Building Science 2

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 ( ARC 3413)
Project 2 Integration with Design Studio 5
Brickfields Community Library
Final Report & Calculation
Name : Chuah Say Yin
ID: 0315301
Tutor: Mr. Siva

TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 LIGHTING
2.1 Daylight
2.1.1 Discussion Area
2.1.2 Adult/Student Study Area
2.2 Artificial Lighting
2.2.1 Library Main Collection
2.2.2 AV Room
2.3 PSALI
Meeting Room
3.0 ACOUSTICS
3.1 Reverberation Time. RT
3.1.1 AV Room
3.1.2 Meeting Room
3.2 Sound Reduction Index, SRI
3.3 Sound Pressure Level (Exterior Noise)
3.3.1 Front Façade, Jalan Sultan Abdul Samad (Peak Hour)
3.3.2 Back Alley , (Non-peak hour)
REFERENCES
1
2-3
4-5
6-8
9-11
12-14
15-16
17-18
19-20
21
22
23

1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This project is an integration with the Architectural Design Studio 5 that requires one
to understand the lighting and acoustics performances inside the spaces.
The project involved is an urban infill community library, located at the Jalan Abdul
Samad, in Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur. Full glaze curtain wall and vertical aluminium louvres
are largely used for the facades so as to invite as much daylighting as possible while
providing sunshading to prevent to overheating and glare problems.
Besides, the external noise sources as well as the internal noise source are also
determined so as to select the proper building materials and arrange the spaces based
on their sound pressure level to ensure good acoustics performances in the building.

2
2.1DAYLIGHTING
DF, % Distribution
>6 Very bright with thermal & glare problem
3~6 Bright
1~3 Average
0~1 Dark
2.1.1 Discussion Area
The selected area is an open area discussion area, located at the 2nd floor, facing the front
façade on the southern east direction, as seen in the floor plan below. The façade is in full
height curtain wall to ensure a good lighting condition as well as vertical louvers on the
outside for sunshading purposes. Therefore, it allows view to the outside at the same time
able to capture natural day lighting for a comfortable discussion environment for the
people.
Figure 2.1.1: Second Floor Plan
(Discussion Area)

3
Daylight Factor Calculation
Floor Area (m2) 120m
Area of façade that exposed to sunlight 53.6
Area of skylight (m2) 0
Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor
Area Ratio/ Daylight Factor, DF
(53.6+0)/120
=0.447
=44.67% x0.1
=4.467%
Natural Illumination Calculation
E external = 20 000 lux
DF= E internal/E external x 100
10 = E external /20000 x 100
E external = 10 x 20000 / 100
= 2000 lux
Conclusion
The Discussion Area has a daylight factor of 4.467% and natural illumination of 2000 lux.
This has provide a bright condition and natural lit space to the occupants that ensure a good
environment for discussions.
Illuminance Example
120,000 lux Brightest sunlight
110,000 lux Bright sunlight
20,000 lux Shade illuminated by entire clear blue
sky
1000-2000 lux Typical overcast day, midday
<200 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds,
midday
400 lux Sunrise or sunset on clear day
(ambient illumination)
40 lux Fully overcast, sunset/sunrise
<1 lux Extreme of darkest storm clouds,
sunset/ rise

4
2.1.2 Adult/Student Study Area
Another space chosen is a study area for the adult and students, which is also located at the
second floor, and facing the rear elevation, of western south direction.
Figure 2.1.2 : Second Floor plan (Adult/ Student Study Area)
Daylight Factor Calculation
Floor Area (m2) 170m
Area of façade that exposed to sunlight 50.46m
Area of skylight (m2) 0
Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor
Area Ratio/ Daylight Factor, DF
(50.46+0)/170
=0.2968
=29.68% x0.1
=2.968%

5
E external = 20 000 lux
DF= E internal/E external x 100
10 = E external /20000 x 100
E external = 10 x 20000 / 100
= 2000 lux
Conclusion
The Adult and Student Study room has a daylight factor of 2.968% and natural illumination
of 2000 lux and thus achieve the brightness as being average nearly bright. This has ensure
the study environment of the occupants to be sufficient of light and comfortable.

6
2.2 Artificial Lighting (Main collection of books)
2.2.1 Library Main Collection
According to MS1525, the minimum illuminance level required for a public reading room is
300lux.
Type of fixture LED Downlight
Type of light bulb
Product Brand & Code LEDVANCE DOWNLIGHT XL WT 830
Lumen 1200 lm
Nominal Voltage 240 V
Nominal Wattage 19.0 W
Rated Lamp Efficacy 86 lm/W
Colour Rendering Index, Ra >80
Life span 24000h
Energy Consumption 16 kWh/ 1000h
Figure 2.2.1 : First Floor Plan (Library
Main Collection)

7
Lumen Method Calculation
Location Library Main Collection
Dimension Length=11m
Width= 8.5m
Height of the ceiling = 3.3m
Floor Area (A) 93.5
Types of lighting fixture LED Downlight
Lumen of lighting fixture F(Lux) 1200 lm
Height of work level 0.8
Height of Luminaire (m) 4.1m
Mounting height (Hm) 4.1m -0.8m
= 3.3m
Reflection Factors Ceiling: (0.7)
Wall: (0.5)
Floor: (0.2)
Room Index / RI (K) 11 x8.5
(11x8.5 ) x 3.3
= 0.3
Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.5
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.8
Standard Illuminance by
MS1525
300
Number of light required N =
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
𝐹 𝑥 𝑈𝐹 𝑥 𝑀𝐹
N =
300 𝑥 93.5
(1200)𝑥 0.5 𝑥 0.8
N = 58.4
Hence, 58 lamps are required to be installed.
Spacing to Height Ratio(SHR)
SHR =
1
𝐻𝑚
x √
𝐴
𝑁
=
1
3.3
x √
93.5
58
= 0.38
SHR =
𝑆
3.3
= 0.38
S = 3.3 x 0.38 = 1.2
Fittings layout by
approximately (m)
Fittings required on the ceiling with 18m long ,
11m / 1.254 = 8.8
≈ 9 rows

8
58/ 9rows= 6 columns of luminaire
Spacing along 8.5 space for 6 columns of luminaires,
8.5m /6= 1.4m
There will be 2 rows at both end, 1.4m/ 2= 0.7m
Lighting Layout
Conclusion
58 LED downlights are used to illuminate public reading area to achieve minimum of 300 lux
that stated in MS1525. With the sufficient level of illumination, the users can read inside the
space comfortably.
Figure 2.2.2 : Lighting Layout (Library
Main Collection)

9
2.2.2 AV Room
According to IES Standard Illumination level, the minimum illuminance level required for a
AV room is 100lux.
Type of fixture LED lights
Type of light bulb
Product Brand & Code PARATHOM PAR38 120 30° ADV 14 W/827 E27
Lumen 1000 lm
Input Voltage 120V
Nominal Wattage 14.0 W
Life span 40000 h
Energy Consumption 16 kWh/ 1000h
Figure 2.2.2: Third Floor Plan (AV
Room)

10
Location AV Room
Dimension Length=12.3m
Width= 7.5m
Height of the ceiling = 4 m
Floor Area (A) 92.25m
Types of lighting fixture LED lights
Lumen of lighting fixture F(Lux) 1000lm
Height of work level 0.8m
Height of Luminaire (m) 5m
Mounting height (Hm) 5m-0.8m
=4.2m
Wall: (0.5)
Floor: (0.2)
Room Index / RI (K) 12.3 x 7.5
(12.3 x 7.5 ) x 4.2m
= 0.22
IES Standard Illumination level 100
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
N =
100𝑥 92.3
(1000)𝑥 0.5 𝑥 0.8
N = 23 lamps
SHR =
1
𝐻𝑚
x √
𝐴
𝑁
=
1
4.2
x √
92.25
23
= 0.48

11
Lighting Layout
Conclusion
23 LED downlights are used to illuminate AV room to achieve minimum of 100 lux that
stated in to IES Standard Illumination level. Sufficient level of illumination allow visibilities of
the occupants.
SHR =
𝑆
4.2
= 0.48
S = 0.48 x 4.2 = 2.016
Fittings layout by approximately (m) Fittings required on the ceiling with 12.3m long ,
12.23m/ 2 = 6.1
≈ 6rows
23 / 6rows= 3.83 columns of luminaire
≈ 4 columns
Spacing along 7.5m space for 4 columns of
luminaires,
7.5m/4= 1.875m
There will be 2 rows at both end, 1.875m/ 2=
0.937m
Figure 2.2.3: Lighting Layout (AV
Room)

12
2.3 PSALI – Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors
(Office)
Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting (PSALI) is essentially artificial lighting lit by
window on one side. PSALI compensates for the fall in illuminance as the distance from the
window increases and daylighting is not enough is lighting up the area. Hence, there are two
sets of switches, whereby one set is lighted up most of the time whereas the other set is
only switched on during the night as there are adequate amount daylighting.
According to MS1525, the minimum lighting level required for an office is 300 lux. Type of
luminaire used as showed below:
Type of fixture Tubular Fluorescent lamp
Type of light bulb
Product Brand & Code ST8V 8.9 W/830 600 mm EM
Lumen 1200 lm
Nominal Wattage 8.90W
Life span 30000h
Energy Consumption 12 kWh/1000h
Figure 2.3.1: Third Floor Plan
(Meeting Room)

13
Location Office
Dimension Length=9m
Width= 5.3m
Height of the ceiling = 3.3m
Floor Area (A) 47.7m
Types of lighting fixture Tubular Fluorescent Lamp
Lumen of lighting fixture F(Lux) 1200 lm
Height of work level 0.8
Height of Luminaire (m) 3.3m
Mounting height (Hm) 3.3m-0.8m
=2.5m
Wall: (0.5)
Floor: (0.2)
Room Index / RI (K) 9m x 5.3m
(9x 5.3) x 2.5m
= 0.4
Standard Illuminance by
MS1525
300
𝐸 𝑥 𝐴
N =
300 𝑥47.7
(1200)𝑥 0.5 𝑥 0.8
N = 29.8
SHR =
1
𝐻𝑚
x √
𝐴
𝑁
=
1
3.3
x √
47.7
30
= 0.38
SHR =
𝑆
3.3
= 0.38
S = 3.3 x 0.38 = 1.254
Fittings layout by
approximately (m)
Fittings required on the ceiling with 9m long ,
9m / 1.254 = 7.2
≈ 7 rows

14
30/ 7rows= 4.3 columns of luminaire
≈ 5 rows
Spacing along 5.3m space for 4 columns of luminaires,
5.3m /4= 1.06m
There will be 2 rows at both end, 1.06m/ 2= 0.5m
Lighting Layout
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the meeting room is controlled by 2 set of switches. One set of the switches
are opened all the time for sufficient of lighting inside the room, whereas for the other set
of the switches, it can be turned off during daytime due to adequate natural daylighting
from one side of the window. Hence, this could save the amount of electrical energy. The
total number of light installed is 30 lamps for the use of both daytime and nightime.
Figure 2.3.2: Lighting Layout
(Meeting Room)

15
3.0 ACOUSTICS
3.1 Reverberation Time, RT
3.1.1 AV Room
i) Non-peak hour, 500 Hz
Space volume, V= 12.3 x 7.5 x 4 = 369 m3
Material absorption coefficient in 500 Hz at peak hour with 40 persons in the space
Building
Component
Material Area, S/m2
Absorption
Coefficient, a
Sound Absorption,
Sa
Wall Brickwall 98.4 0.03 0.952
Wall Acoustic tiles 60 0.72 43.2
Floor Carpet on
Concrete
92.25 0.14 12.92
Door Plywood 5.3 0.17 0.90
Ceiling Plaster Finish 92.25 0.02 1.845
Furniture Fabric chair 45 0.80 36
People
[Peak]
- 20 0.88 17.6
Total Absorption, A 113.417
Table 2.2.1:
Reverberation Time, RT = (0.16 x V) /A
= (0.16 x 369) / 113.94
= 0.52s
The reverberation time for the AV room at 500Hz during non-peak hours is 0.52s and this has
achieve the standard of an AC room which requires reverberation of 1s. This ensures the
acoustic quality of the room during non-peak hour.

16
ii) Peak hour, 2000 Hz
Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000Hz, Peak Hour with 20 persons in the space.
Building
Component
Material Area, S/m2
Absorption
Coefficient, a
Sound Absorption,
Sa
Wall Acoustic tiles 60 0.88 52.8
Floor Carpet on
Concrete
92.25 0.60 55.35
Door Plywood 5.3 0.10 0.53
Furniture Fabric chair 45 0.82 36.9
People
[Peak]
- 45 0.93 41.85
= (0.16 x 369 ) / 196.12
= 0.30s
The reverberation time for the AV room during peak hours of 2000 Hz is 0.3s. This has
indicated that the space has met adequate level of reverberation time even during the peak
hours.

17
3.1.2 Meeting Room
i) Non-peak hour, 500 Hz
Space volume, V= 3.6m x 4.7m x 4m = 67.68 m3
Material absorption coefficient in 500 Hz at non-peak hour with 4 persons in the space
Building
Component
Material Area, S/m2
Absorption
Coefficient, a
Sound Absorption,
Sa
Floor Carpet on
concrete
16.92 0.14 2.369
Wall Full Glazed
Curtain Wall
14.4 0.04 0.576
Sliding Door Glass 5.3 0.17 0.90
Furniture Fabric chair 10 0.80 8
People [Non-
Peak]
- 4 0.88 3.52
= (0.16 x 67.68) /16.701
= 0.648s
The reverberation time for the meeting room at 500Hz during non-peak hours is 0.648s and
this has achieve the standard of a meeting room which requires reverberation of 1s. This
shows that the acoustic quality of the room is up to its standard.

18
ii) Peak hour, 2000 Hz
Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000Hz, Peak Hour with 10 persons in the space.
Building
Component
Material Area, S/m2
Absorption
Coefficient, a
Sound Absorption,
Sa
Floor Carpet on
Concrete
16.92 0.60 10.152
Wall Full Glazed
Curtain Wall
14.4 0.02 0.288
Sliding door Glass 5.3 0.07 0.37
Furniture Fabric chair 10 0.82 8.2
People
[Peak]
- 10 0.93 9.3
= (0.16 x 67.68 ) / 30.65
= 0.35s
The reverberation time for the meeting room during peak hours of 2000 Hz is 0.35s. This has
indicated that the space has met adequate level of reverberation time of 1s even during the
peak hours.

19
3.2 SOUND REDUCTION INDEX (AV Room)
Building
Element
Materials Surface Areas
(m2)
SRI (dB) Transmission
Coefficient
Wall Bricks 124 44 2.51 x 10-3
Door Plywood 4.2 31 7.943 x 10-4
Transmission coefficient of materials
a) Brickwall
SRI Brickwall = 10log10
1
T Brickwall
44 = 10log10
1
T Brickwall
102.6 =
1
T Brickwall
T Brickwall = 2.51 x 10-3
b) Door 2– Plywood
SRI plywood = 10log10
1
T plywood
31 = 10log10
1
T plywood
103.1 =
1
T plywood
T plywood = 7.943 x 10-4

20
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
Tav = (124 x 2.51 x 10-3) + (4.2x 7.943 x 10-4)/ (124+4.2)
= 2.453 x 10-3
SRI overall = 10log10
1
T av
= 10log10
1
2.453 x 10−3
= 26.1 dB
60dB – 26.1 dB = 33.9dB
Noise Criteria, Environmental Perception
Conclusion
The overall transmission loss of AV room is 26.1 dB. Assume that the sound pressure level
in the multifunctional room is approximately 60dB, the sound transmitted to the AV room is
33.9 dB. According to the noise criteria environment perception, it is listed under the quiet
range of NC-25 to NC-35. Thus, it could be considered ideal for AV Room which requires a
quieter environment for speech and learning.

21
3.3 Sound Pressure Level, SPL (External Noise)
3.3.1 Front Façade, Jalan Sultan Abdul Samad (Peak Hour)
i) Highest reading: 80dB
Use the formula, L = 10log10 (I/Io),
80 = 10log10 (I/ 1x10-12)
I = (108) (1x10-12)
= 1x 10-4
ii) Lowest reading: 63dB
63 = 10log10 (I/ 1x10-12)
I = (106.3) (1x10-12)
= 2x 10-6
Total Intensities, I = (1x 10-4) + (2x 10-6)
= 1.02x 10-4
Using the formula Combined SPL
= 10log10 (p2/po
2), where po = 1x10-12
Combined SPL = 10log10 [(1.02x 10-4) ÷ (1x10-12)]
= 80.08 dB

22
3.3.2 Back Alley , (Non-peak hour)
i) Highest reading: 57dB
57 = 10log10 (I/ 1x10-12)
I = (105.7) (1x10-12)
= 5x10-7
ii) Lowest reading: 50dB
50 = 10log10 (I/ 1x10-12)
I = (105) (1x10-12)
= 1x10-7
Total Intensities, I = (5x10-7) + (1x10-7)
= 6x 10-7
Using the formula Combined SPL
= 10log10 (p2/po
2), where po = 1x10-12
Combined SPL = 10log10 [(6x 10-7) ÷ (1x10-12)]
= 57.78dB
As a result, the average sound pressure level during Peak Hour and Non-peak Hour are
80.08dB and 57.78dB at front elevation and rear elevation respectively.

23
REFERENCES
1. Long, M. (2006). Architectural acoustics. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press.
2. Karlen, M. & Benya, J. (2004). Lighting design basics. Hoboken, New Jersy: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
3. Stein, Benjamin & Reynolds, John S.2000. Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for
buildings. New York. John Wiley

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