94 3.2
Height of working
plane (m)
0.74 0.74
Mounting height,
Hm (m)
1.2 2.46
Reflection factors
(%)
Ceiling: grey concrete (0.80)
Wall: dark grey concrete block (0.50)
Floor: epoxy finishing (0.15)
Tables: laminated wood (0.30)
Room index, K
RI =
𝐿 × 𝑊
6 × 8.8
1.2 × (6 + 8.8)
= 2.97
6 × 3
1.2 × (6 + 3)
= 1.67
Average
= (2.97 + 1.67)/2
= 2.32 (≈2.3)
6 × 8.8
2.46 × (6 + 8.8)
= 1.45
6 × 3
2.46 × (6 + 3)
= 0.81
Average
= (1.45 + 0.81)/2
= 1.13 (≈1.1)
Utilization factor,
UF
(according to
table)
0.71 0.51
Maintenance
factor, MF
0.8 0.8
Standard
illuminance
required (lux)
200

Illuminance level
required, Elux =
𝐴
3 × 806 × 0.71 × 0.8
70.8
= 19.4
16 × 806 × 0.51 × 0.8
70.8
= 74.32
Total = 93.72 (≈94)
Number of lighting
fixtures, N=
𝐸 × 𝐴
Philips LED Bulb
Wall Light Wall Light
200 × 70.8
806 × 0.71 × 0.8
= 30.93 (≈31)
200 × 70.8
806 × 0.51 × 0.8
= 43.06 (≈44)
Hence, 31Philips LEDwall lights, or44Philips LEDceiling mounted light are required
to achieve the standard illumination requirement of 200 lux.

4.4 Zone D
Figure 4.50: Zone D floor plan.
Figure 4.51: Light contour diagram
for Zone D (day).

The lower end of Zone D is highly exposed to daylight as it is the main entrance of the
building. Similar to ZoneB, the doublevolume glassdoorsallow a largeinflux of daylight into
the area. The lux readings gradually decrease deeper into the zone, but rise again from the
illumination ofartificial lighting at the bartable andthe walkway. Daylight is the main source
of illumination during the day in Zone D, however, artificial lighting is still depended to
provide illumination in deeper areas. The staircase on the far right is extremely dark as it is
bounded by walls and completely unexposed to daylight.
No. Materials Colour Reflectance
(%)
Surface
2. Concrete wall and ceiling Light Gray 80 Semi-Smooth

4. Glass Transparent 0 Smooth
6. Paper drum table (Aluminum top) Silver 80 Smooth

4.4.2.1 Observation
Readings taken during the day are double or more the readings taken during the night in
Zone D.
1.0 m 193 lux 58 lux
1.5 m 219.5 lux 57 lux
Average lux value 206.25 (≈206 lux) 57.5 lux
Figure 4.52: Average lux readings of day and night time in Zone D.
4.4.2.2 Discussion
Zone D is the space adjacent to the main entrance of the café. There is a drastic
difference between the day and night time readings in Zone D. This is due to the fact that one
of the boundaries is in fact the entrance of the building, which are pivoting glass doors,
allowing permeability of natural light into the building. The large glass openings have a
height of almost 2 stories, providing natural illumination into the double volume space in
Zone D. The large glass entrance does play an important role in allowing the influx of natural
light deep into the building, as there is an observable difference between day and night time
brightness (Figure X). In a way, the lux reading in Zone D is highly reliant on the presence of
daylight.
Figure 4.53: The main entrance of Bean Brothers – two large glass pivoting doors.

(1- 2 pm)
Clear sky 51-388 219.5
1.5 m (standing height) 63-323 193
1.0 m Night
(6-8 pm)
Dark,
evening sky
18-98 58
1.5 m 20-94 57
Figure 4.56: Lux reading in Zone D for both day and night times.
1.0 m 193 lux 58 lux
1.5 m 219.5 lux 57 lux
Average lux value 206.25 (≈206 lux) 57.5 lux
Figure 4.57: Average lux value for both day and night in Zone D.
Luminance level/lux Luminance example
Figure 4.54: Zone D is very bright during the day. Figure 4.55: Zone D is extremely dark and seems
to lack in artificial illumination.

Date and Time 12th September (1-2pm), day
× 100 %
Calculation D =
206
20000
× 100%
= 1.03 %
Zone Daylight Factor /% Distribution
Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
Figure 4.60: Daylight factor according to MS 1525 table.
There is a distinct difference in average lux readings for day and night time in Zone D.
Averageluxreadingduring theday amountedto 206lux, whereasaverageluxreadingduring
the night is only 57.5 lux, indicating that the window opening at the front plays an important
role in permitting the entry of natural light.
The daylight factor value for Zone D is 1.03 %, which is considered averagely spread
as it falls in the 1-3 % range according to the MS 1525 standard. This is due to the opening
at the entrance which allows a large influx of light into the building. The balcony above the
entrance has been removed, hence there is no sun-shading element to prevent natural light
from reaching deep into the building.

Figure 4.61: Lux reading for Zone D (night).

Figure 4.62: Light contour mapping for Zone D (night) Figure 4.63: Sources of artificial light in Zone D.
Zone D is very daylight-dependent, relying on the natural daylight as one of the main
sources of illumination. Hence, this is the reason why the lower end of the zone experiences
a contrasting colourchangefrom yellow to blue (extremely high luminance to extremely low
luminance) from day to night. Without daylight during night time, Zone D is heavily reliant
on artificial illumination, albeit not achieving the standard light requirements. Artificial
illumination is not provided amply at the dining areas; however, the walkway and bar area
is fairly illuminated. The staircase on the far-right hand corner is severely lacking in
illuminance, and this might be a potential hazard to café patrons wishing to access the upper
levels.

Luminous Flux 806
Colour
Temperature
2700K
Colour Rendering
Index
80
Beam Angle 150
Power 8.5W
Bulb
12
Luminous Flux 350
Colour
Temperature
3000K
Colour Rendering
Index
30
Beam Angle 35
Power 60W
Placement Ceiling

4.3.5 Lumen Method
Space dimensions,
L × W (m)
(5.6 × 4.5) + (7 × 6.8)
Total floor area
(m2)
72.8
Types of lighting
fixture
Philips LED Bulb (8W) Antique PLT Edison Bulb
Type Mounted over table Mounted over bar
Quantity (N) 5 5 6
Lumen of lighting
fixture, F (lm)
806 350 350
Height of lighting
(m)
2.95 1.94 2.25
Height of working
plane (m)
- (from ground) 0.74 0.9
Mounting height,
Hm (m)
2.95 1.2 1.35
Reflection factors
(%)
(0.80)
Wall: dark grey
(0.15)
Ceiling: grey concrete (0.80)
Wall: dark grey concrete block (0.50)
Floor: epoxy finishing (0.15)
Tables: laminated wood (0.30)
Room index, K
RI =
𝐿 × 𝑊
5.6 × 4.5
2.95 × (5.6 + 4.5)
= 0.85
7 × 6.8
2.95 × (7 + 6.8)
= 1.2
Average
= (0.85 + 1.2)/2
= 1.02 (≈1)
5.6 × 4.5
1.2 × (5.6 + 4.5)
= 2.08
7 × 6.8
1.2 × (7 + 6.8)
= 2.87
Average
= (2.08 + 2.87)/2
= 2.48 (≈2.5)
5.6 × 4.5
1.35 × (5.6 + 4.5)
= 1.85
7 × 6.8
1.35 × (7 + 6.8)
= 2.555
Average
= (1.85 + 2.555)/2
= 2.20 (≈2)
Utilization factor,
UF
(according to
table)
0.47 0.71 0.67
Maintenance
factor, MF
0.8 0.8 0.8

Standard
illuminance
required (lux)
200 200
Illuminance level
required, Elux =
𝐴
5 × 806 × 0.47 × 0.8
72.8
= 20. 8142
Total = 20.8142 +
13.654 + 15.462
= 49.93 (≈50)
5 × 350 × 0.71 × 0.8
72.8
= 13.654
6 × 350 × 0.67 × 0.8
72.8
= 15.462
Number of
lighting
fixtures, N=
𝐸 × 𝐴
Philips LED Bulb Antique PLT Edison Bulb
Mounted over table Mounted over bar
200 × 72.8
806 × 0.47 × 0.8
= 48.04 (≈48)
200 × 72.8
350 × 0.71 × 0.8
= 73.24 (≈73)
200 × 72.8
350 × 0.67 × 0.8
= 77.61 (≈78)
Hence, 48Philips LEDwall lights, or73Antique PLT Edison Bulbmountedovertables,
or 78 Antique PLT Edison bulbs mounted over the bar are required to achieve the standard
illumination requirement of 200 lux.

5.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, based on the daylight factor calculation, the natural lighting in Bean
Brothers ranges from average to good. The strategic location of Bean Brothers has an
important contribution with regards to natural lighting, as it is located at a corner of a block,
allowing natural light to spill into the premise via two strategic double volume glass
openings (side and main entrance). During day time, with the aid of artificial lighting, the
space appears to be relatively bright and amply illuminated. This is also partially due to the
reflectance of the materials chosen, for example, the table tops of the aluminum barrels
contribute high but non-glaring reflectance which further helps illuminate the space.
However,during night time, thespace is significantly dimmer without the primaryassistance
of natural daylight.
Overall, theselection oflight bulbs andtypologies createsa comfortableandromantic
ambience and atmosphere; however, the illumination provided contributes to a dimmer
environment. Hence, to conclude based on thorough calculation and evaluation, Bean
Brothers requires more and artificial lighting with better lighting properties to illuminate
the space especially during night time, as it does not fulfill the standard requirement of MS
1525.

6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Malaysian Flavor. (2015). Bean Brothers Malaysia @ Sunway Damansara. Retrieved from
http://www.malaysianflavours.com/2015/09/bean-brothers-malaysia-sunway-
damansara-pj.html
2. Li, D. H., & Lam, J. C. (2001). Evaluation of lighting performance in office buildings with
daylighting controls. Energy and Buildings, 33(8), 793-803. doi:10.1016/s0378-
7788(01)00067-6

Building Science II: Lighting Report

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