Project 2 building science 2 report

School of Architecture Building and Design
Bachelor of Science (Hons) in Architecture
Building Science 2 - Integration Project
Name James Tay Jia Chuen
ID 0322210
Tutor Ar. Edwin

Table of contents
1.0 Lighting Calculation (Space A)…………………………………………………….3
1.1 Daylight Analysis……………………………………………………………3
1.1.1 Daylight Factor Calculation……………………………………4-6
1.2 Artificial Lighting…………………………………………………………….7
1.2.1 Lumen Method Calculation……………………………………7-9
1.3 PSALI……………………………………………………………………….10
1.3.1 PSALI Analysis………………………………………………10-13
2.0 Lighting Calculation (Space B)…………………………………………………..14
2.1 Artificial Lighting……………………………………………………….14-15
2.1.1 Lumen Method Calculation………………………………...16-19

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1.0 LIGHTING CALCULATION (SPACE A)
1.1 Daylight Analysis
The study area located on the first floor facing eastwards of the site has been
chosen as Space A. Space A is an area with floor height of 3.4m and is located
closest to the front façade. The reason for this space being so close to the façade is
to maximize the use of natural daylighting in spaces which require more illumination
for purposes such as reading.
Figure 1.1.1 shows First Floor Plan indicating location of Study area (Space A)

4
1.1.1 Daylight Factor Calculation:
Where,
W is the area of the windows (m2
)
A is the total area of internal surfaces (m2
)
T is the glass transmittance corrected for dirt
θ is the visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window
R is the average reflectance of area
Figure 1.1.1.1 shows zoomed in plan view of Study area (Space A)
Figure 1.1.1.2 shows section of the visible sky angle of space A

5
Daylight Factor Calculation:
Area of the window exposed (m2
)
(Note:- Assuming the window on the right side is
excluded in this calculation)
4.2 x 2.5= 10.5m2
Total area of internal surfaces (m2
) [(2.4 x 3.4) + (5.5 x 3.4) + (4.2 x 3.4) + (3 x
3.4) + (1.1 x 3.4) + (4.2 x 5.5) + (4.2 x
5.5)]m = 101.28m2
Double glazing glass transmittance
corrected for dirt
0.6
Visible sky angle (o
) 66
Average reflectance of area 0.5 (Reason:- White painted walls with glass
surfaces)
Average DF (10.5/101.28) x [(0.6 x 66)/(1-0.5)]
= 8.21%
Based on MS 1525, the Daylighting factor distributions are stated as on the table below:
ZONE DAYLIGHT FACTOR (%) DISTRIBUTION
VERY BRIGHT >6 Too bright with thermal and
glare problems
BRIGHT 3-6 Good
AVERAGE 1-3 Fair
DARK 0-1 Poor
Natural Illumination Calculation:
Illuminance (Lux) Example
120000 Very Bright Sunlight
110000 Bright Sunlight
20000 Clear Sky
1000-2000 Overcast Sky
400 Sunrise/Sunset
<200 Midday
40 Fully Overcast
<1 Sunset, Storm

6
Figure 1.1.1.3 shows Daylight contour analysis diagram of Study area (Space A) using
Ecotect
Where,
Ei = illuminanace due to daylight at a point on the indoor working plane
Eo= The unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance, average daylight level in Malaysia (EH)
is assumed to be 20000 lux
8.21 = (Ei/20000) x 100%
Ei= 1642 lux
Conclusion
The study area has a daylight factor of 8.21% and natural illumination of 1642 lux.
Based on MS 1525 requirements, both values are well above suggested ratings.
Thus, high intensity of sun especially during the late mornings could be very
uncomfortable for people seating around the area closest to the façade as it could be
very glaring and hot. To combat this issue, operable horizontal sunbreakers are
placed on the front façade to control the amount of sunlight entering the spaces
hence able to provide thermal and illuminance comfort.

7
1.2 Artificial Lighting
Due to space A being a space for reading, it is vital that this particular space is
illuminated in the right amounts throughout the day even during the absence of
daylight during the evening or night. Furthermore, as seen from the daylight contour
diagram, not the entire space is well lit in the presence of daylighting, only areas
close to the window could be illuminated whilst areas furthest from the window are
seen to be very dim. Thus, artificial lighting is still needed. Based on MS 1525
requirements, it states that the suitable range of illumination level for a library’s
reading area is between 300 to 500 lux.
Figure 1.2.1 shows a table of standard illumination levels
1.2.1 Lumen Method Calculation:
Type of luminaire proposed
Type of Fixture Recessed LED Luminaire
Type of Model
Company Philips
Geometry Radius 0.6m
Lumen (lm) 1600
Watt 26
Color Designation White

8
Dimension of Room (m) 5.5 x 4.2
Floor area (m2
) 23.1
Height of ceiling (m) 3.4
Lumen (lux) 1500
Height of Luminaire (m) 3.4
Height of work level (m) 0.8
Mounting height (m) 2.6
Reflectance factors White plaster ceiling = 0.7
Brick wall painted white with glass surfaces
= 0.5
Laminated woodblock floor = 0.2
Room Index/RI (K) (5.5 x 4.2)m / (5.5 + 4.2)m X 2.6
= 0.915
Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.46
Maintenance Factor 0.8
Number of lamps required N = 300 lux x 23.1m2
/
1600 lm x 0.46 x 0.8
=11.8
=12 lamps
Spacing to height ratio (SHR) SHR = 1/Hm x √A/N
= 1/ 2.6 x √23.1/12
= 0.53
SHR = S/2.6=0.53
Smax= 2.6 x 0.53
= 1.4m
Fittings Layout Fittings required along wall 5.5m
= 5.5/1.4
= 3.92
= 4 ROWS
Fittings required along wall 4.2m
= 4.2/1.4
= 3 ROWS
Spacing along wall 5.5m
= 5.5/4
= 1.375m
= 4.2/3
= 1.4m

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Fitting Layout:
Smax = 1.4m
Figure 1.2.1.1 shows the fitting layout of study area (Space A)
Conclusion
12 light fittings are distributed accordingly in the study area and are arranged in such
a way that it is within the maximum spacing calculated which was1.4m between
fixtures. Also, the light fittings are placed such that it is located above tables in the
study area to allow people studying in that area to receive the sufficient illuminance
of 300 lux as per required by MS 1525 standards.

10
1.3 PSALI
Based on the lumen calculations and light contour analysis, the 12 luminaires in the
study area can be controlled by three switches all together as shown in Figure 1.3.1.
The Switch A controls the 3 luminaires closest to the window which receives the
most sunlight exposure. Switch B controls 2 rows of luminaires as shown in Figure
1.3.1 whereas Switch C controls the row of luminaires between B.
Figure 1.3.1 shows the reflective ceiling plan of study area (Space A)

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1.3.1 PSALI Analysis
Instance 1: In the morning when the intensity of daylight on the east side is at its
peak, the 3 luminaires controlled by switch C will be the only switch turned on. With
switch C turned on alone coupled with the high intensity daylighting, the room can be
illuminated effectively and to the required amounts for reading.
Figure 1.3.1.1 shows the light contour using Ecotect when switch C is turned on
Figure 1.3.1.2 shows a section view of space A in instance 1 through the PSALI principle

12
Instance 2: When the intensity of daylight reduces, Switch B will be the only switch
turned on. This is needed as daylight intensity has decreased and is not able to
illuminate areas deeper in space A.
Figure 1.3.1.3 shows the light contour using Ecotect when switch B is turned on

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Instance 3: In the evening or night with the absence of daylighting, all switches will
be turned on to illuminate space A to the required illumination levels.
Figure 1.3.1.5 shows the light contour using Ecotect all switches are turned on

14
2.0 LIGHTING CALCULATION (SPACE B)
2.1 Artificial Lighting
The book shelves/collections area located on the first floor has been chosen as
Space B. Space B is an area with floor height of 3.4m and is located in the middle of
the building. The reason for this choice is because the second space to be
investigated on should not be affected by daylighting but only artificial lighting. As
this space is a book shelves area, it is necessary to be well lit at all times despite the
aid of any daylighting.
Figure 2.1.1 shows First Floor Plan indicating location of Book shelves area (Space B)

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Figure 2.1.2 shows a zoomed in plan of book shelves area (Space B)
Based on MS 1525 requirements, it states that the suitable range of illumination level
for a library’s book shelves area is between 300 to 500 lux. Thus, suitable amount of
lighting fixtures should be in place at the correct distances between one fixture to the
other through the lumen method calculation.
Figure 2.1.3 shows a table of standard illumination levels

16
2.1.1 Lumen Method Calculation:
Type of luminaire proposed
Type of Fixture Linear ceiling mounted fluorescent
Type of Model
Company Philips
Geometry Length 1.2m
Lumen (lm) 2600
Watt 36
Color Designation White
Dimension of Room (m) 9.36 x 4.6
Floor area (m2
) 43
Height of ceiling (m) 3.4
Lumen (lux) 2600
Height of Luminaire (m) 3.4
Height of work level (m) 0.8
Mounting height (m) 2.6
Reflectance factors White plaster ceiling = 0.7
Brick wall painted white with openings= 0.5
Laminated woodblock floor = 0.2
Room Index/RI (K) (9.36 x 4.6)m / (9.36 + 4.6)m X 2.6
= 1.19
Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.52
Maintenance Factor 0.8
Number of lamps required N = 300 lux x 43m2
/
2600 lm x 0.52 x 0.8
=11.9
=12 lamps
Spacing to height ratio (SHR) SHR = 1/Hm x √A/N
= 1/ 2.6 x √43/12
= 0.73
SHR = S/2.6=0.73
Smax= 2.6 x 0.73
= 1.9m

17
Fittings Layout Fittings required along wall 9.36m
= 9.36/1.9
= 4.9
= 5 ROWS
Fittings required along wall 4.6m
= 4.6/1.9
= 2.4
= 3 ROWS
= 9.36/5
= 1.9m
Fitting layout:
Smax= 1.9m
Figure 2.1.1.1 shows the fitting layout of bookshelves area (Space B)

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Figure 2.1.1.2 shows the reflective ceiling plan of bookshelves area (Space B)
Figure 2.1.1.3 shows light contour of artificial lighting in bookshelves area (Space B)

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Conclusion
Based on the lumen calculations, the 12 luminaires are spaced with maximum
spacing of 1.9m and can be controlled by 2 switches as shown in Figure 3.1.1.2.
Switch A controls all the linear fluorescent fittings between book shelves. As shown
in Figure 3.1.1.2, it can be seen that the lanes between bookshelves require 2 linear
fittings as these are the areas which need to be lit well. Furthermore, considerations
are taken to make sure that these fittings are not placed directly above the shelves
but rather in the middle of lanes to maximize the illumination of the luminaires in that
area. Besides that, it can be seen that the bookshelf lane closest to the switches only
has 1 linear fitting compared to the other lanes which has 2 linear fittings, this is so
because the lane closest to the switches only has a short bookshelf and its lane is
narrower. Finally, Switch B controls all linear fittings of the main corridor as shown in
Figure 3.1.1.2. It can be seen that these linear fittings are orientated perpendicular to
the fittings controlled by switch A, this is because the main corridor is long hence
orientating the linear fitting would efficiently increase coverage of illumination on the
main corridor.

Project 2 building science 2 report

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