REPORT AND CALCULATION

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) (ARCHITECTURE)
BUILDING SCIENCE 2 (ARC 3413)
PROJECT 2: INTERGRATION PROJECT WITH DESIGN STUDIO 5
(30% OF FINAL MARKS)
SENTUL COMMUNITY LIBRARY
LIGHTING AND ACOUSTICS PROPOSAL REPORT & CALCULATION
LEE JO YEE 0314880
TUTOR: MR.EDWIN YEAN LIONG CHAN
SUBMISSION DEADLINE: 11TH JULY 2016

LEE JO YEE 0314880 2
BUILDING SCIENCE 2
TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENT PAGE
1.O LIGHTING
1.1 NEIGHBOURHOOD WORKSHOP
1.1.1 DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS
1.1.2 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING PROPOSAL
1.1.3 PSALI ( Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting
of Interiors)
3
6
8
1.2 MULTIPURPOSE STAGE
1.2.3 PSALI ( Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting
of Interiors)
9
12
15
2.0 ACOUSTICS
2.1 SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL – External Noises
2.1.1 NEIGHBOURHOOD WORKSHOP v.s. BACK LANE
2.1.2 GENERAL LIBRARY v.s. JALAN IPOH
15
18
2.2 REVERBERATION TIME (RT)
2.2.1 AUDIO VISUAL ROOM
2.2.2 QUIET READING AREA
21
24
2.3 SOUND REDUCTION INDEX (SRI)
2.3.1 NEIGHBOURHOOD WORKSHOP v.s. BACK LANE
2.3.2 GENERAL LIBRARY v.s. JALAN IPOH
27
27
29
3.0 REFERENCES 31

BUILDING SCIENCE 2
1 LIGHTING
1.1 NEIGHBOURHOOD WORKSHOP
The selected studied area is the neighbourhood workshop on the first
floor (FFL 10.72), located at the rear of the building facing back lane as
highlighted in the first floor plan below. The floor height of this space is 3 meters
and the aim of the façade design of this selected area is to provide maximum
day lighting in the morning whereas remain shaded during evening when the
strong sunlight coming in from the west.
FIGURE 1 : FIRST FLOOR PLAN INDICATING THE LOCATION OF THE WORKSHOP
OPENINGS
BACKLANE
WORKSHOP

BUILDING SCIENCE 2
FIGURE 2: ZOOM IN PLAN AND LIGHT CONTOUR DIAGRAM OF NEIGHBOURHOOD WORKSHOP
According to MS1525, Day Lighting factor distribution is as below:
Zone Daylight Factor (%) Distribution
Very Bright >6 Too Bright with Thermal and Glare
problems
Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
DAYLIGHING FACTOR CALCULATION
Floor Area (𝒎 𝟐
) 10.64 x 4.4 = 46.82𝒎 𝟐
Area of façade exposed to sunlight (𝒎 𝟐
) (10.8 x 3) = 32.4
Area of skylight 0
Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor
Area ratio/ Daylight Factor, DF
(32.4+0)
46.82
= 0.69
= 69% x 0.1
= 6.9%

BUILDING SCIENCE 2
NATURAL ILLUMINATION CALCULATION
ILLUMINANCE EXAMPLE
120,000 lux Very Bright Sunlight
110,000 lux Bright Sunlight
20,000 lux Clear Sky
1000-2000 lux Overcast day
400 lux Sunrise / Sunset on clear day
<200 lux Midday
40 lux Fully overcast
<1 lux Sunset, Storm cloud
External = 20 000 lux (Clear Sky )
DF= E_internal/E_external x 100%
= (6.9 x 20000)/100
= 1380 lux
CONCLUSION
The workshop has a daylight factor of 6.9% and natural illumination of
1380 lux. Based on the requirement of MS 1525, the space is brightly lit by
daylight as both of the values exceed the standards. For instance, the daylight
factor should be lower than 6% and the recommended light level for
workshops is 300 lux. This will cause thermal discomfort and glare to the users.
Hence, the wall exposed to the sunlight, is designed with openings of a
row of high wooden shutter windows (2200mm). The wooden shutters are
designed in a way to maximize natural daylight into the workshop and can
operated manually when sun shading is required. Wood is a good material with
low reflectance and will not cause glare to other adjacent building. Proposed
elevation is shown below.
FIGURE 3 : BACK ELEVATION WOODEN SHUTTER WINDOW

BUILDING SCIENCE 2
The neighbourhood workshop will held activities not just on the day but
night too. Hence, artificial lighting is vital in this area in order to produce a well-
lit, comfortable work area. Based on the study (ROOM ILLUMINATION LEVEL,
2016) and MS 1525, the required lux level for a standard workshop is 300 – 500.
LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION
Type of luminaire proposed:
Type of fixture Recessed LED luminaire
Type of model
Figure :PowerBalance RC600B recessed LED
luminaire, square
Company Philips
Geometry Width 0.6m x Length 0.6m
Lumen ( lm ) 3100
Watt 26
Color Designation Cool White
Dimension of room (L x W) 10.64 x 4.4
Floor Area (A) 46.82m2
Height of Ceiling (m) 3.0
Lumen (Lux) 3100
Height of Luminaire (m) 3
Height of Work Level (m) 0.8
Mounting Height (Hm) 2.2
Reflection Factors Ceiling: 0.7
Wall: 0.5

BUILDING SCIENCE 2
Floor: 0.2
Room Index/ RI (K) 10.64 𝑥 4.4
2.2 𝑥 (10.64 + 4.4)
= 1.42
Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.40
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.80
Number of Lamps Required
N=
𝑬 𝒙 𝑨
𝑭 𝒙 𝑼𝑭 𝒙 𝑴𝑭
N=
300 𝑥 46.82
3100 𝑥 (0.4 𝑥 0.8)
= 14.16
= 14
Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR) SHR =
1
𝐻𝑚
X √
𝐴
𝑁
=
1
2.2
X √
46.82
14
= 0.83
SHR=
𝑆
2.2
= 0.83
S = 2.2 X 0.83 = 1.83
Fittings Layout Fittings required along 10.64m wall=
10.64
1.83
= 5.81
= 6 row
Number of lamps in each row =
14
6
= 2.33
= 3 Lamps
Spacing along 4.4m wall =
4.4
3
= 1.47m
FITTING LAYOUT
FIGURE 4: PROPOSED LUMINARIES FITTING LAYOUT OF WORKSHOP

BUILDING SCIENCE 2
CONCLUSION
In the end, the workshop is arranged with 3 rows of 5 Recessed LED
luminaire to be achieve the requirement of 300 lux in the room as stated in
MS1525. With the sufficient level of illumination, the community is able to carry
out different classes and workshops no matter day or night.
1.1.3 PSALI (Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors)
Based on the calculation and light contour analysis, the total 15
luminaires in the workshop can be controlled using just two switches. Switch 1
controls the row (5 luminaires) facing the façade and switch 2 controls the
following two rows (10 luminaires). Reason being is the workshop will receive a
strong daylight distribution of 6.9% during the day from the façade. Switch 1
can be switch off and switch 2 be switch on during that period of time so that
electrical cost can be saved.
FIGURE 5: PROPOSED REFLECTED CEILING PLAN AND SWITCH ARRANGEMENT

BUILDING SCIENCE 2
1.2 MULTIPURPOSE STAGE
The selected studied area is the multipurpose stage on the upper ground
floor (FFL 3.36), located at the hearth of the building with skylight shone from
the roof. The floor height of this space is 4 meters and the skylight penetrated
to this floor through the opening on the first floor level as shown in figure.
The multipurpose stage consists of functions like talks, reading spaces,
children storytelling area and acts as the building lobby at the same time. The
recommended light levels is between 300 – 500 lux. (ROOM ILLUMINATION
LEVEL, 2016) (www.noao.edu, 2016)
MULTIPURPOSE
STAGE
SKYLIGHT OPENING
TO BELOW
FIGURE 6: UPPER GROUND FLOOR PLAN
INDICATING THE AREA OF MULTIPURPOSE
STAGE
FIGURE 7: FIRST FLOOR PLAN INDICATING THE
SKYLIGHT OPENING ABOVE THE UPPERFLOOR
LEVEL

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
FIGURE 8: LIGHT CONTOUR DIAGRAM OF THE MULTIPURPOSE STAGE
According to MS1525, Day Lighting factor distribution is as below:
Zone Daylight Factor (%) Distribution
Very Bright >6 Too Bright with Thermal and Glare
problems
Bright 3-6 Good
Average 1-3 Fair
Dark 0-1 Poor
DAYLIGHING FACTOR CALCULATION
Floor Area (𝒎 𝟐
) Multipurpose hall area
𝑨 = 𝝅𝒓 𝟐
= 𝝅 𝟓. 𝟏𝟖𝟓 2
= 84.46 𝒎 𝟐
Area of façade exposed to sunlight (𝒎 𝟐
) 0
Area of skylight Opening at First Floor Area
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟2
= 𝜋 3.5 2
= 38.48 𝒎 𝟐
Exposed Façade & Skylight Area to Floor
Area ratio/ Daylight Factor, DF
(38.48+0)
84.46
= 0.46
= 46% x 0.1
= 4.6%

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
NATURAL ILLUMINATION CALCULATION
ILLUMINANCE EXAMPLE
120,000 lux Very Bright Sunlight
110,000 lux Bright Sunlight
20,000 lux Clear Sky
1000-2000 lux Overcast day
400 lux Sunrise / Sunset on clear day
<200 lux Midday
40 lux Fully overcast
<1 lux Sunset, Storm cloud
External = 20 000 lux (Clear Sky )
DF= E_internal/E_external x 100%
= (4.9 x 20000)/100
= 980 lux
CONCLUSION
The multipurpose stage has a day lighting factor 4.6% after calculation.
Based on the chart above, the space is brightly lit by daylight within the
optimum zone which is 3-6%. However, the natural illuminance value obtained
is 980 lux which is higher than the recommended values. The excessive daylight
can cause thermal discomfort at the court and people will refrain from
enjoying the space.
Hence, a glazing roof or double-glazed low-emissive glass can be
applied on the roof to solve the glare problem and to reduce heat gain in this
area. Ceiling design can be an option to diffuse or reflect the daylight from
directly shone into the multipurpose stage.

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
Based on the study (ROOM ILLUMINATION LEVEL, 2016) and MS 1525,
the required lux level for the multipurpose stage above is 300 – 500 lux.
LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION
Type of luminaire proposed:
Type of fixture (Recessed) LED Downlight
Type of model
Figure 9:Philips CorePro LED Downlight
Company Philips
Geometry Round, 305mm – 610mm in diameter
Lumen ( lm ) 3000
CRI 80
Watt 36
Color Designation Warm White
Dimension of room (𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟2
) 𝜋 𝟓. 𝟏𝟖𝟓 2
Floor Area (A) 84.46 m2
Height of Ceiling (m) 4
Lumen (Lux) 3000
Height of Luminaire (m) 4
Height of Work Level (m) 0.8
Mounting Height (Hm) 3.2
Reflection Factors Ceiling: 0.7
Wall: 0.5
Floor: 0.2
Room Index/ RI (K) 𝜋 𝟓. 𝟏𝟖𝟓 2
3.2 𝑥 (2 𝜋 5.185/2 )
= 1.62
Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.48
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.80
Number of Lamps Required
N=
𝑬 𝒙 𝑨
𝑭 𝒙 𝑼𝑭 𝒙 𝑴𝑭
N=
300 𝑥 84.46
3000 𝑥 (0.48 𝑥 0.8)
= 21.9947
= 22 lamps

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
Spacing to Height Ratio (SHR) SHR =
1
𝐻𝑚
X √
𝐴
𝑁
=
1
3.2
X √
84.46
22
= 0.61
SHR=
𝑆
3.2
= 0.61
S = 3.2 X 0.61 = 1.95
Fittings Layout Fittings required along the
circumference of the court =
32.58
1.95
= 16.7
= 17 lamps
Number of lamps in each row =
22
17
= 1.29
= 2 Lamps
Spacing along the radius =
5.185
2
= 2.6m
FITTING LAYOUT
FIGURE 10: PROPOSED LUMINARIES FITTING LAYOUT OF MULTIPURPOSE STAGE
LED DOWNLIGHTSGRID
LINES

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
CONCLUSION
Based on the approximation of the fitting layout, the luminaires of the
multipurpose stage are arranged into 3 rows (circumference) of 8 recessed LED
down lights, which in total a maximum of 24 luminaries to be installed. With the
aid of the artificial lighting, the space is able to meet a requirement of 300-400
lux as stated in MS1525.
1.1.3 PSALI (Permanent Supplementary Artificial Lighting of Interiors)
Referring to the daylight analysis above, the multipurpose stage has a
good day lighting factor of 4.9% which means the space receives sufficient
day light from the skylight opening. On the other hand, the calculation shows
that the place require a number of 22 lamps in order to illumine the space. By
applying the PSALI principles, the luminaries are divided into three switches,
ranging from the outer ring to the inner ring. It is straight forward.
During the day when the day light is concentrate at the centre of the
stage, switch 3 can be turned off whereas switches 1 and 2 can be turned on
to illumine areas that are further from the core. Switch 2 can be turned off
when daylight is too strong and leaving switch 3 to illuminate the outer ring of
the court.
FIGURE 11: PROPOSED REFLECTED CEILING PLAN AND SWITCH ARRANGEMENT

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
2 ACOUSTICS
2.1 EXTERNAL NOISE SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL
2.1.1 NEIGHBOURHOOD WORKSHOP
The neighbourhood workshop on the upper ground floor plan is
selected as a space to analyse and compare the external noise sound
pressure level at back lane. Readings are collected at both peak hour (8am
to 10am) and non-peak hour (8pm to 10pm).
FIGURE 12: FIRST FLOOR PLAN INDICATING WORKSHOP AND BACK LANE LOCATION
BACK LANE
JALAN IPOH

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
Peak Hour (8am to 10am)
Highest reading= 65dB
Using the formula,
SIL= 10 log10 (
𝐼
𝐼 𝑜
)
65= 10 log10 (
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
)
106.5=
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
I= 1x 10-12 X 106.5
= 3.162 X 10-6
Lowest reading= 53dB
Using the formula,
SIL= 10 log10 (
𝐼
𝐼 𝑜
)
53= 10 log10 (
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
)
105.3=
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
I= 1x 10-12 X 105.3
= 1.995 X 10-7
Total Intensity, I= (3.162 X 10-6) + (1.995 X 10-7)
= 3.362 x 10-6
Using the formula, Combined SPL= 10 log10 (
𝑝2
𝑝 𝑜
2
), where po = 1 x 10-12
Combined SPL= 10 log 10 (
𝟑.𝟑𝟔𝟐 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
1 𝑥 10−12
)
= 65.27 dB
Non-peak Hour (8pm to 10pm)
Using the formula,
SIL= 10 log10 (
𝐼
𝐼 𝑜
)
40= 10 log10 (
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12 )
104=
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
I= 1x 10-12 X 104
= 1X 10-8
Using the formula,
SIL= 10 log10 (
𝐼
𝐼 𝑜
)
38= 10 log10 (
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12 )
103.8=
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
I= 1x 10-12 X 103.8
= 6.31 X 10-9
Total Intensity, I= (1X 10-8) + (6.31 X 10-9)
= 1.631 x 10-8
𝑝2
𝑝 𝑜
2
), where po = 1 x 10-12
1.631 𝑥 10−8
1 𝑥 10−12
)
= 42.13 dB

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
CONCLUSION
According to the calculation above, the combined sound pressure level
of the back lane during peak and non-peak hours are 65.27dB and 42.13 dB
respectively. The noise criteria for a workshop, under the category of lecture
and classroom (Noise Criterion, 2016) is between the NC ranges of 25 – 30. The
noises from the back lane will affect the acoustics of the workshop.
Hence, different solutions can applied in solving such case like using
materials with lower absorption coefficient at the exterior such as concrete,
brick, tiles to reflect the noises away, or applying sound buffer panels as the
exterior façade.
FIGURE 13: LIGHTING AND ACOUSTICS CONDITION AT THE BACKLANE AT NIGHT

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
2.1.2 GENERAL LIBRARY
The general library section on the upper ground floor plan facing the
main road is selected as a space to analyse and compare the external noise
sound pressure level at Jalan Ipoh. Readings are collected at both peak hour
(8am to 10am) and non-peak hour (8pm to 10pm).
FIGURE 14: FIRST FLOOR PLAN INDICATING THE GENERAL LIBRARY AND JALAN IPOH
BACK LANE
JALAN IPOH

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
Peak Hour (8am to 10am)
Using the formula,
SIL= 10 log10 (
𝐼
𝐼 𝑜
)
80= 10 log10 (
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
)
108=
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
I= 1x 10-12 X 108
= 1 X 10-4
Using the formula,
SIL= 10 log10 (
𝐼
𝐼 𝑜
)
65= 10 log10 (
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
)
106.5=
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
I= 1x 10-12 X 106.5
= 3.162 X 10-6
Total Intensity, I= (1 X 10-4) + (3.162 X 10-6)
= 1.032 x 10-4
𝑝2
𝑝 𝑜
2
), where po = 1 x 10-12
𝟏.𝟎𝟑𝟐 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
1 𝑥 10−12
)
= 80.14 dB
Non-peak Hour (8pm to 10pm)
Using the formula,
SIL= 10 log10 (
𝐼
𝐼 𝑜
)
63= 10 log10 (
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12 )
106.3=
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
I= 1x 10-12 X 106.3
= 1.995X 10-6
Using the formula,
SIL= 10 log10 (
𝐼
𝐼 𝑜
)
54= 10 log10 (
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12 )
105.4=
𝐼
1 𝑥 10−12
I= 1x 10-12 X 105.4
= 2.512 X 10-7
Total Intensity, I= (1.995X 10-6) + (2.512 X 10-7)
= 2.246 x 10-6
𝑝2
𝑝 𝑜
2
), where po = 1 x 10-12
𝟐.𝟐𝟒𝟔 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟔
1 𝑥 10−12
)
= 63.52 dB

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
FIGURE 15: LIGHTING AND ACOUSTICS CONDITION DURING THE DAY
AND NIGHT AT JALAN IPOH
CONCLUSION
According to the calculation above, the combined sound pressure level
of Jalan Ipoh during peak and non-peak hours are 80.14dB and 63.52 dB
respectively. The noise criteria for a general library (Noise Criterion, 2016) is
between the NC ranges of 35-40. The noises from the main road will affect the
library interiors badly with noises from vehicles, traffic and general public noises.
Therefore, one of the solutions is to create green buffer zone in front of
the building with its role to filter out all noises. Secondly, soundproofing windows
can be added to the existing openings to reduce noises from outside as shown
in figure. Thirdly, soundproof the wall that is facing the main road by filling
sufficient insulation layers within the wall.
FIGURE 16: EXAMPLE OF SOUNDPROOFING WINDOWS

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
2.2 REVERBERATION TIME (RT)
2.2.1 AUDIO VISUAL ROOM
FIGURE 17: SECOND FLOOR PLAN INDICATING THE LOCATION OF AUDIO VISUAL ROOM
Standard Reverberation Time= 1.5 - 2.5 seconds
Space Volume= Length x Width x Height
= 9.2 x 4.8 x 3
= 132.48 𝑚3
Material absorption coefficient at 500Hz at non-peak hour with 6 person in
the space.
Building
Elements
Materials Absorption
Coefficient
(500Hz)
Surface
Area (m2) /
Quantity
Sound
Absorption, Sa
(500Hz)
Floor Concrete Strain 0.02 44.16 0.883
Wall Concrete Brick Wall 0.05 79.87 3.99
Glass 0.12 2.37 0.284
Door Plywood 0.06 1.76 0.106
Ceiling Plaster Finish 0.015 44.16 0.662

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
Furniture Sofa 0.73 14.2 10.37
Cushion seats 0.44 0.16x4 = 0.64 0.282
Laminated Wooden
Book Shelves
0.07 35.4 2.48
People - 0.46/P 6 2.76
Total absorption, A 21.82
500Hz
Reverberation Time, RT=
0.16 𝑋 𝑉
𝐴
=
0.16 𝑋 132.48
21.82
=0.97s
Material absorption coefficient at 2000Hz at non-peak hour with 6 person in
the space.
Building
Elements
Coefficient
(2000 Hz)
Surface
Area (m2) /
Quantity
Sound
Absorption, Sa
(2000Hz)
Glass 0.08 2.37 0.19
Door Plywood 0.10 1.76 0.18
Furniture Sofa 0.89 14.2 12.64
Cushion seats 0.32 0.16x4 = 0.64 0.2
Laminated Wooden
Book Shelves
0.09 35.4 3.186
People - 0.51/P 6 3.06
2000Hz
Reverberation Time=
0.16 𝑋 𝑉
𝐴
=
0.16 𝑋 132.48
25.21
= 0.84s

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
CONCLUSION
The reverberation time for the audio visual room at 500Hz and 2000Hz is
0.97s and 0.84s respectively. Both of the values falls outside the desired comfort
reverberation of 1.5 – 2.5s which shows an overly-adequate of acoustic
absorption materials in the audio-visual. To increase the reverberation time so
that the room acoustics will be “live” and echoy, materials with lower
absorption coefficient can be applied such as plaster walls and tiled floor.
Secondly, enhancements like acoustics reflectors can be applied and installed
on the wall or ceiling of the audio-visual room to allow reflection and bouncing
of sound waves.
FIGURE 18: ONE OF THE EXAMPLES - OVATION SOUND REFLECTOR/DIFFUSER PANELS
FIGURE 19: ACHIEVE SOUND CONTROL BY USING COMPLEX CURVES AND UNDULATING
SHAPES TO GENERATE RANDOM SOUND DIFFUSION AND ADD TO THE VISUAL EXPERIENCE OF
THE ROOM AS WELL (Peter J. Arsenault, 2014)

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
2.2.2 QUIET STUDY AREA
FIGURE 20: FIRST FLOOR PLAN INDICATING THE LOCATION OF QUIET STUDY AREA
Standard Reverberation Time= 0.5 – 1seconds
Space Volume= Length x Width x Height
= 5.7 x 4.4 x 3
= 75.24 𝑚3

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
Material absorption coefficient at 500Hz at peak hour with 6 person in the
space.
Building
Elements
Coefficient
(500Hz)
Surface
Area (m2) /
Quantity
Sound
Absorption, Sa
(500Hz)
Glass 0.12 15.57 1.87
Door Glass (sliding door) 0.12 1.76 0.21
Furniture Plastic Table 0.14 2.5 x5=12.5 1.75
Plastic seats 0.10 1.092x10=
10.92
1.09
People - 0.46/P 6 2.76
500Hz
Reverberation Time, RT=
0.16 𝑋 𝑉
𝐴
=
0.16 𝑋 75.24
10.72
=1.12s

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
Material absorption coefficient at 2000Hz at peak hour with 6 person in the
space.
Building
Elements
Coefficient
(2000 Hz)
Area (m2) Sound
Absorption, Sa
(2000 Hz)
Glass 0.08 15.57 1.25
Door Glass (sliding door) 0.08 1.76 0.14
Furniture Plastic Table 0.21 2.5 x5=12.5 2.6
Plastic seats 0.15 1.092x10=
10.92
1.64
People - 0.51/P 6 3.06
2000Hz
Reverberation Time=
0.16 𝑋 𝑉
𝐴
=
0.16 𝑋 75.24
11.85
= 1.02s
CONCLUSION
Based on the calculation above, the reverberation time for the quiet study
room at 500Hz and 2000Hz is 1.12s and 1.02s respectively. Both of the values
fall at the border of the desired comfort reverberation of 0.5 – 1 seconds
which shows as a good selection of materials for this space. Improvement
can be made by adding higher absorption coefficient materials or furniture
into the space such as adding a layer of thick carpet on the floor or
replacing the plastic furniture to wood/ fabrics made desks and chairs.

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BUILDING SCIENCE 2
2.3 SOUND REDUCTION INDEX (SRI)
2.3.1 NEIGHBOURHOOD WORKSHOP
FIGURE 21: SECOND FLOOR PLAN INDICATING THE NEIGHBOURHOOD WORKSHOP
Building
Elements
Material Surface Area
(𝒎 𝟐
)
SRI ( dB) Transmission
Coefficient, T
Wooden
Shutter
Wood 2.64x4 = 10.56 31 7.943 x 10-4
Wall Brick Wall 31.92 54 3.981 x 10-6
BACK
LANE
STUDIED WALL

LEE JO YEE 0314880 28
BUILDING SCIENCE 2
CALCULATION OF TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT
Wooden Shutters Sound Reduction Index, SRI= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇𝑎𝑣
)
31= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇𝑎𝑣
)
103.1=
1
𝑇
T= 7.943 x 10-4
Brick Wall Sound Reduction Index, SRI= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇𝑎𝑣
)
54= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇𝑎𝑣
)
105.4=
1
𝑇
T= 3.981 x 10-6
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
Tav=
( 10.56 𝑥 7.943 𝑥 10−4 )+( 31.92 𝑥 3.981 𝑥 10−6 )
( 10.56+31.92 )
= 2.004 x 10-4
SRI= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇
)
= 10 log10 (
1
2.004 𝑥 10−4
)
= 36.98 dB
External Sound Pressure Level (Back lane*)= 65.27dB
= 65.27 – 36.98
= 28.29dB
*Kindly refer to clause 2.1.1 external noises
CONCLUSION
The sound reduction index of the façade is 36.98dB. Taking the value
from the previous calculation, the highest reading of external noises from the
back lane which is 65.27dB, the noise that is transmitted into the
neighbourhood workshop after sound reduction is 28.29dB. The value is slightly
higher than the desired the noise criteria for a workshop of 25 – 30dB (Noise
Criterion, 2016). Enhancement can be made by applying double façade such
as applying a layer of glass panels/railings before the wooden shutter to
cancel the noise from the back lane. Absorption panels can be installed on
the ceiling or walls to further reduce the noise.

LEE JO YEE 0314880 29
BUILDING SCIENCE 2
2.3.2 GENERAL LIBRARY
FIGURE 22: FIRST FLOOR PLAN INDICATING THE GENERAL LIBRARY
Building
Elements
Material Surface Area
(𝒎 𝟐
)
SRI ( dB) Transmission
Coefficient, T
Circular Glass
Window
Glass 0.79 x 8 = 6.32 26 2.51 x 10-3
Wall Brick Wall 55 54 3.981 x 10-6
CALCULATION OF TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENT
Glass Sound Reduction Index, SRI= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇𝑎𝑣
)
26= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇𝑎𝑣
)
102.6=
1
𝑇
T= 2.51 x 10-3
JALAN IPOH
STUDIED WALL

LEE JO YEE 0314880 30
BUILDING SCIENCE 2
Brick Wall Sound Reduction Index, SRI= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇𝑎𝑣
)
54= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇𝑎𝑣
)
105.4=
1
𝑇
T= 3.981 x 10-6
Average Transmission Coefficient of Materials
Tav=
( 6.32 𝑥 2.51 𝑥 10−3 )+( 55 𝑥 3.981 𝑥 10−6 )
( 55+6.32)
= 2.623 x 10-4
SRI= 10 log10 (
1
𝑇
)
= 10 log10 (
1
2.623 x 10−4
)
= 35.81 dB
External Sound Pressure Level (Jalan Ipoh*)= 80.14dB
= 80.14 – 35.81
= 44.33dB
*Kindly refer to clause 2.1.2 external noises
CONCLUSION
The sound reduction index of the façade is 35.81dB. Taking the value
from the previous calculation, the highest reading of external noises from the
main road, Jalan Ipoh which is 80.14 dB, the noise that is transmitted into the
general library after sound reduction is 44.33dB. This value falls outside of the
desired noise criteria for a workshop of 25 – 30dB (Noise Criterion, 2016).
To reduce a further 14- 20db in the library, several amendments can be
opt. Ceilings to be installed and designed with absorption panels or foam in
order to absorb the external noise from the heavy traffic at the main road.
FIGURE 23: EXAMPLES OF CEILING DESIGN USING ACOUSTICS FOAMS

LEE JO YEE 0314880 31
BUILDING SCIENCE 2
3.0 REFERENCES
(2016, JULY 10). Retrieved from www.noao.edu:
https://www.noao.edu/education/QLTkit/ACTIVITY_Documents/Safety/
LightLevels_outdoor+indoor.pdf
Izdihar, I. A. (2013, APRIL 9). MS1525 (2013/2014) 2nd Revision. Retrieved from
http://www.eria.org/events/6.%20UBBL%202012%20Amendments%20on
%20EE%20and%20MS1525%20-%20Ir%20Ahmad%20Izdihar.pdf
Noise Criterion. (2016, July 10). Retrieved from
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/:
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/nc-noise-criterion-d_725.html
Peter J. Arsenault, F. N. (2014, November). Total acoustical design - reflectors.
Retrieved from https://continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com :
https://continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com/course.php?L=5&C=1260
&P=3
ROOM ILLUMINATION LEVEL. (2016, JULY 8th). Retrieved from PioneerLighting
website : http://www.pioneerlighting.com/new/pdfs/IESLuxLevel.pdf

REPORT AND CALCULATION

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