Building Science 2 Project 2 Calculation and Solution
- 1. Building Science 2 (BLD 61303 / ARC 3413) Project 2: Integration Project NAME: WONG TENG CHUN ID: 0318538 TUTOR: MR SIVARAMAN KUPPUSAMY
- 2. DAYLIGHTING Accordingto MS1525, DaylightFactordistributionisasbelow. Daylight Factor (%) Distribution > 6 Very bright with thermal and glare problem 3 - 6 Bright 1 - 3 Average 0 - 1 Dark The table shownbelowdescribe the nearestexampletothe ideaof illuminance range. Illuminance Example 120,000 lux Brightestsunlight 110,000 lux Brightsunlight 20,000 lux Shade illuminatedbyentireclearblue sky,midday 1,000 – 2,000 lux Typical overcastday,midday 400 lux Sunrise orsunsetona clearday (ambientillumination <200 lux Extreme of darkeststormclouds,midday 40 lux Fullyovercast,sunset/sunrise <1 lux Extreme of darkeststormclouds,sunset/sunrise CHILDREN ACTIVITYAREA Childrenactivityareaislocatedatfirstfloorlevel.Thisspacesrequiresenoughilluminance aschildrenare sensitiveto brightness.Thereisavoidspacesrightnextto it andis exposedtodirectsunlightpenetration.
- 3. FloorArea(m2 ) 43.4 Areaof façade exposedtosunlight(m2 )before adjustment 4.2 x 2 = 8.4 Areaof façade exposedtosunlight(m2 )after adjustment 7 x 2 = 14 RequiredIlluminance,Lux fromDaylightFactor (3% - 6%) 3% of daylightfactor 3% = 𝐸𝑖 20000 𝑥 100% Ei = 600 Lux Illuminance fromthe space beforeopening adjustment,Lux 8.4 43.4 𝑥 100% = 19.35% 19.35% x 0.1 = 1.935% 1.935% = 𝐸𝑖 20000 𝑥 100 Ei = 387 Lux Illuminance fromthe space afteropening adjustment,Lux 14 43.4 𝑥 100% = 32.25% 32.25% x 0.1 = 3.225% 3.225% = 𝐸𝑖 20000 𝑥 100 Ei = 645 Lux The diagram above showsthe contourrenderingthatdescribe the amountof daylightingpenetrate intothe space (childrenactivityarea).The blue zone appearatthe most rightside as there isnodaylightingthatis able to penetrate wayintothatarea.Because the windowsare large enough,daylightisable tolighten up the whole spaces. The initial designof the openingdoesn’thave enoughilluminance requirementfromMS 1525 whichis3%- 6%, whichthe lowest3%is600 Lux.Therefore,the openingare adjustedbiggertoachieve the optimum illuminance (645Lux achieved) forthe space.
- 4. INFORMALREADING AREA Thisspace islocatedat secondlevel.Itisadouble volume space thathasopeningfromthe nextfloor(third floor) asdesignfeatures. Extrasunlightpenetrationare enterthroughthe openingatthirdfloorlevel into the informal readingarea. FloorArea(m2 ) 86.5 Areaof façade exposedtosunlight(m2 ) (9.85 x 2.5) + (13.5 x 2.5) = 58.375 RequiredIlluminance,Lux fromDaylight Factor (3% - 6%) 3% of daylightfactor 3% = 𝐸𝑖 20000 𝑥 100% Ei = 600 Lux 6% of daylightfactor 6% = 𝐸𝑖 20000 𝑥 100% Ei = 1200 Lux Illuminance fromthe space ,Lux 58.375 86.5 𝑥 100% = 65.6% 65.6% x 0.1 = 6.56% 6.56% = 𝐸𝑖 20000 𝑥 100 Ei = 1312 Lux
- 5. The diagram above shows contourrenderingthatdescribe the daylightingpenetrationintothe space (informal readingarea).Itdescribethatthere isexcessive amountof light;whichisinbrightcolour,enterthe space and causesglare to the occupant. MS 1525 recommendthatthe space to bestto have 3% - 6% of daylightingwhichisranged600 Lux to 1200 Lux. The currentspace illuminate out of 1312 Lux whichis more that 6% and can cause glare to the occupantsin that space.To solve thisissue,adjustable louveredfaçade isusedtocontrol the light penetration tothe optimumneeds.Thisadjustable louveredfaçade hasthe abilitytocontrol the illuminance of the space basedon the outdoorweathercondition. Louveredfacade
- 6. ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ADMINISTRATIVEOFFICE Administrative office islocatedatthe backfirstfloorlevel.There ispresence of daylightingbutisinsufficient. Therefore,artificial lightingisvital forthisspace. Function Material Colour Surface Type Reflectance Value Ceiling Concrete finish Grey Absorptive 0.3 Wall Concrete with paintfinishing White Reflective 0.33 Window Glass Transparent Reflective 0.06 Type of luminaire usedasshowedbelow: Type of fixture Mount fixing Type of lightbulb Fluorescenttube Wattage Range (W) 150 W ColourrenderingIndex(CRI) 82 ColourTemperature (K) 4100 K ColourDesignation Cool White Lumens 2650 lm
- 7. Location Administrative office atfirstfloorlevel Dimensionof room(m) Length(L) = 9.8m Width(W) = 7.5m Height(H) = 3.5m Total FloorArea,A (m²) 73.5 m² Type of LightingFixture Ceilingmounted Heightof luminaries(m) 3.5 Heightof work level (m) 0.8 Mountingheight(m) 2.7 Reflectionfactors Ceiling:0.7 Wall:0.5 RoomIndex,RI(K) 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐿 𝑥 𝑊 ( 𝐿 + 𝑊) 𝑥 𝐻 𝑅𝐼 = 9.8 𝑥 7.5 (9.8 + 7.5) 𝑥 2.7 = 1.57 Utilizationfactor,UF 0.39 Maintenance factor,MF 0.8 Numberof lightrequired 𝑁 = 𝐸 𝑥 𝐴 ( 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹) MS1525 recommended administrativeoffice tohave illuminationlevel –400 Lux 𝑁 = 𝐸 𝑥 𝐴 ( 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹) = 400 𝑥 73.5 (2650 𝑥 0.39 𝑥 0.8) = 36 lamps The diagram above showsthe lightinglayout.Itwasdistributed7x 5 so that the space have an evenly distributedartificiallightingthroughoutthe space.
- 8. MEETING ROOM Meetingroomislocatedat secondfloorlevel.Althoughnatural lightcanbe acquiredbutit isinsufficient. Hence,artificial lightingisvital forthe space.AccordingtoMS 1525, the minimumilluminance requiredfor meetingroomis400 Lux. Function Material Colour Surface Type Reflectance Value Ceiling Concrete finish Grey Absorptive 0.3 Wall Concrete with paintfinishing White Reflective 0.33 Window Glass Transparent Reflective 0.06 Type of luminaire usedasshowedbelow: Type of fixture Mount fixing Type of lightbulb Fluorescenttube Wattage Range (W) 150 W ColourrenderingIndex(CRI) 82 ColourTemperature (K) 4100 K ColourDesignation Cool White Lumens 2650 lm
- 9. Lumenmethodandcalculationformeetingroom(from1.5mheight) Location Meetingroomat secondfloorlevel Dimension of room(m) Length(L) = 3.8m Width(W) = 4.05m Height(H) = 3.5m Total FloorArea,A (m²) 14.5 m² Type of LightingFixture Ceilingmounted Heightof luminaries(m) 3.5 Heightof work level (m) 0.8 Mountingheight(m) 2.7 Reflectionfactors Ceiling:0.7 Wall:0.5 RoomIndex,RI(K) 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐿 𝑥 𝑊 ( 𝐿 + 𝑊) 𝑥 𝐻 𝑅𝐼 = 3.8 𝑥 4.05 (3.8 + 4.05) 𝑥 2.7 = 0.73 Utilization factor,UF 0.48 Maintenance factor,MF Numberof lightrequired 𝑁 = 𝐸 𝑥 𝐴 ( 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹) MS1525 recommendedmeeting room to have illuminationlevel – 400 Lux 𝑁 = 𝐸 𝑥 𝐴 ( 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹) = 400 𝑥 14.5 ( 2650 𝑥 0.48 𝑥 0.8) = 6 lamps
- 10. PERMANENT SUPPPLEMENTRAY ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING OF INTERIORS (PSALI) CHILDREN ACTIVITYAREA Daylightfactorcalculation are calculated,pleaserefertodaylightingsection.The space hasachievedthe optimumdaylightfactorforits functionspace,645 Lux.However,thatisto be assumedthatit has a clearsky presentatthat time.Therefore,artificiallightingtake place here aswell toensure thatthe space has constantlyachievingthe optimumdaylighting. Calculationforartificial lightingshownasbelow. Type of luminaire usedasshowedbelow: Type of fixture Mount fixing Type of lightbulb Fluorescenttube Wattage Range (W) 150 W ColourrenderingIndex(CRI) 82 ColourTemperature (K) 4100 K ColourDesignation Cool White Lumens 2650 lm Location Childrenactivityarea Dimensionof room(m) Length(L) = 5.925m Width(W) = 7.5m Height(H) = 3.5m Total FloorArea,A (m²) 43.5 m² Type of LightingFixture Ceilingmounted Heightof luminaries (m) 3.5 Heightof work level (m) 0.8 Mountingheight(m) 2.7 Reflectionfactors Ceiling:0.7 Wall:0.5 RoomIndex,RI(K) 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐿 𝑥 𝑊 ( 𝐿 + 𝑊) 𝑥 𝐻 𝑅𝐼 = 5.925 𝑥 7.5 (5.925 + 7.5) 𝑥 2.7 = 1.23 Utilizationfactor,UF 0.56 Maintenance factor, MF 0.8
- 11. Numberof lightrequired 𝑁 = 𝐸 𝑥 𝐴 ( 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹) MS1525 recommended children activityareato have illuminationlevel atminimum– 300 Lux 𝑁 = 𝐸 𝑥 𝐴 ( 𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹) = 300 𝑥 43.5 (2650 𝑥 0.56 𝑥 0.8) = 11 lamps The diagram above showthe layoutforthe artificial lightingplacement.Thisistoshow there are evenly distributedlightingthroughoutthe space. Asthisspace,childrenactivityarea,isanessential spaceof alibrary,itshouldtobe keephavingitonoptimum brightnessall the time. One waytomake the lightingsystemmore effective istoinstall daylightsensortothe space.This sensordetect the lightintensityof the space and take action of turningonthe lightwhenthere is not enoughdaylightpenetration.The diagramabove showsanexample of daylightsensorthatcan be install inside the building.
- 12. ADMINISTRATIVEOFFICE Daylightfactorcalculation FloorArea(m2 ) 70.5 Areaof façade exposedtosunlight(m2 ) 6.875 x 2.5 = 13.75 Illuminance fromthe space ,Lux 13.75 70.5 𝑥 100% = 19.5% 19.5% x 0.1 = 1.95% 1.95% = 𝐸𝑖 20000 𝑥 100 Ei = 390 Lux MS 1525 recommendthatanoffice shouldhave aminimumilluminationlevel of 300 – 400 Lux andthe space had achievedit.Howeveritonlytobe assumedthatitis on a clearday on daytime.Therefore,artificial lightingispresenttocompensate the lossof daylightingwhenoncloudyordarkday. The diagram above showsthe arrangementof artificial lighting.The calculationplease refertoartificial lightingsection.However,notall the time peopleare presentinadministrative office.So,sometimesitis unnecessarytohave sensortodetectjustonlythe intensityof the illuminationof the room.To make itmore effective,motionsensorisinstalled.Motionsensorsenseshumanactivityandswitchonlightsensor. The motionsensoronGrid A toGrid D onlyconnectedtodaylight sensoraslightatGrid E to Grid G need constantartificial lighting.
- 13. REVERBERATION TIME ADMINISTRATIVEOFFICE Accordingto MS 1525, the ideal reverberationtime foranoffice isbetween 0.8– 1.2s. Component Material Surface area/m², S Absorption coefficient(500 Hz),a Sound Absorption (500Hz) , Sa Absorption coefficient (2000 Hz),a Sound Absorption (2000Hz), Sa Wall Concrete wall with plaster finish 65.1 0.02 1.302 0.03 1.953 Floor Carpeton concrete 71.6 0.3 21.48 0.5 35.8 Ceiling Concrete 71.6 0.02 1.432 0.03 2.148 Window Glass 24.5 0.04 0.98 0.03 0.735 Furniture Fabric Cushion 2.1 0.28 0.588 0.28 0.588 Table 11.04 0.22 2.4288 0.38 4.1952 Bookshelves 4.5 0.22 0.99 0.38 1.71 People 8 people 0.46 3.68 0.51 4.08 Total Absorption(A) 32.88 51.23 500 Hz, 𝑅𝑇 = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉 𝐴 = 0.16 𝑥 250.6 32.88 = 1.2 s 2000 Hz, 𝑅𝑇 = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉 𝐴 = 0.16 𝑥 250.6 51.23 = 0.78 s Basedon the standardrequirementforreverberationtime foranoffice,the specificationin thatspecific room hasachieve the requirement.
- 14. MEETING ROOM Accordingto MS 1525, the ideal reverberationtime formeetingroomisbetween0.8 – 1.2s. Component Material Surface area/m² (A) Absorption coefficient(500 Hz),a Sound Absorption (500Hz) , Sa Absorption coefficient (2000 Hz),a Sound Absorption (2000Hz), Sa Wall Concrete wall with plaster finish 41 0.02 0.82 0.03 1.23 Floor Timber 14.3 0.1 0.0 Ceiling Concrete 14.3 0.02 0.286 0.03 0.43 Window Glass 7.02 0.04 0.28 0.03 0.21 Furniture Table 3.66 0.22 0.81 0.38 1.39 Chair 1.2 0.33 0.396 0.37 0.444 People 6 people 0.46 2.76 0.51 3.06 Total Absorption(A) 6.78 8.04 500 Hz, 𝑅𝑇 = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉 𝐴 = 0.16 𝑥 50.05 6.78 = 1.18 s 2000 Hz, 𝑅𝑇 = 0.16 𝑥 𝑉 𝐴 = 0.16 𝑥 50.05 8.04 = 0.99 s Basedon the standardrequirementforreverberationtime forameetingroom, the specificationinthat specificroomhasachieve the requirement.
- 15. TRANSMISSION LOSS (TL) ADMINISTRATIVEOFFICE The space islocatedat firstfloorlevel of the building. The administrativeoffice andchildrenactivityareaare dividedbyasingle wall.AccordingtoMS1525 standard,the requiredsoundpressurelevel isaround45 – 55 dB for an office space. Component Material Colour Finish Surface Area, S/m2 SRI Transmission Coefficient,T ST Wall Concrete with plaster finish White Matte 25.60 42 6.3 x 10⁻⁵ 1.6128 x 10⁻³ Total 25.60 1.6128 x 10⁻³ 𝑇 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑆𝑅𝐼 10 ) 𝑇ᴀᴠ = 𝑆1𝑇1+ 𝑆2𝑇2+ 𝑆𝑛𝑇𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 1.6128 x 10⁻³ 25.60 = 6.3 x 10⁻⁵ 𝑆𝑅𝐼 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 𝑇 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 6.3 x 10⁻⁵ = 42 dB The highestnoise canbe produce by the childrenisabout80dB. Noise levelinAdministrativeoffice =70 dB – 42dB = 28 dB The transmissionlossfromthe childrenareathroughthe wall is 42dB. Thisprovedthatthe wall isable toreduce the soundlevel of 70dB to 28dB. The standardrequirementbyMS1525 is 45 – 55 dB. Therefore,ithasachievedthe requirement.
- 16. QUIET READINGAREA The quietreadingareaislocatednextto outdoorreadingareawherebypeople are allowedtohave anormal conversationloudness.AccordingtoMS 1525, the quietreadingspace is30 dB. Component Material Colour Finish Surface Area, S/m2 SRI Transmission Coefficient,T ST Wall Concrete with plaster finish White Matte 25.65 42 6.28 x 10⁻⁵ 1.6128 x 10⁻³ Total 25.65 1.6128 x 10⁻³ 𝑇 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑆𝑅𝐼 10 ) 𝑇ᴀᴠ = 𝑆1𝑇1+ 𝑆2𝑇2+ 𝑆𝑛𝑇𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 1.6128 x 10⁻³ 25.65 = 6.28 x 10⁻⁵ 𝑆𝑅𝐼 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 𝑇 = 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1 6.28 x 10⁻⁵ = 42 dB The highest noise can be produce by the human is about 60dB. Noise levelinAdministrativeoffice =60 dB – 42dB = 18 dB The transmissionlossfromthe outdoorreadingareathrough the wall is42dB. Thisprovedthat the wall isable toreduce the soundlevel of 70dB to 18dB. The standardrequirement by MS 1525 is 30dB. Therefore,ithasachievedthe requirement.
- 17. EXTERNAL NOISE LOBBY AND CAFÉ The café and lobby islocated atentrance of the building.Although,itislocatedinthe middle butthe sitting area forthe userfacingdirectlyat the roadside andgettingexternal noises.The trafficcanproduce noisesup to 80dB whenthere istrafficjam. To solve the issue of external noise, bufferzone isaddedinorderto lose the noise transmissionbefore it reachesthe space.For eachdoubled distance,noise will decrease by6dB. Aside fromthat,there are presence of treesandfurniture thatcan act as soundabsorptionandreflector. BUFFER ZONE
- 18. MEETING ROOM Outside the meetingroomhasan interactionspaceswhere itcan be noisywhenitbecame eventspacesor market(designfeatures).Furtheraway,itisa busyroad wherebyitoftenhave trafficjamand produce noises. BUFFERZONE PUBLIC SPACE Meetingroomisbeingpushedbackwardsandthat createsa bufferzone toreduce the noise intensity. However,there isapublicspace forinteraction purpose andwill cause noise reachingtothe meeting room space.Double glazingglassisusedanda thicker wall isusedto reduce the permeability.