BUILDING SERVICES PROJECT 1

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN
BUILDING SERVICES (BLD 60903)
PROJECT 1: CASE STUDY OF BUILDING SERVICES IN PUBLIC BUILDINGS
M E N A R A P M I
A GROUP EFFORT BY:
CHIN MAN CHOONG // 0324509
ERIC LO YANN SHIN // 0324922
KALVIN BONG JIA YING // 0327822
KENNETT LIM ROONG XIANG // 0325031
LIM ZHAO YIN // 0329356
RUDY IRAWAN // 0328658
TUTOR: AR. SATEERAH HASSAN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Every successful project, whether big or small, depends largely on the effort of the number of helpful individuals
who are constantly giving valuable input and assistance in accomplishing the objectives of the project. We, as a
group, sincerely appreciate the inspiration, guidance and support of the following people and private office who
have played a pivotal role in making this project a success.
We wish to express our heartfelt gratitude and appreciation to our coordinator of this module and tutor, Ar. Sateerah
Hassan, for providing guidelines and valuable insights leading to the successful completion of our project; and
specifically sharing information as well as her literature materials with us.
We also express our sincere thanks to Mr. Mohd. Norazli, the Building Executive of Menara PMI, who, despite
working hours, offered the approval of allowing us to carry out our site visitation and making all photography and
recording works possible, as well as the warm and welcoming treatment throughout the interview sessions. His
attentive guide and explanations provided in-depth information and understanding of the service systems applied
that benefited greatly in our research.
On a final note, to everyone in the group, whom without your time, dedication, and perseverance, this project would
not have been a success.

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ABSTRACT
This report is a review of our findings upon the case study of building service systems applied and operated within a
multi-storey building. As a group, we are introduced to the basic principles, equipment and processes of various
building service systems found within the building. These very systems that are used at a larger scale in catering
and easing occupants’ needs, and comfortability whilst the functions of various safety features. In addition, this
report allows us to develop an understanding onto how these system applications contribute together within the
construction industry.
The exposure to our case study research aids in completing our understanding on insightful considerations about
how design and building services intertwine, thus the production of an efficient practical building. Moreover, this
report familiarizes us with the understanding and application of effective potent graphical communication according
to the required standards, MS 1184 and UBBL 1984, as well as the use of proper terminologies.
To understand the building analytically, our case study is executed with site visits to the actual office building,
Menara PMI in Kuala Lumpur, and physically analyzing its service systems, down to the functions and operational
methods. An orchestrated thorough research on all building services and components such as mechanical
ventilation, mechanical transportation (elevators), air-conditioning system, and fire protection system (active and
passive) were carried out.
By the end of the research, it has become apparent that we have attained valuable understandings and knowledge
of identifying the detailed components of every building service systems, and how the building services taking on
their roles within the construction industry. This results in how more conscious we are towards how important and
impactful these building service systems are functioning from within and throughout the confines of a man-made
environment while meeting the needs in providing beneficial values to an occupant.

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TABLE OF CONTENT
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
List of Figures vii
List of Diagrams xii
List of Tables xviii
Chapter 1.0: Introduction of Menara PMI
1.1 Building’s Location 1
1.2 Historical Background 3
Chapter 2.0: Active Fire Protection System
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Water-based system 7
2.2.1 External fire hydrant
2.2.2 Hose reel system 9
2.2.2.1 Hose reel
2.2.2.2 Hose reel pump 12
2.2.2.3 Hose reel water storage tank 13
2.2.3 Wet riser system 15
2.2.3.1 Wet riser
2.2.3.2 Wet riser pump 17
2.2.4 Automatic water sprinkler system 19
2.2.4.1 Fire sprinkler heads
2.2.4.2 Fire sprinkler pump 21
2.2.4.3 Fire sprinkler alarm valve 23
2.3 Non water-based system
2.3.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) suppression system 25
2.3.1.1 High pressure carbon dioxide (HPCO2) system 26
2.3.2 Portable fire extinguisher 29

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2.3.2.1 ABC multipurpose dry powder fire extinguisher 30
2.3.2.2 Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher 31
2.4 Alarm, detection systems and devices 33
2.4.1 Fire alarm system 34
2.4.1.1 Fire alarm bell
2.4.1.2 Manual pull station 36
2.4.1.3 Fireman’s switch
2.4.1.4 Voice communicator system 37
2.4.1.5 Smoke detector 39
2.4.1.6 Heat detector
2.4.2 Fire control room 44
2.4.2.1 Fire alarm control panel 46
2.4.2.2 Intercom panel 52
2.4.2.3 Digital alarm communicator
2.5 Smoke control system 53
2.6 Conclusion 54
Chapter 3.0: Passive Fire Protection System
3.1 Introduction 56
3.2 Purpose group of Menara PMI 58
3.3 Means of escape 59
3.3.1 Evacuation route
3.3.1.1 Evacuation route distance
3.3.2 Assembly point 65
3.3.3 Fire escape plan 67
3.3.4 Exits 68
3.3.4.1 Horizontal exits
3.3.4.2 vertical exits 70
3.3.5 Emergency exit signage 77
3.4 Passive containment 79
3.4.1 Compartmentation

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3.4.1.1 Mechanical and electrical room 85
3.4.2 Fire containment 88
3.4.2.1 Fire rated door
3.4.2.2 Structural fire protection 91
3.5 Firefighting access 94
3.5.1 Fire engine access 95
3.5.2 Firefighting lobby
3.5.3 Firefighting staircase 97
3.5.4 Firefighting lift
3.6 Conclusion 101
Chapter 4.0: Air Conditioning System
4.1 Introduction 103
4.1.1 Types of cycles in air conditioner unit
4.1.2 Types of air conditioner systems 105
4.1.2.1 Room air conditioner
4.1.2.2 Split unit air conditioner 106
4.1.2.3 Packaged air conditioning system 107
4.1.2.4 Centralized air conditioning system 109
4.2 Case study 111
4.2.1 Centralized air conditioning unit 112
4.2.1.1 Cooling tower 114
4.2.1.2 Air cooled packaged chiller 116
4.2.1.3 Air handling unit (AHU) 119
4.2.1.4 Air duct 124
4.2.1.5 Diffuser 125
4.2.2 Packaged air conditioning system 126
4.2.2.1 Air cooled package unit
4.2.2.2 Fan coil unit 128
4.3 Conclusion 129

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Chapter 5.0 Mechanical Ventilation System
5.1.1 Type of mechanical ventilation systems
5.1.2 Components of mechanical ventilation system 135
5.2 Case study 138
5.2.1 Supply ventilation system
5.2.1.1 Stairwell pressurization system
5.2.1.2 Lift lobby pressurization system 142
5.2.2 Exhaust ventilation system 144
5.2.2.1 Car park exhaust system
5.2.2.2 Utility room exhaust system 148
Chapter 6.0: Mechanical Transportation System
6.1.1 Type of elevators 152
6.2 Case study
6.2.1 Overview 156
6.2.2 Passenger elevator
6.2.3 Geared traction elevator 158
6.2.3.1 Elevator shaft 169
6.2.3.2 Elevator car 177
6.2.3.3 Elevator cabin 180
6.2.4 Elevator emergency features 185
6.2.5 Elevator location consideration 188
6.3 Conclusion 189
References 191

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.0: Menara PMI
Credit: Bong, 2018
Figure 2.1: Hose reel system at basement level
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.2: Hose reel system placed together with hose cradle, fire extinguisher and landing valve
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.3: Standby pump operated by diesel and generator
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.4: Hose reel pump set connected with pressure switches
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.5: Hose reel water storage tank
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.6: Wet riser system at firefighting access lobby at lower basement
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.7: Pump starter panel in wet riser room
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.8: Wet riser pump room at upper basement car park level
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.9: Recessed pendent sprinkler head (Left) and upright sprinkler head (Right)
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.10: Duty pump (Left) and standby pump (Right)
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.11: Vertical jockey pump
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.12: Fire sprinkler alarm valve located at upper basement
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.13: HPCO2 suppression system located in the genset room
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.14: ABC multipurpose dry powder extinguisher (Left) and some kept in a case (Right)
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.15: ABC multipurpose dry powder extinguisher placed next to emergency exit door at lower basement
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.16: Carbon dioxide extinguisher
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.17: Fire alarm bell
Credit: Rudy, 2018, Source: Wittag Solution, 2017
Figure 2.18: Manual pull station
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.19: Fireman’s switch
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.20: Intercom handset station at emergency escape staircase
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.21: Ionization smoke detector
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.22: Photoelectric smoke detector
Credit: Rudy, 2018

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Figure 2.23: Rate-of-rise heat detector (on the right) at basement
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.24: Fire control room
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.25: Fire alarm control panel
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.26: Intercom panel connecting voice communication system at each floor
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.27: Emergency escape staircase with stairwell pressurization system
Credit: Bong, 2018
Figure 2.28: Smoke extraction system on roof top
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 3.0: Assembly point located in front of Menara PMI
Credit: Kennett, 2018
Figure 3.1: Fire escape plan found on wall in the lift lobby
Figure 3.2: Horizontal exit represented by lift lobby in Menara PMI
Figure 3.3: Horizontal exit of basement car park leading to lift lobby
Figure 3.4: Emergency escape staircase along with “KELUAR” wordings across the wall
Figure 3.5: Emergency exit signage
Figure 3.6: M&E rooms in Menara PMI such as genset room (Left) and LV switch room (Right)
Figure 3.7: Fire rated door with automatic door closer
Figure 3.8: Certificate of tested fire rated door
Figure 3.9: Load-bearing wall (Left) and pre-cast concrete column (Right)
Figure 3.10: Fire-fighting lobby at ground floor
Figure 3.11: Fire-fighting lift
Figure 4.0: A modern room air conditioner
Source: Hammacher Schlemmer, n.d.
Figure 4.1: Induced draft cooling tower
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.2: Cooling tower connected to water storage tank behind
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.3: Old air-cooled packaged chillers (mini chillers) located on top of sprinkler pump room
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.4: Old air handling unit located in AHU room at level 4
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.5: Control panel of air handling unit
Credit: Lim, 2018

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Figure 4.6: Perforated metal sheeting used to reduce noise and vibration effect to the wall of the structure
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.7: Air filter of the air handling unit
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.8: Cooling coil of the air handling unit
Source: Aarkays Air Equipment, n.d.
Figure 4.9: Centrifugal fan of the air handling unit
Source: FBA, 2018
Figure 4.10: Refrigerant exchange pipes connected to AHU
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.11: Pressure valve on the pipes
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.12: Air duct connected to AHU
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.13: Ducting that distributes air from AHU to the space
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.14: Return air grill on the ceiling
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.15: Supply air diffuser connected to air duct
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.16: Air-cooled packaged unit located outdoor to maximize heat exchange
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.17: Example of a cassette fan coil unit
Source: Gree Air Conditioners, 2018
Figure 5.0: Emergency escape staircase with pressurization system
Figure 5.1: Stairwell pressurization system located at level 14
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 5.2: Axial pressurization fan located at level 14
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 5.3: Rectangular ducting of the stairwell pressurization system
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 5.4: Pressure relief damper within the stairwell
Figure 5.5: Pressure relief dampers found at the lift lobby
Figure 5.6: Traditional car park exhaust system at the basement
Credit: Chin, 2018
Figure 5.7: Axial inlet fan
Source: Chin, 2017
Figure 5.8: Ducting spans across the car park level
Credit: Chin, 2018
Figure 5.9: Outlet griller by the ductworks at the basement
Credit: Chin, 2018
Figure 5.10: Exhaust outlet at roof top
Credit: Chin, 2018
Figure 5.11: Air grilles from inside (Left) and outside (Right) of the utility room
Credit: Chin, 2018

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Figure 6.0: Lift certificate (Left) and OTIS elevator car operating panel (Right)
Credit: Lo, 2018
Figure 6.1: Passenger elevator at the lobby on the ground floor
Credit: Lo, 2018
Figure 6.2: Elevator motor room at Level 14
Credit: Lo, 2018
Figure 6.3: Exhaust fans to reduce moisture in the elevator machine room
Credit: Lo, 2018
Figure 6.4: Wound Field DC motor used
Credit: Lo, 2018
Figure 6.5: Hoisting sheave machine
Credit: Lo, 2018
Figure 6.6: Traction sheave component in the hoisting sheave machine
Source: City Lifts, 2013
Figure 6.7: Gear box attached to the hoisting motor
Credit: Lo, 2018
Figure 6.8: Cyclo drive gear box motor
Figure 6.9: Overspeed governor at elevator motor room
Credit: Lo, 2018
Figure 6.10: Annotated components of overspeed governor
Figure 6.11: Indication the suspension roping through the floor of the machine room
Credit: Lo, 2018
Figure 6.12: Exposed control panel of the elevator at the machine room
Credit: Lo, 2018
Figure 6.13: Parallel elevator main control board
Figure 6.14: Blue test tool to diagnose control panel problem
Source: OTIS catalogue, n.d.
Figure 6.15: Regular inspection of control panel using blue test tool
Credit: Lo, 2018
Figure 6.16: Indication of guide rails on the elevators ‘pit
Source: Know How, 2012
Figure 6.17: Progressive type safety gear
Source: WITTUR, n.d.
Figure 6.18: Four suspension ropes running through the floor of the machine room
Credit: Lo, 2018
Figure 6.19: Elevators shaft along with the placements of guide rails with the counterweights of the elevator
Source: Elevatorbobs’ elevator, 2011
Figure 6.20: Elevator oil buffer
Source: Elevator Press, 2012
Figure 6.21: Elevator pit
Source: Indiamart, n.d.
Figure 6.22: Elevator car frame
Source: Exports India catalogue, n.d
Figure 6.23: Travelling cables dangling down the elevators shaft
Source: RBA Vertical Transportation Consultations, n.d.
Figure 6.24: Components of the elevator cabin
Credit: Lo, 2018

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Figure 6.25: Indication of the elevator door sensors
Credit: Lo, 2018
Figure 6.26: SDE elevator door sensor
Figure 6.27: Hall call panel (Right)
Credit: Lo, 2018
Figure 6.29: Emergency bell button located on the floor request panel
Credit: Lo, 2018
Figure 6.30: Smoke detector on the ceiling along with a single deflection exhaust grille
Source: Rudy, 2018

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LIST OF DIAGRAMS
Diagram 1.0: Site plan
Source: Streetdirectory.com, 2018
Diagram 2.0: Overview chart of active fire protection system in Menara PMI
Source: Rudy, 2018
Diagram 2.1: Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of external fire hydrant system
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 2.2: Overall layout of hose reel system
Source: Firefighting, 2012
Diagram 2.3: Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of hose reel system
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 2.4: Level 4 floor plan showing highlighted location of hose reel pump in sprinkler pump room
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 2.5: Overall layout of wet riser system
Source: High-Rise Firefighting, 2013
Diagram 2.6: Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of wet riser outlet room
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 2.7: Upper basement floor plan showing highlighted location of wet riser pump room
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 2.8: Overall layout of automatic fire sprinkler system
Source: IndiaMART, 2010
Diagram 2.9: Components of a fire sprinkler head
Source: RFS, 2018
Diagram 2.10: Type of bulb liquid color with its rupturing temperature
Source: Pinterest, 2018
Diagram 2.11: Upper basement floor plan showing highlighted location of fire sprinkler pump room
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 2.12: Level 4 floor plan showing highlighted location of fire sprinkler pump room serving office levels
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 2.13: Components of HPCO2 suppression system (Left) and LPCO2 suppression system (Right)
Source: Janus Fire Systems, 2012
Diagram 2.14: Upper basement floor plan showing highlighted location of HPCO2 suppression system
Source: Rudy, 2018
Diagram 2.15: HPCO2 suppression operational system
Diagram 2.16: Type of fire extinguisher
Source: Service Fire Equipment, 2017
Diagram 2.17: Sketched diagram showing standard operational procedure of a fire extinguisher
Source: Lim, 2018
Diagram 2.18: Overall layout of fire alarm system
Source: Wittag Solution, 2017
Diagram 2.19: Operational system of ionization smoke detector
Source: SimpliSafe, 2013
Diagram 2.20: Operational system of photoelectric smoke detector
Diagram 2.21: Operational system of fixed temperature and rate-of-rise heat detector
Source: Apollo, n.d.

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Diagram 2.22: Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of fire control room
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 2.23: Lower basement floor plan with highlighted alarm, detection system and devices
Source: Menara PMI, 2018
Diagram 2.24: Upper basement floor plan with highlighted alarm, detection system and devices
Diagram 2.25: Ground floor plan with highlighted alarm, detection system and devices
Diagram 2.26: First floor plan with highlighted alarm, detection system and devices
Diagram 2.27: Level 2 floor plan with highlighted alarm, detection system and devices
Diagram 3.0: Overview chart of passive fire protection system in Menara PMI
Source: Rudy, 2018
Diagram 3.1: Section showing general evacuation route in case of fire emergency
Source: Kennett, 2018
Diagram 3.2: Evacuation route on lower basement car park level
Diagram 3.3: Evacuation route on upper basement car park level
Diagram 3.4: Evacuation route on ground floor level
Diagram 3.5: Evacuation route on typical office level
Diagram 3.6: Evacuation route on level 4

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Diagram 3.7: Evacuation route continued from level 5
Diagram 3.9: Ground floor plan showing evacuation route to assembly point
Diagram 3.10: On-site sketch of staircase dimensions in Menara PMI
Diagram 3.11: On-site sketch of exit stairway dimension and estimated escape routing in Menara PMI
Diagram 3.12: Return flight staircase (Left) and on-site sketch (Right)
Diagram 3.13: On-site sketch of headroom distance between 2 storeys within the emergency escape staircase
Diagram 3.14: Lower basement floor plan showing highlighted location of horizontal and vertical exits
Diagram 3.15: Upper basement floor plan showing highlighted location of horizontal and vertical exits
Diagram 3.16: Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of horizontal, vertical and final exits
Diagram 3.17: First floor plan showing highlighted location of horizontal and vertical exits
Diagram 3.18: Fifth floor plan showing highlighted location of horizontal, vertical and final exits
Diagram 3.19: Lower basement floor plan showing location of lobby and escape staircase compartmentation
Diagram 3.20: Upper basement floor plan showing location of compartmentation zone
Diagram 3.21: Ground floor plan showing location of compartmentation zone
Diagram 3.22: First floor plan showing location of compartmentation zone
Diagram 3.23: Level 5 floor plan showing location of compartmentation zone
Diagram 3.24: Lower basement floor plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment
Diagram 3.25: Upper basement floor plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment
Diagram 3.26: Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment
Diagram 3.27: Level 4 floor plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment
Diagram 3.28: Typical office level floor plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment
Diagram 3.29: Level 14 floor plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment at roof level
Diagram 3.30: Upper basement floor plan showing highlighted location of M&E rooms
Diagram 3.31: On-site sketch of fire rated door components

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Diagram 3.32: On-site sketch of direction of door openings towards compartmentation zone
Diagram 3.33: Building volume of Menara PMI along with the width of street
Diagram 3.34: Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of fire-fighting lift
Diagram 3.35: Concluding diagram of certain passive fire protection system incorporated in Menara PMI
Diagram 4.0: Refrigerant cycle in air conditioning system
Source: Green Building Advisor, 2010
Diagram 4.1: Cross section and components of a room air conditioner
Source: Bright Hub Engineering, 2009
Diagram 4.2: Connection between indoor and outdoor unit of a split unit air conditioning system
Source: H.V.A.C., 2017
Diagram 4.3: Components and functions of an indoor and outdoor unit
Source: Thermospace, n.d
Diagram 4.4: Difference in components between split air conditioner and packaged unit air conditioning system
Source: Acehiplumbing, 2015
Diagram 4.5: Components and functions of an air-cooled packaged unit air conditioning system
Diagram 4.6: Components of water-cooled packaged unit air conditioning system
Source: Alibaba.com, 2018
Diagram 4.7: Components and refrigerant flow in a centralized air conditioning system
Diagram 4.8: Components and refrigerant cycle in a chiller
Source: Cooper Union, n.d.
Diagram 4.9: Overall distribution of different air conditioning systems in Menara PMI
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 4.10: Level 4 floor plan showing highlighted location of components of centralized air conditioning system
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 4.11: Level 4 floor plan showing highlighted location of cooling tower
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 4.12: Components shown in the cross section of an induced draft cooling tower
Source: Cooling Tower, 2017
Diagram 4.13: Water cooling process in an induced draft cooling tower
Source: Cooling Tower Products, 2015
Diagram 4.14: Level 4 floor plan showing highlighted location of air-cooled packaged chiller
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 4.15: Components in a modern air-cooled chiller
Source: Real Wish, 2015
Diagram 4.16: Flow of refrigerant through evaporator
Source: ASE, 2017
Diagram 4.17: Concluding diagram showing cycle of refrigerant through cooling towers, air-cooled packaged chillers
and air handling unit
Source: Lim, 2018
Diagram 4.18: Level 4 floor plan showing highlighted location of the main AHU room
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 4.19: Components shown in a cross section of a modern air handling unit
Source: Gibbons Engineering Group, 2016

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Diagram 4.20: Level 4 floor plan showing highlighted location of the components of packaged unit air conditioning
system
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 4.21: Components and functions shown in the cross section of a modern air-cooled packaged unit
Source: Madison Gas and Electric, 2018
Diagram 4.22: Section of a vertical fan coil unit
Source: Drexel, 2018
Diagram 5.0: Supply ventilation system
Source: House Energy, n.d.
Diagram 5.1: Extract ventilation system
Diagram 5.2: Balanced ventilation system
Diagram 5.3: Components of propeller fan (Left), axial flow fan (Middle) and centrifugal fan (Right)
Source: Chin, 2018
Diagram 5.4: Components of a filter in mechanical ventilation system
Source: Chin, 2018
Diagram 5.5: Components of a circular and rectangular ducting
Source: Chin, 2018
Diagram 5.6: On-site sketch of how pressurization system works
Diagram 5.7: Level 14 floor plan showing highlighted location of stairwell pressurization fan room
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 5.8: Traditional car park exhaust system
Source: Kumaran, 2017
Diagram 5.9: Sketch of passageway of airflow from carpark to the external atmosphere
Diagram 5.10: Sketch of how air is extracted out and regulated from and within the utility room
Diagram 6.0: Annotated diagrams of geared traction, non-geared traction, and non-machine room elevator
Source: Electrical KnowHow, 2013
Diagram 6.1: Annotated diagrams of conventional hydraulic lift, hold and non-holed hydraulic lift, and roped
hydraulic lift
Diagram 6.2: Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of four elevators
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 6.3: Ground floor plan showing highlighted lifts position along with the high and low zoning
Source: Bong, 2018
Diagram 6.4: Geared traction elevator
Source: Otis Worldwide, n.d.
Diagram 6.5: Components of geared traction elevator
Source: Elevator Means, n.d.
Diagram 6.6: Components of geared machine
Source: Electrical Know How, n.d.
Diagram 6.7: Level 14 floor plan showing the highlighted location of elevator machine room
Source: Lo, 2018
Diagram 6.8: Sketch on how sheave grips the rope, and ropes move when sheave rotate

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Diagram 6.9: Sketch on configuration of suspension ropes
Diagram 6.10: Annotated diagram of elevator shaft
Source: Instructables, n.d.
Diagram 6.11: Indication of safety brakes
Source: Think Lifts, 2011
Diagram 6.12: The variation of roping system
Source: Industrial Electronics, 2017
Diagram 6.13: Annotated diagram of landing door
Source: Think Lift, 2011
Diagram 6.14: Annotated diagram of exterior elevator car
Source: Impremedia.net, 2010
Diagram 6.15: Annotated diagrams of an elevator car sling
Diagram 6.16: Buttons indication of the floor request button panel
Diagram 6.17: Apron placement
Source: Electrical Know How, 2013
Diagram 6.18: Sketch diagram of how an apron is activated as a safety device into holding back occupants during the
misalignment of elevator car with floor level

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LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Seventh Schedule showing maximum travel distance from emergency exits
Source: UBBL 1984, 2015
Table 4.0: Centralized air conditioning operational system
Source: Bong, 2018
Table 5.0: Comparison of mechanical ventilation system
Source: Chin, 2018

CHAPTER 1.0 INTRODUCTION OF MENARA PMI

INTRODUCTION OF MENARA PMI | 1.0
M E N A R A P M I | 2
1.1 BUILDING’S LOCATION
The site plan, Diagram 1.0, shows the location of our case study building, Menara PMI (circled in red) and its
surroundings. Menara PMI is a refurbished 14-storey office building, consisting of 2 floors of basement car parks. It
is located at the prime location along Lorong Bukit Ceylon near Bukit Bintang area in Kuala Lumpur. The office
building is also accessible within walking distance from various conveniences, shopping malls, hotels, restaurants,
and monorail station along the main road.
Address:
2, Jalan Changkat Ceylon,
Bukit Ceylon, 50200 Kuala Lumpur.
Diagram 1.0: Site plan

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Figure 1.0: Menara PMI
Menara PMI was built in the year 1990 and first owned by a real estate company, Pan Malaysian Industries
Berhad’s wholly-owned subsidiary, Fairway Properties Sdn. Bhd.. Menara PMI sits on a freehold land of 2,459
square metre and spans a gross floor area of 15,986 square metre with two levels of basement car parks offering
92 bays.
In early 2013, the 14-storey office building and its land were for sale by Pan Malaysian Industries Berhad (PMI) as
part of their clearance of assets. According to experienced industry players, Menara PMI’s location has great
potential to make it an ideal spot for hotel, or to be entirely redeveloped. Later in May 2013, they were officially sold
to a recently incorporated company, Admiral Gateway Sdn. Bhd., which shares common shareholders with OCR
Land for RM60 million.

Once under the ownership of Admiral Gateway Sdn. Bhd., this building was proposed to be refurbished and
continued its operation as an office tower. However, the name of Menara PMI remains unchanged until now. In
2015, the refurbishment project was finished together with a facade of moving mesh panels that respond to wind
changes. The offices were then opened for lease and up to today, the only tenant of the building is PM Securities
Sdn. Bhd. while the remaining office spaces are left vacant.

CHAPTER 2.0 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM | 2.0
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Active Fire Protection (AFP) is a group of manual and automatic operated fire system which requires acts or motion
operation to detect and alert the users of the building when fire peril arises. Apart from construction materials, the
active fire protection system should be included in the process of designing in compliance with UBBL 1984 to
assure the safety of the users and prevent further loss when fire hazards occur.
The active fire protection system can be generally categorized into four main parts: water-based system, non-water-
based system, alarm and detection system, as well as smoke control system, to prevent and suppress structural
fires from spreading as well to allow appropriate firefighting action to be taken.
First, water-based system which uses water as natural extinguisher agent in dealing with fire, such as external fire
hydrant, hose reel system, wet riser system and automatic sprinkler system. Second, non-water-based system
including carbon dioxide system and dry chemical agent which are usually placed at water-sensitive mechanical
areas to reduce the possibility of electricity shorting by water. Third, alarm and detection system as an immediate
media to warn users of occurred fire hazard and allow proficient evacuation process, such as fire control, manual
pull station, voice communication system, smoke and heat detector system, and more. Forth, smoke control system
to extract the smoke caused by fire hazard inside the building to outside in order to minimalize dangerous pollutant.
Diagram 2.0: Overview chart of active fire protection system in Menara PMI
Source: Rudy, 2018

2.2 WATER-BASED SYSTEM
Water-based system operates by using water as the most natural fire extinguisher agents. The system is located
throughout every corner of the building to offer direct assists in confronting the fire hazard. It is also one of the most
common fire system in fire suppression for both industrial and commercial building. The system mainly consists of
fire hydrant, hose reel system, wet riser system and automatic sprinkler system.
2.2.1 EXTERNAL FIRE HYDRANT
External fire hydrant is an active fire protection measure with a source of water provided with public water service. It
helps to provide extra water sources for fire fighters during fire emergency. Fire hydrant system is a water supply
with sufficient pressure and flow delivered through pipes throughout the building to the located network valves. The
system consists of water tank, suction piping, fire pumps, and a distributed piping system. The fire hydrants are
fixed to the piping system where the water in the pipe is pressurized by the pump from the water tank. A hose reel
will be attached to the fire hydrant in case of fire hazard occurrence to distribute more water to assist fire fighters.
To boost the water pressure, the hose reel can also be attached to the fire engine by powerful pump.
External fire hydrants can be separated into two types which are three-ways fire hydrant and two-ways fire hydrant.
In Menara PMI, an only two-ways fire hydrant is found right outside the building. It is also found that the adjacent
Seri Bukit Ceylon Residence, located right next to Menara PMI, has its two-ways fire hydrant to act as an alternative
fire brigade pumping inlet connections during the case of fire emergency in Menara PMI.
Figure 2.0: Two-ways fire hydrant located outside of Menara PMI
Credit: Rudy, 2018

Diagram 2.1: Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of external fire hydrant system
Source: Bong, 2018
Conclusion:
The external fire hydrant system within Menara PMI complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Clause
225, (2). In reference to Diagram 2.1 above, the one and only fire hydrant system is located beside the main
entrance of Menara PMI which is noticeable from the main road and easily accessible by the fire brigade.
UBBL 1984
Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment and Fire Fighting Access
Clause 225
(2) Every building shall be served by at least one fire hydrant located not more than 91.5 metres from the nearest
point of fire brigade access.
Entrance

2.2.2 HOSE REEL SYSTEM
Hose reel system is usually used by the occupants at the initial outbreak of fire to provide controlled water supply.
The system consists of hose reel pumps, fire water storage tank, hose reels, pipe work and valves. Fire hose reel
systems are set to be located at strategic places inside a building in order to provide a reasonably accessible and
serve as an initial firefighting aid to control the fire.
Diagram 2.2: Overall layout of hose reel system
Source: Firefighting, 2012
2.2.2.1 HOSE REEL
Hose reel system is usually operated and activated by opening a valve enabling the water to flow into the hose. The
system pressure lose will activate the pump ensuring adequate water flow and pressure to provide a water jet of
typically a minimum of 10 meter from the nozzle. In Menara PMI, the swing type of hose reel which can be pulled
out in any direction is commonly used. Each hose reel drum is equipped 25mm diameter x 30m long of rubber hose
with jet and spray nozzle. A ball valve is installed before each of the hose reel drum for easy maintenance. The
valve is kept in close position at all time. An adjustable nozzle is fitted to each hose. The nozzle can be adjusted to
vary the throw and flow rate of water supply.
Water tank
Pump
Hose reel

Figure 2.1: Hose reel system at basement level
Credit: Rudy, 2018
In Menara PMI, the hose reels are located on every floor including both upper and lower basement car park level.
Some hose reels are kept in small compartments together with hose cradle, fire extinguisher and landing valve
whereas some are placed outside along the corridor as well as the basement.
Figure 2.2: Hose reel system placed together with hose cradle, fire extinguisher and landing valve
Credit: Rudy, 2018
560mm
hose reel
drum
Adjustable jet and
spray nozzle
25mm diameter x
30m rubber hose
25mm galvanized
iron ball valve
50mm hose
reel pipe

Diagram 2.3: Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of hose reel system
Source: Bong, 2018
Conclusion:
The hose reel system within Menara PMI meets the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Clause 231, (2). Based
on Diagram 2.3 above, two fire hose reels are installed strategically in the firefighting access lobby and beside the
emergency staircase at the ground floor to ease fire brigade or occupant to access the hose reel in the event of fire
emergency.
UBBL 1984
Clause 231
(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.
Firefighting access lobby

2.2.2.2 HOSE REEL PUMP
The hose reel system used in Menara PMI consists of two type of pumps, namely duty pump for duty operation and
standby pump for standby operation. The fire hose reel pump usually has a backup pump in case that the main duty
pump fails to operate. The duty pump is controlled by electricity whereas the standby pump is operated by
emergency genset or diesel. Each hose reel pump is connected to a 25mm diameter pressure sensing pipe. The
sensing pipes are then connected to the pressure switches. The operation of the pump depends on the system
pressure switches which are used to start and stop the pumps to maintain the required water pressure. The pump
sets pressure setting has been labelled at the respective pressure switch to indicate the cut in and cut out pressure.
However, in Menara PMI, the hose reel pump is placed in the sprinkler pump room because the hose reel pump
system also serves as a main water supply at higher pressure for the fire sprinkler system apart from just the hose
reel system. Therefore, there is a small pump spotted that is attached together to the system which is know as
jockey pump. This pump functions to maintain a certain pressure in sprinkler system. Also, this hose reel pump is
usually needed when the external fire hydrant cannot provide sufficient pressure to meet the hydraulic design
requirement of the fire sprinkler system.
Figure 2.3: Standby pump operated by diesel and generator
Credit: Rudy, 2018

Figure 2.4: Hose reel pump set connected with pressure switches
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Diagram 2.4: Level 4 floor plan showing highlighted location of hose reel pump in sprinkler pump room
Source: Bong, 2018
2.2.2.3 HOSE REEL WATER STORAGE TANK
In Menara PMI, hose reel water storage tank is located in the sprinkler pump room, together with the hose reel
pump, supplying a large amount of water and faster transferring water to the hose reels with the gravity aids.
Reserved water is always ensured to be fully stored in the tank which is available to be used in any emergency of
hose reel system that has been used.

Figure 2.5: Hose reel water storage tank
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Conclusion:
The hose reel water storage tank used in Menara PMI meets the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Clause 247,
(1), (2) and (3). The three hose reel pumps work together to control the pressurized water flow rate to hose reel
system and fire sprinkler system from the water storage tank. Based on Diagram 2.4, the location of hose reel water
storage tank in the fire sprinkler room at level 4 is also exempted from the regulation stated in (2).
UBBL 1984
Clause 247
(1) Water storage capacity and water flow rate for fire fighting systems and installations shall be provided in
accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.
(2) Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be located at ground, first or
second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet connections accessible to fire appliances.
(3) Storage tanks for automatic sprinkler installations where full capacity is provided without need for replenishment
shall be exempted from the restrictions in their location.

2.2.3 WET RISER SYSTEM
Wet riser is a supply system intended to distribute water within the building in case of serious fire hazard, by
undertaking excessive pressures required to pump water to high levels. Wet risers are always charged with
pressurized supply water that is pumped from water tank, with landing valves sufficiently placed at every floor to
make sure each floor has enough supply of water during the fire emergency. This system also allows the fire
brigades to confront serious fire hazard without the need of bringing their own distribution system.
Diagram 2.5: Overall layout of wet riser system
Source: High-Rise Firefighting, 2013
2.2.3.1 WET RISER
In Menara PMI, three-ways wet riser landing valve is used for its wet riser system. The landing valve which is 65mm
in diameter is connected to the wet riser supply pipe which is 150mm in diameter. The wet riser supply pipes are
located on each floor along with the landing valves. All the landing valves are covered with a coupling adapter. The
couplings are screwed directly onto the discharge outlet of the landing valve. Canvas hose of 30 metres in length
and 65mm in diameter is provided together with each landing valve. These hoses are stored on a hose cradle which
is near the landing valve. Each canvas hose is also completed with a diffuser nozzle.
Water tank
Pump starter
panel
Pump
Hose cradle
Landing valve

Figure 2.6: Wet riser system at firefighting access lobby at lower basement
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Diagram 2.6: Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of wet riser outlet room
Source: Bong, 2018
150mm
Riser pipe
65mm
Landing
valve
Hose cradle
Firefighting access lobby

Conclusion:
The wet riser system used in Menara PMI complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Clause 231, (1)
and (2). The building is higher than 30.5m, therefore a wet riser system is installed. As shown in Diagram 2.6, the
components of wet riser system can be found in and near the designated firefighting access lobby at ground floor.
In the event of emergency, fire brigade can access the wet riser system easily and work faster to extinguish the fire.
2.2.3.2 WET RISER PUMP
In Menara PMI, the entire wet riser pump system is controlled by a pump starter panel. Wet riser pump used in the
system comprises three type of pumps - duty pump, standby pump and jockey pump which has a smaller flow rate.
UBBL 1984
Clause 231
(1) Wet rising system shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5 meters above
fire appliance access level.
(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting access lobby.
Figure 2.7: Pump starter panel in wet riser room
Credit: Rudy, 2018

Each pump set is connected via pipe manifolds. The duty and standby pump will be operated once the landing
valves throughout the building have been activated. Jockey pump will be activated even if a small pressure drops in
the system. It will aid in increasing the pressure to the proper operating pressure in order to prevent the duty and
standby pumps from activating. The pressure settings of pump sets have been labelled at a respective pressure
switch to indicate the cut-in and cut-out pressure. When the pressure is lower than the respective pressure, it will
automatically start up the jockey pump.
Figure 2.8: Wet riser pump room at upper basement car park level
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Diagram 2.7: Upper basement floor plan showing highlighted location of wet riser pump room
Source: Bong, 2018

2.2.4 AUTOMATIC FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
The automatic sprinkler system is a series of water distribution pipes which are supplied by reliable water supply
system that provides adequate pressure and flow rate to them. The system consists of sprinkler heads and sprinkler
pumps which work closely with alarm and smoke detector. The sprinkler heads are located at selected intervals
along the pipes throughout a building. Each water pipe is pressurized with water in them and the sprinkler heads
are designed to open automatically when they reach certain temperature. The function is to distribute water
immediately to put out fire once fire hazard is detected by alarm and smoke detector. In Menara PMI, the network of
water pipes for automatic sprinkler system is distributed throughout the building except the electrical rooms.
Diagram 2.8: Overall layout of automatic fire sprinkler system
Source: IndiaMART, 2010
2.2.4.1 FIRE SPRINKLER HEADS
Fire sprinkler heads in the automatic fire sprinkler system act as spray nozzles that release water around the
detected fire hazard area. It will be activated within seconds when fire is detected. The sprinkler head consists of
glass bulbs filled with liquids that are connected to the pipework. Due to excessive amount of heat in the area, it will
expand the liquid inside the glass bulb thus causing the glass to break and release water to put out fire. Generally,
each sprinkler head is designed to its own temperature that will be activated individually when its is heated. The
activation temperature of the sprinkler is usually stamped on the sprinkler link or at the frame base. Sprinklers that
Water supply
Pump
Water distribution
piping system
Fire sprinkler
heads

have temperature ratings more than 57°C are in color coded. In Menara PMI, the type of sprinkler used is installed
with red colored liquid which will be activated once the temperature of 68°C is reached in the case of a fire hazard.
Diagram 2.9: Components of a fire sprinkler head
Source: RFS, 2018
Diagram 2.10: Type of bulb liquid color with its rupturing temperature
Source: Pinterest, 2018
There are two type of fire sprinkler heads used in the system in Menara PMI which are recessed pendent sprinkler
head and upright sprinkler head. The recessed pendent sprinkler head is placed facing downwards and hanged
down from the ceiling. When the water is sprayed downwards to the ground, curved downward deflector will direct
the sprinkler water into a cone pattern to increase the water sprinkler range. Following the name, upright sprinkle

head is installed upward above the sprinkler pipe. When water is sprayed upward, the curved deflector deflects the
water downward to create hemispherical water spray pattern and the height installation area of the upright sprinkler
head allows the water to reach certain obstructed areas. Recessed pendent sprinkler heads are mainly found within
the lobby and office levels of the building whereas the upright sprinkler heads are spotted at the upper and lower
basement car park levels.
Figure 2.9: Recessed pendent sprinkler head (Left) and upright sprinkler head (Right)
Credit: Rudy, 2018
2.2.4.2 FIRE SPRINKLER PUMP
In Menara PMI, the fire sprinkler system is divided into three pumps. One pump is located at upper basement to
serve the basement, the other is located at level 4 to serve the office levels and the hose reel which has its
individual sets of pumps and tanks.
Diagram 2.11: Upper basement floor plan showing highlighted location of fire sprinkler pump room
Source: Bong, 2018

Diagram 2.12: Level 4 floor plan showing highlighted location of fire sprinkler pump room serving office levels
Source: Bong, 2018
Each pump system consists of a duty pump, a standby pump and a jockey pump. These fire sprinkler pumps will
draw water from the water storage tank to feed the sprinkler network. In Menara PMI, duty pump is the main
functioning pump operated by electricity to generate pressure to assure a constant water supply. The standby pump
is the alternative backup powered from diesel engine driven and generator in case of operational failure by the duty
pump and jockey pump.
Figure 2.10: Duty pump (Left) and standby pump (Right)
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Jockey pump is another important component for the automatic fire sprinkler system to keep maintaining water
pressure within a specific range. Due to activation of the sprinkler, water pressure inside the pipe will drop as the

water flows out to extinguish the fire. In the case of serious fire hazard, the jockey pump would not able to keep up
the pressure. Thus, larger drop in pressure will trigger fire pump to work in sending water to the system. However,
jockey pump will prevent the fire sprinkler system from damage when fire pump starts the process of sending water
by keeping the system pressurized. Without the presence and contribution of jockey pump in maintaining the
pressure, the system will result in low pressure, meanwhile the fire pump will send highly pressurized water inside
the pipe. The drastic change in water pressure will destroy the entire automatic fire sprinkler system.
Figure 2.11: Vertical jockey pump
Credit: Rudy, 2018
2.2.4.3 FIRE SPRINKLER ALARM VALVE
In Menara PMI, the sprinkler alarm control valve is located outside the automatic fire sprinkler room. Each alarm
valve has been labelled and indicated the area and floor serving. The pump sets will pump water into the main riser.
Every zone of the building is provided with a flow switch and a butterfly valve completed with micro-switch. The flow
switch and butterfly valve are both located outside the main distribution pipe of each floor. The butterfly valve is
installed at open position at all time whereas the micro-switch is installed to monitor the position of the butterfly
valve. The purpose of butterfly valve is to temporarily shut off the water distribution piping system at that particular
floor for ease of maintenance.

Figure 2.12: Fire sprinkler alarm valve located at upper basement
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Conclusion:
The fire sprinkler system used in Menara PMI complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Clause 228,
(1) and (2). As shown in Figure 2.12, the fire sprinkler alarm valve is placed near the exit of the enclosed car park at
upper basement level of Menara PMI which allows the ease of extinguishing by fire brigade during fire hazard. It is
connected to the fire alarm system which links directly to the nearest fire station through fire control panel.
UBBL 1984
Clause 228
(1) Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe and enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily
accessible to the Fire Authority.
(2) All sprinkler systems shall be electricity connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and
automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

2.3 NON-WATER-BASED SYSTEM
Fire can be smoothened using various traditional methodologies such as pouring of water. However, in case of fire
due to electrical equipment, pouring water will worsen the situation and may prove fatal. Hence, firefighting
equipment such as non-water-based system is safe for use only during an emergency. In Menara PMI, the non-
water-based system consists of carbon dioxide system and dry chemical agent which include carbon dioxide
suppression system and portable fire extinguishers. It is normally initiated by an electrical fire system and by
releasing gas agents rapidly to extinguish a fire. The selection of gas agent depends on the application, the level of
risk and life safety factor.
2.3.1 CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless, and chemically inert gas that is both readily available and electrically
non-conductive. It extinguishes fire primarily by lowering the level of oxygen that supports combustion in a protected
area. This mechanism of fire suppression makes CO2 suppression system highly effective, requiring minimal clean-
up, but should be used in normally unoccupied hazard locations or otherwise avoided by personnel when
discharged. CO2 suppression system may utilize the gas through a total flooding approach but carbon dioxide is
also the only gaseous agent that may be utilized through local application. Carbon dioxide may be stored in either
high pressure spun steel cylinders (HPCO2 suppression system) or low-pressure light wall refrigerated tanks
(LPCO2 suppression system).
Benefits of using carbon dioxide (CO2) include the following:
• Fast - CO2 is able to penetrate the entire hazard areas to smoother the combustion within seconds
• Environmental-friendly - CO2 exists as a gas in the earth’s atmosphere and is one of the by-products of
combustion. Thus, it does not have any environmental impact.
• Non-damaging - CO2 does not cause spoilage, requires no clean-up and leaves no residue
• Non-conductive - CO2 is electrical non-conductive, allowing use for a wide variety of special applications
• Adaptive - CO2 is effective on a wide range of flammable and combustible materials

Diagram 2.13: Components of HPCO2 suppression system (Left) and LPCO2 suppression system (Right)
2.3.1.1 HIGH-PRESSURE CARBON DIOXIDE (HPCO2) SUPPRESSION SYSTEM
In Menara PMI, only high-pressure carbon dioxide (HPCO2) suppression systems are spotted inside the consumer
switch room and genset room located at upper basement car park level. Five red long cylinders arranged in a row
are packed with non-flammable carbon dioxide gas that is under extreme pressure and controlled by a control
panel. It can be easily identified by its horn and the lack of pressure gauge.
Advantages of using HPCO2 suppression system include the following:
• Less expensive for smaller system
• Easy to install
• Readily available
• Fewer components

Figure 2.13: HPCO2 suppression system located in the genset room
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Diagram 2.14: Upper basement floor plan showing highlighted location of HPCO2 suppression system
Source: Rudy, 2018

Diagram 2.15: HPCO2 suppression operational system

2.3.2 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Fire extinguisher is one of the active fire protection devices and is commonly used for initial outbreak of fire and
prevent full scale fire escalation. A portable fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel
containing an agent which can be discharged to extinguish and control small fires. In Menara PMI, the type of
portable fire extinguisher used includes ABC multipurpose dry powder extinguisher and carbon dioxide
extinguisher. Different agents serve to extinguish different fire sources efficiently. The location of placement of
portable fire extinguisher should be noticeable, where it is easily spotted and near the fire hazard site - room exit,
corridor, staircase, lobby and landing. It should also be placed within recessed closet if sited along protected
corridor to prevent obstruction.
Diagram 2.16: Type of fire extinguisher
Source: Service Fire Equipment, 2017
Diagram 2.17: Sketched diagram showing standard operational procedure of a fire extinguisher
Source: Lim, 2018

2.3.2.1 ABC MULTIPURPOSE DRY POWDER EXTINGUISHER
ABC dry powder extinguisher is one of the most common fire extinguishers used. It is also a multipurpose fire
extinguisher that can be used for initial outbreak of fire from class A burning solids (wood, paper, cloth), class B
liquid fires (flammable liquids), class C gases (flammable gases) and electrical-contact fires. Each canister consists
of dry powder with compressed nitrogen as the propellant. When the powder is layered on the fire, it will cut the fuel
off from the oxygen that surrounds it, hence, it will put out the fire temporarily. In Menara PMI, this type of fire
extinguisher can be found near all the emergency exit doors as well as throughout the whole upper and lower
basement car park level. Some of them are kept in a case to prevent accidental discharge.
Figure 2.14: ABC multipurpose dry powder extinguisher (Left) and some kept in a case (Right)
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Figure 2.15: ABC multipurpose dry powder extinguisher placed
next to emergency exit door at lower basement
Credit: Rudy, 2018

2.3.2.2 CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISHER
Carbon dioxide extinguisher can only be used when there is fire involving electricity appliances and class B
(flammable liquids) liquid fires. Carbon dioxide works by displaying oxygen that leads to combustion. Carbon
dioxide that is expelled is also very cold as it comes out of the extinguisher, so it cools the fuel as well. Carbon
dioxide may be ineffective at extinguishing class A burning solids (wood, paper, cloth) because they may not be
able to displace enough oxygen to successfully put the fire out. Class A materials may also burn and re-ignite. In
Menara PMI, this type of extinguisher can be found at electrical riser rooms of each office floor.
The key difference between ABC dry powder extinguisher and carbon dioxide extinguisher is the large, black, cone-
shaped horn which can only be seen on carbon dioxide extinguisher. The purpose of the horn is to allow the carbon
dioxide gas to expand, cool and turn into a mixture of frozen ‘snow’ and gas. The design of the horn easily allows
the carbon dioxide to exit at high speed, so that snow that is formed does not block it from exiting smoothly.
Furthermore, it also has to mix up the gas in fairly turbulent way in order to stop it from firing air from the horn to the
fire as well which will cause more fire.
Figure 2.16: Carbon dioxide extinguisher
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Cone-shaped horn

Conclusion:
The portable fire extinguisher used in Menara PMI complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Clause
227. As shown in Figure 2.15, fire extinguishers are placed nearby the emergency exit, staircase and lift to allow
easy access toward the equipment in countering fire hazard. Both ABC dry powder and carbon dioxide
extinguishers also have the similar operational method.
UBBL 1984
Clause 227
Portable extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of practice and shall be sited in prominent
position on exit routes to be visible from all directions and similar extinguishers in a building shall be of the same
method of operation.

2.4 ALARM, DETECTION SYSTEM AND DEVICES
Alarm, detection system and devices are usually the most sensitive active fire protection system as they are the first
system to be activated in a case of fire emergency. They will then trigger and activate the rest of the fire protection
system to function and work together as one to control and extinguish the fire before the arrival of fire brigade. Fire
is normally first detected by the system itself or by human that pull the alarm handle manually. A typical tripped
alarm sound, bell or horn will alert occupant of a building to evacuate immediately. In addition, it will send an
electronic signal to alert the nearest fire department to respond.
2.4.1 FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
Fire alarm usually consists of alarm bells, fireman’s switch, voice communication system, manual pull station,
smoke and heat detector, buzzer and emergency light. Fire alarm system provides audible and visual alarm signals
for the occupant of the building. The signals may be coming from the manual operation of manual pull station (or
break glass) or automatic operation equipment such as heat detector or smoke detector. There are two type of fire
alarm system in general, which are two-stage alarm system and single alarm system. In Menara PMI, two-stage
alarm system is used. In a two-stage alarm system, a distinct alert signal first advises the security or staff in charge
of the fire emergency. Usually this signal is coded so that its meaning is apparent only to designated building staff.
The staff is expected to immediately investigate the source of the alarm and, if a fire exists, to activate the alarm
signal. The alarm signal is automatically set off after a predetermined period of time - usually five minutes if the staff
have not already activated it or reset the alarm system. If, on the other hand, after investigation it is determined that
the alert is a false alarm, staff can silence the coded alert signal and reset the system.

Diagram 2.18: Overall layout of fire alarm system
Source: Wittag Solution, 2017
2.4.1.1 FIRE ALARM BELL
Alarm bell is an audible fire alarm system. The alarm will be triggered automatically through heat detector, smoke
detector, manual pull station, or via manual activation from control panel. It will produce loud sound to alert user
throughout the building if a fire hazard occurs. An alarm bell should provide a minimum sound level of 65dB or
+5dB above any background noise which is likely to persist for more than 30 seconds. In Menara PMI, the fire
alarm bells are distributed throughout the lobby, basement levels, along the corridor of the office levels and near the
emergency exits of each floor.
Figure 2.17: Fire alarm bell
Credit: Rudy, 2018

Conclusion:
The fire alarm bell used in Menara PMI complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Clause 237, (1), (2)
and (3). The fire alarm bell is readily-available to notify people through visual and audio appliances when fire hazard
or smoldering substances occur. Two-stage alarm system is used because the height of Menara PMI excluding two
basement car park levels is more than 30.5m.
UBBL 1984
Clause 237
(1) Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to these By-Laws.
(2) All premises and building with gross floor area excluding car park and storage area exceeding 9290 square
metres or exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a two-stage alarm system with evacuation
(continues signal) to be given immediately in the affected section of the premises while an alert (intermittent signal) be
given in adjoining section.
(3) Provision shall be made for the general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.

2.4.1.2 MANUAL PULL STATION
The manual pull station is a call point that enables people to raise a fire alarm in the case of fire emergency by
pressing or breaking the glass to activate the fire alarm system that is connected directly on top of it. In Menara
PMI, the manual pull station is located along with the fire alarm bell at each floor of the building.
Figure 2.18: Manual pull station
Credit: Rudy, 2018
2.4.1.3 FIREMAN’S SWITCH
Fireman’s switch is a specialized switch for firefighter to disconnect power from high voltage devices which may
pose a threat in the event of fire emergency. These switches can be found at the emergency escape staircase and
along the corridor of each floor level. These switches can be easily notified as they are colored in red and properly
labelled with “firemen switch”.
Figure 2.19: Fireman’s switch
Credit: Rudy, 2018

Conclusion:
The fireman’s switch used in Menara PMI meets the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Clause 240, (1) and (2).
There is only one type of fireman’s switch provided and used at emergency escape staircase of every floor of the
building. In the case of fire emergency, electrical power supply can be disconnected by the switch to prevent further
loss.
2.4.1.4 VOICE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
The fireman intercom is a system using two-way communication in between remote telephone handsets inside a
phone box and the telephone from intercom panel inside fire control room in case of emergency. In Menara PMI,
this intercom handset can be found at the fire emergency escape staircase of each floor.
UBBL 1984
Clause 240
(1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square metres shall be provided with an electrical
isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the
relevant floor or zone served.
(2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman's switch specified in the Institution of Electrical Engineers
Regulations then in force.
Figure 2.20: Intercom handset station at emergency
escape staircase
Credit: Rudy, 2018

Conclusion:
The voice communication system used in Menara PMI complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under
Clause 239. As shown in Figure 2.20, voice communication systems are located at emergency escape staircase
nearby lifts and corridors. During fire hazard occurrence, the occupant is able to use the voice communication
system to communicate with the security in the fire control room to ask for assistance as it is connected to the
intercom panel at fire control room.
UBBL 1984
Clause 239
There shall be two separate approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications systems, one a fire
brigade communications system and the other a public address system between the central control station and the
following areas:
(a) lifts, lift lobbies, corridors and staircases;
(b) in every office area exceeding 92.9 square metres in area;
(c) in each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may be combined with the
public address system.

2.4.1.5 SMOKE DETECTOR
Smoke detector is one of the crucial fire detection system that senses smoke, ordinarily as an indicator for the
presence of fire. Once the smoke or smoldering substance is detected, this detector will transfer signal to fire
control panel in fire control room which then activates the alarm signals to warn the occupants of the building. In
Menara PMI, there are generally two type of smoke detectors used throughout the building – ionization smoke
detector and photoelectric smoke detector.
Ionization smoke detector contains a small portion of radioactive substance in between two electrically charged
plates, leading to ionization of the air and current outflow between the plates. Smoke from fire hazard will disrupt
the flow of ions and stop the electric current, thus slower the flow and triggering the fire alarm. This type of alarm
responds the best to fast raging fires.
Figure 2.21: Ionization smoke detector
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Diagram 2.19: Operational system of ionization smoke detector

Photoelectric smoke detector operates using a light source, a light beam collimating system and a photoelectric
sensor. This type of smoke detector can detect smoke through scattered light particles around the air caused by the
smoke using its light electric sensor. Alarm will be triggered when the light hits the sensor, sending signal informing
the existence of fire hazard to the fire control panel. High sensitivity towards light and efficiency in detecting smoke
makes this type of smoke detector preferred as fire detection system.
Figure 2.22: Photoelectric smoke detector
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Diagram 2.20: Operational system of photoelectric smoke detector

Conclusion:
The smoke detector used in Menara PMI complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Clause 239. As
shown in Figure 2.21 and Figure 2.22, both ionization and photoelectric smoke detectors are installed on the ceiling
level of the lift lobbies area of each floor to detect fire hazard. They work together with fire alarm bell and can be
remotely controlled from the fire control room as well.
UBBL 1984
Part VII: Fire Requirements
Clause 153
(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
(2) Lift not opening into a smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices controlled by light beam or photo-
detectors unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam
cause the door to close within a preset time.
Clause 225
(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with
illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

2.4.1.6 HEAT DETECTOR
Heat detector is one of the early stage fire detection systems with specialization in detecting thermal changes
around the installation area of the device. Sudden thermal change or higher temperature from the fire hazard will be
detected by this detector and result in triggering the alarm that is connected to the fire control panel. Heat detector
usually has a lower false alarm rate, but it is slower than smoke detector in detecting fires. In general, there are two
type of heat detectors which are fixed temperature heat detector and rate-of-rise heat detector.
Fixed temperature heat detector is designed to trigger alarm in case of thermal changes reach the predetermined
temperature level. It is usually preferred by most of the commercial and office building due to its economical and
efficiency in alarm in detecting ambient temperature. Rate-of-rise heat detector activates the alarm from a sudden
change of temperature from the predetermined value. It can barely detect slowly-developing fires due to the
produced small heat energy. In Menara PMI, only rate-of-rise heat detector is installed throughout the building.
Figure 2.23: Rate-of-rise heat detector (on the right) at basement
Credit: Rudy, 2018

Diagram 2.21: Operational system of fixed temperature and rate-of-rise heat detector
Source: Apollo, n.d.
Conclusion:
The heat detector used in Menara PMI complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Clause 239. As
shown in Figure 2.23, the rate-of-riser heat detector is used and installed on the ceiling levels throughout the
building. The change of temperature in an enclosed area will be monitored by heat detectors automatically by
sending signals to the fire indicator panel and sound an alarm to warn the occupant of the fire hazard occurrence.
UBBL 1984
Clause 225
(1) Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with
illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to these By-laws.

2.4.2 FIRE CONTROL ROOM
The fire control room is the central of a building where almost every important information can be found in case of a
fire emergency. The control room is where the main fire alarm control panel, intercom system and digital alarm
communicator are located. This room also provides information about fire detection system such as alarm system,
voice communication system, fire pump, and other important fire control system. The signal sent by the fire system
sensor when it detects fire will be received by the control panel inside the fire control room. Security in charge will
be taking shift in monitoring the fire detection system in the fire control room and be the one in executing the
command when fire hazard occurs. Fire signal will be automatically sent to nearest firefighter department or hospital
by digital alarm communicator in case of fire hazard occurrence. In Menara PMI, the fire control room is located
strategically behind the reception at the ground floor.
Figure 2.24: Fire control room
Credit: Rudy, 2018

Diagram 2.22: Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of fire control room
Source: Bong, 2018
Conclusion:
The fire control room in Menara PMI complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Clause 238. As shown
in Figure 2.17, the fire control room is fully equipped with all the required control system as stated in the clause.
They are all functioning and operating well in monitoring fire control system of the building under supervision of the
security in charge.
UBBL 1984
Clause 238
Every large premises or building exceeding 30.5 metres in height shall be provided with a command and control
centre located on the designated floor and shall contain a panel to monitor the public address, fire brigade
communication, sprinkler, waterflow detectors, fire detection and alarm systems and with a direct telephone
connection to the appropriate fire station by-passing the switchboard.

2.4.2.1 FIRE ALARM CONTROL PANEL
The fire alarm control panel is the main key component in managing fire alarm system of the building. Fire alarm
control panel acts as a media to monitor the fire control system and provide manual control of the fire system device
remotely. Detected fire signal received from fire alarm system in the building will be displayed through the control
panel, allowing prevention acts to be executed in case of emergency such as contacting the nearest fire brigade
immediately or requesting emergency treatment from the nearest hospital.
On top of the fire alarm control panel, there is a series of fire mimic diagrams showing the location of the break
glass and fire alarm on each floor inside Menara PMI. In case that there is fire and the break glass has been
broken, a red light will appear on the panel showing the location of where the fire occurs. This system is also known
as addressable system. This system is to ease the personnel and firefighter to monitor the condition of the building
when fire emergency occurs. In Menara PMI, the fire alarm control panel is placed in the fire control room at ground
floor.
Figure 2.25: Fire alarm control panel
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Fire mimic diagrams

Diagram 2.23: Lower basement floor plan with highlighted alarm, detection system and devices
Diagram 2.24: Upper basement floor plan with highlighted alarm, detection system and devices
Diagram 2.25: Ground floor plan with highlighted alarm, detection system and devices

Diagram 2.26: First floor plan with highlighted alarm, detection system and devices

Conclusion:
The fire alarm control panel used in Menara PMI complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Clause
155. As shown in Figure 2.18, the fire alarm control panel is equipped with fire mimic diagrams of each floor
showing where the fire signal comes from in the case of fire emergency. This aids in activating the rescue operation
immediately to prevent further loss. loss.
2.4.2.2 INTERCOM PANEL
In any large complex building, in this case, Menara PMI, fighting fire is an extremely high-risk job. The purpose of
the intercom panel located in the fire control room is to allow an easy communication facility between the fire chief
and firefighters commanding the fire fighting and rescue operation. At each landing of a fire escape staircase, one
unit of the voice communication system is provided, and they are all connected to this intercom panel in the fire
control room.
Figure 2.26: Intercom panel connecting voice communication system at each floor
Credit: Rudy, 2018
2.4.2.3 DIGITAL ALARM COMMUNICATOR
The fire communicator is a complete digital alarm communicator transmitter for use with compatible fire alarm
control panel. When fire occurs, the digital alarm communicator will link directly to the bomba service from the
nearest fire station or Jabatan Bomba.

2.5 SMOKE CONTROL SYSTEM
Smoke control system is a mechanical system for fire protection measure which serves as smoke and fume suction
during fire hazard occurrence. In Menara PMI, supply and exhaust ventilation system work together to maintain
tenable condition by regulating air to provide pressurization to stairwell and lift lobby and extracting smoke from car
park and utility room to prevent accumulation of smoke in the case of fire emergency.
Figure 2.27: Emergency escape staircase with stairwell pressurization system
Credit: Bong, 2018
Figure 2.28: Smoke extraction system on roof top
Credit: Rudy, 2018
*Further details regarding supply and extract ventilation system will be explained in Chapter 5.0.

2.6 CONCLUSION
As time goes by, understanding about the danger of fire hazard keep progressing which leads to the improvement
of fire protection in commercial, residential, and even office building, in this case, Menara PMI. Consisting of 14
stories of offices, Menara PMI ensures and optimizes the fire safety by implementing required active fire protection
system to create a safer work environment. Complying with the UBBL 1984, each component of fire safety system
is placed and applied accordingly to the law’s requirements. Menara PMI proves the understanding of fire safety by
obeying the legal law in providing safe environment for occupant and preventive measure equipment in the event of
fire emergency.

CHAPTER 3.0 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM | 3.0
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Passive Fire Protection (PFP) is a form of fire protection on a structural level designed to control the spread of fire,
reducing damage caused and aiding in efficient evacuation. It protects the building itself from fire devastation,
minimizing the danger of fire-induced collapse or structural distortion and limiting the movement of fire and smoke
between different spaces thus, saving lives during the case of an emergency.
The objectives of passive fire protection system include the following:
Objectives Fire Hazard Sources
• To protect life and limb of occupants from fire
or explosion that results from activities for
which they, or their immediate family, are
responsible.
• Ignition of clothing due to general
carelessness, or of beds or armchairs due to
smoking.
• Misuse of heating and electrical appliances.
• To protect the occupants lives from fires
resulting from activities of the owner, the
manager, or service providers.
• To protect the lives of individual building users
from fire that results from the activities of other
users.
• Typically, smoke or toxic gas from a fire move
to surround the individuals concerned or to
prevent their escape.
• Explosions cause collapse which kill people
away from explosion source.
• To protect the occupants lives from a fire or
explosion that arises from the activities of
people outside the building.
• Typically, fire spread from another building or
explosion following the leak of flammable gas
into the building from outside.
• To protect non-users of the building from fire
and explosion that occurs within the building.
• Typically spread of fire to other buildings (rare
nowadays that this kills people) or collapse of
building onto people outside due to fire or
explosion.

In general, the passive fire protection system can be categorized into three main parts, namely means of escape,
compartmentation and firefighting access, to provide sufficient time to allow the safe evacuation of all occupants of
a building as well to protect building properties from totally damage and ensure structural integrity of a building.
The first principle is means of escape which provide safe routes and information for an occupant to travel from any
point in a building to a place of safety in the shortest time, such as evacuation route, exits, fire escape plan,
emergency escape sign, horizontal and vertical exits, and assembly point. The second principle is passive
containment which is designed to isolate affected areas, preventing the spread of smoke and heat and ensuring
that small fires are not allowed to escalate into full-scale blazes. It comprises of compartmentation, fire containment
and structural fire protection. The third principle is firefighting access which allows access of firefighters and fire
brigade appliances in a fire incident, such as fire engine routing, firefighting lobby, staircase and lift.
Diagram 3.0: Overview chart of passive fire protection system in Menara PMI
Source: Rudy, 2018

3.2 PURPOSE GROUP OF MENARA PMI
Menara PMI accommodates office commodity and several other mix functions within the office building, such as
café and shop. Although the inactivity as an office building for a certain period of time, the office building does
support the needs of a handful of staff members, authorized personnel, an office company as well as several vacant
office spaces within. The user group of Menara PMI is centered around office workers and known personnel.
Conclusion:
The purpose group of Menara PMI complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Clause 134. Menara
PMI has more than one purpose group which are group IV (office) and V (shop), as stated in the Fifth Schedule.
The ground floor is leased for individual shop lots while the rest of the levels are leased for office use.
UBBL 1984
Clause 134
For the purpose of this Part every building or compartment shall be regarded according to its use or
intended use as falling within one of the purpose groups set out in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws and, where a
building is divided into compartments, use or intended to be used for different purposes, the purpose group of each
compartment shall be determined separately:
Provided that where the whole or part of a building or compartment, as the case may be, is used or
intended to be used for more than one purpose, only the main purpose of use of that building or compartment shall
be taken into account in determining into which purpose group it falls.

3.3 MEANS OF ESCAPE
Means of escape are the designated areas used as means of escape for the occupants to escape from the fire
using enclosed corridors or emergency staircases of each floor to reach the final exit door in the building which
leads the occupants to a safe place or an assembly point. Means of escape for the occupants include evacuation
route, exits, fire escape plan, emergency escape sign, horizontal and vertical exits, and assembly point.
3.3.1 EVACUATION ROUTE
The office levels of Menara PMI consist of 14 floors in total, including 2 floors of basement car park level. Out of the
14 floors, office lots occupy 13 floors whereas lift motor room and mechanical ventilation service rooms occupy one
floor which is the topmost level (roof top). The other mechanical rooms can also be found at level 4 which is
accessible through level 5. The lobby is located at ground floor along with the main entrance of the building which
serves as the main evacuation exits to the main road. In Menara PMI, the escape routes from within the building
circulate vertically and horizontally to direct occupants towards the exit located at the ground floor.
Diagram 3.1: Section showing general evacuation route in case of fire emergency
Service
Car park
Lobby
Exit via
ground floor
G
Offices

Car Park - Lower Basement and Upper Basement Level
Both basement parking levels consist of a centralized configuration point that allows occupant to access the
emergency route vertically towards the exit and assembly point at the ground floor to be discharged out from the
building in case of fire emergency. The simple spatial configuration in both these levels also eases the occupant to
conveniently converge and identify the circulation pattern that directs them towards the exit lobby and emergency
escape staircase.
Diagram 3.2: Evacuation route on lower basement car park level
Diagram 3.3: Evacuation route on upper basement car park level
Lift lobby
Emergency
escape staircase
Evacuation
route

Lobby - Ground Floor Level
Ground floor is where the lobby located. In case of fire emergency, occupants are free to exit through different
emergency exits from every cardinal direction of the level - opening exits towards North, South, East, and West. It
aids in easing movement of the occupants, especially when there is a crowd during the emergency.
Diagram 3.4: Evacuation route on ground floor level
Offices - Level 1 to 13
The evacuation route of the office levels is uniformed throughout the building, with the exemption of level 5 and
13A. Fire staircase exits are located along the corridor near the lift lobby. There is also an additional exit in one of
the office lots. The circulation that runs through a linear horizontal axis along the corridor and into office lots, easing
escape of occupant during a case of an emergency.
Diagram 3.5: Evacuation route on typical office level

Mechanical Rooms and Service Platform - Level 4 (Accessible Through Level 5 and Above)
Level 4 consists of an open platform area fitted with air conditioning system service machinery and amenities. At
this open platform area, the evacuation route is clear and noticeable where it is connected to three emergency
escape staircases, one from level 5 above, another two to level 3 below (one at South, one at West). This open
platform area is directly accessible and connected via office lots at level 4 and 5. Evacuation planning at level 4
has similar escape routing as the other office levels but with an added emergency escape staircase (ST3) at the
south of the building, creating a new exit routing from the repeated escape patterns on the following floors. This
added escape routing that can be accessed through office lots, lift lobby and service platform will direct evacuees to
the ground floor and later discharged off from the building.
Diagram 3.7: Evacuation route continued from level 5
Open
platform
Open
platform
at level 4

Roof Top Level – Level 14
The roof level prohibits occupant to access within this vicinity of service area, as this area is only accessible by
authorized personnel. During the case of an emergency, authorized personnel will be easily directed towards the
staircase in the center of the roof level and will be directed downwards to the lobby at ground floor.
3.3.1.1 EVACUATION ROUTE DISTANCE
The maximum travel distance given to exits and dead-ends are further elaborated and stated within the context of
the Seventh Schedule of the By-laws. It is to demonstrate the distance of travel implemented in Menara PMI to
provide necessity for evacuees during a case of an emergency.
Purpose Group Limit when alternative exits are available
Dead-End Limit (metre) Un-sprinklered (metre) Sprinklered (metre)
Open plan Not Applicable 30 45
Office 15 45 60
Shops 15 30 45
Places of assembly Not Applicable 45 61
Table 3.1: Seventh Schedule showing maximum travel distance from emergency exits
Source: UBBL 1984, 2015
Menara PMI accommodates the adequate travelling distance in their plans along with the presence of automatic fire
sprinkler system. The maximum travel distance from a fire staircase to the other can be up to 60m. Therefore,

evacuation route in Menara PMI complies with the requirements by having two staircase exits at the basement
level, and at least 3 to 4 staircases from the lobby up through the following stretch of office levels.
Conclusion:
To conclude, the evacuation route of Menara PMI meets the UBBL 1984 requirements listed under Clause 165, (1),
166, (1) and (2), and 169. As shown in all the diagrams above, all exit points are arranged linearly within the layout
plan of Menara PMI, either at the end, center or the back. The arrangement of exit points along the corridor of the
office levels provides ease of accessibility for the occupant in the building during the situation of fire emergency.
Thus, due to their strategic location, evacuation routes are efficiently planned.
UBBL 1984
Clause 165
(1) The travel distance to an exit shall be measured on the floor or other walking surface along the centre line of
the natural path of travel, starting 0.300 metre from the most remote point of occupancy, curving around any corners
or obstructions with 0.300 metre clearance therefrom and ending at the storey exit. Where measurement includes
stairs, it shall be taken in the plane of the trend noising.
Clause 166
(1) Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together
with such additional exits as may be necessary.
(2) The exits shall be sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are within the limits of travel
distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws and are readily accessible at all times.
Clause 169
No exit route may reduce its width along its path of travel from storey exit to the final exit.

3.3.2 ASSEMBLY POINT
The assembly point is an area where the evacuated occupants should gather and be identified after escaping from
the building during the case of an emergency. In Menara PMI, all exit points from the emergency escape staircases
at ground floor are to be directed to the designated assembly point located right in front of the building. The
designated evacuation routes that follow the one single linear circulation from ST1, ST2 and ST3, allow the
evacuated occupants to be discharged off the building at the assembly point in front.
Diagram 3.9: Ground floor plan showing evacuation route to assembly point
Figure 3.0: Assembly point located in front of Menara PMI
Assembly
point
Emergency
escape staircase
Evacuation
route

UBBL 1984
Clause 178
In buildings classified as institutional or places of assembly, exits to a street or large open space, together with
staircases, corridors and passages leading to such exits shall be located, separated or protected as to avoid any
undue danger to the occupants of the place of assembly from fire originating the other occupancy or smoke
therefrom.
Clause 179
Each place of assembly shall be classified according to its capacity as follows:
Class Capacity
A 1,000 persons or more
B 300 to 1,000 persons
C 100 to 300 persons
Clause 183
Every place of assembly, every tier or balcony and every individual room used as a place of assembly shall have
exits sufficient to provide for the total capacity thereof as determined in accordance with by-law 180 and as follows:
(b) doors leading outside the building at ground level or not more than three risers above or below ground one
hundred persons per exit unit;
(c) staircases or other types of exits not specified in by-law 177 above seventy-five persons per exit unit;
(e) every Class B place of assembly (capacity three hundred to one thousand persons) shall have at least two
separate exits as remote from each other as practicable, and if of a capacity of over six hundred at least
three such exits.

Conclusion:
To conclude, the assembly point of Menara PMI is classified as class B as the office building is intended to
accommodate a total of approximately less than 1000 people including office staffs and security personnel. Also,
the four means of exit points provided at ground floor that lead to assembly point also complies with clause 183. As
shown in Figure 3.0, the assembly area is separated from the building so that evacuated occupants are at a distant
from danger. This proves that the building complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements under clause 178. In so, the
assembly point of Menara PMI is a suitable spot to evacuate to in a case of an emergency.
3.3.3 FIRE ESCAPE PLAN
The fire escape plans can be found on the walls of each floor, located in the vicinity of the elevators. The
emergency escape plan usually indicates current position of the occupant, evacuation route, location of fire lift,
emergency exit and escape staircase, several active interventions (fire extinguisher, hose reel, alarm switch, etc.).
These information are vital for occupants to gather information, and to provide them necessary guidelines and
equipment to survive in case of an emergency.
Figure 3.1: Fire escape plan found on wall in the lift lobby

3.3.4 EXITS
Exits are passageways that direct occupants from one space to another, or from one space out of a building.
Examples of exits include a door, vestibule or stairwell. An exit route should be a continuous, unobstructed path
from anywhere in a work area to the exit. In case of fire emergency, exits play a key role as it usually provides the
cleanest and fastest route for occupant to escape from the hazard.
3.3.4.1 HORIZONTAL EXITS
Horizontal exits are exits that allow occupant to egress from one side of a building to another side through a fire-
resistance-rated assembly, such as a fire wall or fire barrier. The horizontal exits provide an additional layer of fire-
resistive protection between the fire source and the occupant to allow them to safely exit through a vertical exit
enclosure, or some other exit component. In Menara PMI, the horizontal exits include lift lobby, firefighting lobby,
corridor and fire-protected pathway that lead towards the emergency escape staircase accessed through fire-rated
doors. The horizontal exits incorporate pressurization system to prevent smoke from fire coming into the space. The
spaces are also made up by fire-protective materials to ensure taking safety factors as a priority for occupants
evacuating from the building.
Figure 3.2: Horizontal exit represented by lift lobby in Menara PMI

Figure 3.3: Horizontal exit of basement car park
leading to lift lobby
UBBL 1984
Clause 171
(1) Where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits.
(2) Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircases and final exits need only be of a width to
accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as the total
number of exit widths provided is not reduced to less than half that would otherwise be required for the whole
building.
Clause 174
(1) Where two or more storey exits are required they shall be spaced at not less than 5 metres apart measured
between the nearest edges of the openings.
(2) Each exit shall give direct access to-
(a) a final exit;
(b) a protected staircase leading to a final exit; or
(c) an external route leading to a final exit.
(3) Basements or roof structures used solely for services need not be provided with alternative means of egress.

Conclusion:
Horizontal exits used in Menara PMI do meet the UBBL 1984 requirements because they are apparent throughout
the floors in every level of the building. In reference to the evacuation routes, all horizontal exits are placed leading
to the provided protected staircase in the office levels whilst the ground floor provides horizontal exit towards its
final exit which is the main entrance of the building, as stated in clause 171 and 174. This in whereby, easing
occupants’ evacuation procedure to identify horizontal exits and to egress off the building.
3.3.4.2 VERTICAL EXITS
Vertical exits are exits that allow occupant to egress from above level of a building to the bottom through stairway,
compartment and/or escalator. In Menara PMI which consists of 14 office levels, including 2 levels of basement car
park, all share several common emergency escape staircase routes leading to the ground floor exit and towards the
assembly point. These staircases are vertical exits that are critical during the evacuation procedure when occupants
are vacating at high levels of within the office building. These staircases are the means of evacuation from the
upper levels to the lower levels. This emergency escape staircase can be easily found at the edges of the office
building of each floor to easily direct and evacuate occupants off the building efficiently during fire hazard. The
reinforced concrete wall and fire-resistant escape staircase are located within an enclosed space accessible
through a fire-rated door.
Figure 3.4: Emergency escape staircase along with “KELUAR” wordings across the wall

Specification of Emergency Escape Staircase
In Menara PMI, the total flight of staircase consists of 8 flights. The width of a row of staircase spans 1130 mm
along with a thread of 180mm and riser of 280mm, and a handrail height of 900mm. The dimension of the
emergency escape staircase is possible to accommodate at least two evacuees to fit in-between to ensure smooth
flow of large groups of evacuees during the case of an emergency
Diagram 3.10: On-site sketch of staircase dimensions in Menara PMI
Exit Stairway
In Menara PMI, the exit stairway obeys the recommendation of having door swing in direction of escape and
outside path of travel along the staircase. Furthermore, the landing’s width of the staircase is wider than the width of
the staircase.
Diagram 3.11: On-site sketch of exit stairway dimension and estimated escape routing in Menara PMI

Diagram 3.12: Return flight staircase (Left) and on-site sketch (Right)
Headroom
The emergency escape staircase should have a minimum headroom of more than 2 metres measured vertically
from any point over the full width of the staircase. The distance of headroom between two storeys of staircase in
Menara PMI is apparently exceeding the standard requirement of 2 metres.
Diagram 3.13: On-site sketch of headroom distance between 2 storeys within the emergency escape staircase

Location of Exit
The designated arrangement of horizontal exits makes up the entire office complex layout along with the simple
placement of vertical exits in Menara PMI.
Diagram 3.14: Lower basement floor plan showing highlighted location of horizontal and vertical exits
Diagram 3.15: Upper basement floor plan showing highlighted location of horizontal and vertical exits
Horizontal exit
Vertical exit
Exits on lower basement
are kept simple and
clean as well as being
collectively at the center
of the level and the far
left.
Horizontal exits are still
simple and leading
towards the lift lobby at
the center, and
immediately towards the
vertical exit on the side.

Diagram 3.16: Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of horizontal, vertical and final exits
Diagram 3.17: First floor plan showing highlighted location of horizontal and vertical exits
Horizontal exits are
more elaborated and
throughout the spaces
within the ground floor.
Horizontal exit
Vertical exit
Final exit
Horizontal exits sit along
the center of the floor
layout of the first floor.

Diagram 3.18: Fifth floor plan showing highlighted location of horizontal, vertical and final exits
Horizontal exit
Vertical exit
Axis line
The exits of office levels
are arranged within an
axis with one being
perpendicular to the line
by the middle of the axis.

Conclusion:
To conclude, the emergency escape staircase meets the requirements of UBBL 1984 under clause 168 and 106 in
which staircases follow the stated criteria and requirements as shown in Diagram 3.10, 3.11, 3.12 and 3.13.
Diagram 3.10 shows dimensions that comply with the by-law listed under clause 106 to ensure evacuees safety
during tie of egress. Furthermore, diagram 3.11 shows that the traveling path is unobstructed by providing a clear
flow of movement during emergency in the building, as to abide the requirements in (2) and (4) of clause 168, to
maintain efficiency during the evacuation process in vertical exits of Menara PMI.
UBBL 1984
Clause 168
(1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate
staircases.
(2) Staircases shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes
the remaining staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it
calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-laws.
(4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings.
(5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall at no point encroach on the
required width of the staircase or landing.
Clause 106
(1) In any staircase, the rise of any staircase shall be not more than 180 millimetres and the tread shall be not less
than 255 millimetres and the dimensions of the rise and the tread of the staircase so chosen shall be uniform and
consistent throughout.
(2) The widths of staircases shall be in accordance with by-law 168.
(3) The depths of landings shall be not less than the width of the staircases.

3.3.5 EMERGENCY EXIT SIGNAGE
The fire escape signage is to direct and guide occupant to the nearest exit for convenient and efficient evacuation.
This signage is usually placed above every fire-rated doors with no surrounding decoration, to indicate the safe and
shortest way to evacuate the building during fire event. In Menara PMI, the signage is clearly visible to occupant
indicating as an escape path at various angles. The signage will illuminate as well during the moment of a power-
cut, or in poorly-lit areas.
Figure 3.5: Emergency exit signage
UBBL 1984
Clause 172
(1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible sign and shall not be obscured by any
decorations, furnishings or other equipment.
(2) A sign reading “KELUAR” with an arrow indicating the direction shall be placed in every location where the
direction of travel to reach the nearest exit is not immediately apparent.
(4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.
(5) Illuminated signs shall be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts each.

Conclusion:
To conclude, the emergency exit signage used in Menara PMI complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements stated.
As shown in Figure 3.5, the criteria of it being clear and unobstructed is mentioned in (1) of clause 172 for occupant
to visually see it easily with a sign that reads ‘’KELUAR’’ across. This aids in the procedure for occupant to egress
from the building by helping the occupant to identify the exit and escape using the exit.

3.4 PASSIVE CONTAINMENT
Passive containment is the division of spaces into smaller compartment and application of passive measures for
safety management reason as it is easier to manage the building during fire event. In general, passive containment
encompasses passive measures in the fire protection system. In Menara PMI, compartmentation and fire
containment are examples of passive containment used.
3.4.1 COMPARTMENTATION
Compartmentation is usually made out of fire-resistant components such as fire rated door or protected lobbies to
divide a building into different and many cells or spaces thus, preventing the spreading of fire from one space to
another. According to by-Law under clause 133, compartment means any part of a building which is separated from
all other parts by one or more compartment walls or compartment floors or by both such walls and floors; and for
the purposes of the Part, if any part of the top storey of a building is within a compartment, the compartment shall
also include any room space above such part of the top storey. In other word, to segregate allowable size areas to
avoid spreading of fire.
The objectives of compartmentation include the following:
• Limit the spread of fire
• Restrict the movement of smoke
• Optimize evacuation routes during fire
• Accommodate different activities and functions of spaces within an office building to enable each
compartment to have their own fire protection system
Compartmentation of Means of Escape
In Menara PMI, lobbies, corridors and spaces located at the center of each floor layout cater the compartmentation
criteria in which it directs evacuees towards the horizonal exit and proceeds towards the vertical exit.

Diagram 3.19: Lower basement floor plan showing location of lobby and escape staircase compartmentation
Diagram 3.20: Upper basement floor plan showing location of compartmentation zone
Diagram 3.21: Ground floor plan showing location of compartmentation zone
Main compartmentation
zone located at the center
which connects with the
vertical exit and another
compartmentation space
consisting of vertical exit
by far left of the floor plan.
Lift lobby
compartmentation zone
throughout the floor as
horizontal exits leading
towards the final exits.

Diagram 3.22: First floor plan showing location of compartmentation zone
Diagram 3.23: Level 5 floor plan showing location of compartmentation zone
Compartmentation of Fire Risk Area
Spaces, rooms and facilities distributed across the floor layout are protected by use of different compartmentations.
At level 4, open platform whereby placing machineries outdoors can be easily monitored and controlled in case of
an emergency. Thus, prolonging fire spread and time for evacuation process as well for isolating and controlling
fire-fighting.
First floor consists of a
central compartmentation
zone by the center of the
floor along with the
vertical exits, as well as
another vertical exit at far
left of the floor plan.
Main compartmentation
consists of the middle
corridor that joins with a
vertical exit as well as
other vertical exits by the
sides of the floor plan.

Diagram 3.24: Lower basement floor plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment
Diagram 3.25: Upper basement floor plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment
Diagram 3.26: Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment

Diagram 3.27: Level 4 floor plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment
Diagram 3.28: Typical office level floor plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment
Diagram 3.29: Level 14 floor plan showing highlighted location of fire compartment at roof level
Open
platform
at level 4

UBBL 1984
Clause 136
Any building, other than a single storey building, of a purpose group specified in the Fifth Schedule to these By-laws
and which has -
(a) any storey the floor area of which exceeds that specified as relevant to a building of that purpose group and
height; or
(b) a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant shall be so divided into compartments, by
means of compartment walls or compartment floors or both, that -
(i) no such compartment has any storey the floor area of which exceeds the area specified as relevant
to that building; and
(ii) no such compartment has a cubic capacity which exceeds that specified as so relevant to that
building: Provided that if any building is provided with an automatic sprinkler installation which
complies with the relevant recommendations of the F.O.C. Rules for Automatic Sprinkler
Installation, 29th edition, this by-law has effect in relation to that building as if the limits of
dimensions specified are doubled.
Clause 139
The following areas or uses shall be separated from the other areas of the occupancy in which they are located by
fire resisting construction of elements of structure of a FRP to be determined by the local authority based on the
degree of fire hazard:
(c) storage areas of materials in quantities deemed hazardous;
(g) transformer rooms and substations.
Clause 189
(1) Every staircase provided under these By-laws in a building of four storey or more, or in a building where the
highest floor level is more than 1200 millimetres above the ground level, or in any place of assembly, or in any
school when such staircase is to be used as an alternative means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length
with fire resisting materials.

Conclusion:
To conclude, the compartmentation in Menara PMI complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements stated. As shown in
Diagram 3.19 to Diagram 3.29, the compartmentation of fire risk spaces and for means of escape meets the by-Law
under clause 136, 139 and 189 depicting spaces of segregated and organized as fire risk areas under fire
compartment and means of escape protected by fire-resistive components.
3.4.1.1 MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL ROOM
Mechanical and Electrical (M&E) room is a room or space in a building dedicated to the mechanical equipment and
its associated electrical equipment, as opposed to rooms intended for human occupancy or storage. In Menara
PMI, there are two M&E rooms located at the upper basement car park level. By separating this fire risk spaces into
different fire compartments, the rate of spread of fire will be prolonged, thus providing more time for safe evacuation
and fire-fighting.
Diagram 3.30: Upper basement floor plan showing highlighted location of M&E rooms
Located in genset room, diesel generator is utilized without connection to a power grid, or as emergency power
supply if the grid fails, as well as for more complex applications such as peak-lopping, grid support and export to the
(2) Any necessary openings, except openings in external walls which shall not for the purpose of this by-law
include walls to air-wells, in the length of such staircase shall be provided with self-closing doors constructed of fire-
resisting materials.
Genset room
Light voltage room
(LV switch room)

power grid. On the other hand, LV switch room typically contains free standing switchboards and Motor Control
Centres (MCC), along with auxiliary equipment required for cater any room to function.
Figure 3.6: M&E rooms in Menara PMI such as genset room (Left) and LV switch room (Right)
UBBL 1984
Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment, and Fire Fighting Access
Clause 253
(1) Emergency power system shall be provided to supply illumination and power automatically in the event of
failure of the normal supply or in the event of accident to elements of the system supplying power and illumination
essential for safety to life and property.
(3) Emergency systems shall have adequate capacity and rating for the emergency operation of all equipment
connected to the system including simultaneous operation of all fire lifts and one other lift.
(4) All wiring for emergency systems be in a metal conduit or of fire resisting material insulated cables, laid along
areas of least fire risk.
(5) Current supply shall be such that in the event of failure of the normal supply to or within the building or group of
buildings concerned, the emergency lighting or emergency power, or both emergency lighting will be available
within 10 seconds of the interruption of the normal supply. The supply system for emergency purposes shall
comprise one or more of the following approved types:

Conclusion:
To conclude, the mechanical and electrical rooms in Menara PMI comply with the given directive in UBBL 1984.
The machines in both rooms are to provide power to facilitate the function for the offices as well as to provide as a
back-up power generator in a case of a power failure within the building, whilst providing power towards fire
emergency operations as stated in clause 253 (1) and (2).
(b) Generator Set
A generator set driven by some form of prime mover and of sufficient capacity and proper rating to supply
circuit carrying emergency lighting or lighting and power with suitable means for automatically starting the
prime mover on failure of the normal service.

3.4.2 FIRE CONTAINMENT
Fire containment is the confinement of a fire to the zone of origin, for a time, thereby preventing fire spread and
prolonging time for safe evacuation of the building occupants. Specific engineered containment systems are used
as enclosures in instances where specific identifiable hazards within a building need to be independently isolated
from the remainder of the building. Fire-resistive enclosures used for containment are subjected to fire exposure
conditions specified in various related test standards.
3.4.2.1 FIRE RATED DOOR
Fire rated doors are installed as entrances of emergency fire exits, mechanical and electrical system rooms, as well
as certain control rooms to suppress fire by restricting oxygen and flame flow inwards to the space. Fire rated door
serves an important role in separating fire-risk zone while maintaining accessibility of the occupant. All fire rated
doors shall be equipped with proper fire-resistant fittings to fully comply with the fire regulations. In Menara PMI, the
type of fire-rated door used is single flush door of 900mm x 2100mm which withstands fire for the maximum
duration of one hour, along with an automatic door closer. This type of fire-rated door is allocated throughout the
building by horizontal exit.
Figure 3.7: Fire rated door with automatic door closer

Figure 3.8: Certificate of tested fire rated door
Diagram 3.31: On-site sketch of fire rated door components
Diagram 3.32: On-site sketch of direction of door openings towards compartmentation zone

Conclusion:
To conclude, the fire rated doors used in Menara PMI meet the requirements of the UBBL 1984 under clause 162.
As reference to Figure 3.7 and Diagram 3.31, the door closer complies with the requirement within the clause of
UBBL 1984
Clause 162
(1) Fire doors of the appropriate FRP shall be provided.
(2) Openings in compartment walls and separating walls shall be protected by a fire door having a FRP in
accordance with the requirements for that wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws.
(3) Openings in protecting structures shall be protected by fire doors having FRP of not less than half the
requirement for the surrounding wall specified in the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws but in no case less than half
hour.
(4) Fire doors including frames shall be constructed to a specification which can be shown to meet the
requirements for the relevant FRP when tested in accordance with section 3 of BS 476:1951.
Clause 164
(1) All fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the case of
swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in the case of sliding doors.
(3) Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat actuated device to release the
door. Heat actuated devices shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or
protected staircases.
Clause 173
(1) All exits doors shall be openable from inside without the use of key or any special knowledge or effort.
(2) Exit doors shall close automatically when released and all door devices including magnetic door holders, shall
release the doors upon power failure or actuation of the fire alarm.

164 (1) and (3) whereby the door is automatically swing closed by the door closer. This results in preventing fire to
egress within compartmented spaces of Menara PMI. Also, as shown in Diagram 3.32, the door complies with
clause 173 as the simple design of the door is recognizable by occupant in the building to operate the door with
ease.
3.4.2.2 STRUCTURAL FIRE PROTECTION
A total fire safety system for any high-rise building must include structural integrity during fire. As structural failure,
while occupants are still in the building, can be catastrophic. Elements of the structure can only work effective as
fire breaks if they have the necessary degree of fire resistance. The criteria of structural fire protection can be
summarized as the following:
• Insulation – Ability of element of structures to resist passage of heat through it by convection;
• Integrity - Ability of structure to prevent the passage of flames and hot gases through it;
• Stability - Ability of structure to resist collapse and to continue bear its load.
Load-Bearing Wall and Pre-cast Concrete Column
Menara PMI is finished with the construction of concrete columns and load-bearing walls that run throughout he
floors and height of the office building. The construction materials consist of concrete which effectively withstands
overwhelming fire temperatures. Also, the column possesses the criteria of structural fire protection stated above –
it acts as insulator to prevent developing excessive temperature on the unexposed surface of the building element,
its structural Integrity to maintain the separating function in preventing spread of flame and smoke, and its stability
to support the load under fire.

Figure 3.9: Load-bearing wall (Left) and pre-cast concrete column (Right)
UBBL 1984
Clause 143
Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, and external wall which is required to be
constructed of non-combustible materials shall comply with the provisions of paragraph (3) of by-law 142 as to non-
combustibility.
Clause 147
(1) Any separating wall, other than a wall separating buildings not divided into compartments within the limits of
size indicated by the letter "x" in Part I of the Ninth Schedule to these By-laws, shall be constructed wholly of non-
combustible materials, excluding any surface finish to a wall which complies with the requirements of these By-laws
and the required FRP for the wall shall be obtained without assistance from such non- combustible material
(2) Any beam or column forming part of, and any structure carrying, a separating wall which is required to be
constructed of non-combustible materials shall itself comply with the requirements of paragraph (1) as to non-
combustibility.

Conclusion:
To conclude, the structural fire protection in Menara PMI complies with the UBBL 1984 requirements under clause
143, 147, (1) and (2). As shown in Figure 3.9, the material used for the wall and column, pre-cast concrete, has the
ability to withstand fire, and still provide structural integrity before collapsing during situation of a fire emergency.

3.5 FIRE-FIGHTING ACCESS
Fire-fighting access allows fire-fighting rescuers to safely and conveniently reach the soon-to-be-doomed building
within given time. This ensures that efficient fire-fighting operation can be carried out. In addition, fire-fighting
access provides a clear, unobstructed pathway that accommodates the needs for firefighters to access different
levels of the building while carrying fire-fighting equipment to carry out the rescue operation efficiently.
3.5.1 FIRE ENGINE ACCESS
Vehicular access to the exterior of the building is needed to enable high reach appliances such as ladder and
hydraulic platform to be used and enable pumping for fire-fighting and rescue operation. With reference to by-Law
under clause 140, the proportion of building perimeter must be accessible to the fire-fighting appliances. All the
building that is more than 7000m3 shall attach to access road or open area with minimum width of 12m.
UBBL 1984
Clause 140
All buildings in excess of 7000 cubic metres shall abut upon a street or road or open space of not less than 12
metres width and accessible to fire brigade appliances. The proportion of the building abutting the street, open
space shall be in accordance with the following scale:
Volume of building in cubic meter Minimum proportions of perimeter of building
7000 to 28000 one-sixth
28000 to 56000 one-fourth
56000 to 84000 one-half
84000 to 112000 three-fourths
112000 to above island site

Diagram 3.33: Building volume of Menara PMI along with the width of street
Conclusion:
In conclusion, with a total approximate volume of 68640m3 that Menara PMI occupies, can be categorized under
one-half of minimum proportions of the perimeter of the building. However, in accordance to UBBL 1984, the
adjacent street to Menara PMI is less than the given width of 12m. Therefore, the width of the street would deter fire
appliance access throughout; prolonging the process of accessing the building in time during a fire emergency.
68640m3
Width of street
= 9.61 m

3.5.2 FIRE-FIGHTING SHAFT
A typical and functional fire-fighting shaft is made up by consisting the fire-fighting lobby, fire-fighting staircase, and
fire-fighting lift. It caters the needs for a firefighter as a forward service operating area in which they can perform
fire-fighting operation. In Menara PMI, this shaft links all the necessary floors of the office building while maintaining
a maximum of 2-hour duration of fire resistance to the occupant and firefighter.
Diagram 3.34: Ground floor plan showing location of fire-fighting shaft
3.5.2.1 FIRE-FIGHTING LOBBY
Within the fire-fighting shaft, this protected lobby provides access from a fire-fighting staircase to the
accommodation area and to the associated fire-fighting lift. Fire mains, such as hose reel and wet riser system are
also located at the lobby to allow efficient fire-fighting operation. In Menara PMI, the fire-fighting lobby is
pressurized to prevent ingress of smoke during a fire event.

Figure 3.10: Fire-fighting lobby at ground floor
3.5.2.2 FIRE-FIGHTING STAIRCASE
Fire-fighting staircase is protected stairway which are protected from the accommodation area by the fire-fighting
lobby. In Menara PMI, the emergency escape staircase provides the necessity as a fire-fighting staircase. This
emergency escape staircase reaches the height of the office building throughout; provide direct access of every
floor of the building.
3.5.2.3 FIRE-FIGHTING LIFT
This lift is the type of elevator which enables firefighter to use in order to rescue occupant who may be trapped on
the upper floors during an event of fire in a building. Even though elevators should not be used during case of a fire
breaking out in the office building, these lifts are designed for additional fire protection along with direct control of
the fire and rescue service during an event of a fire.
Fire-fighting
staircase
Fire-fighting
lift

Figure 3.11: Fire-fighting lift
Diagram 3.34: Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of fire-fighting lift

UBBL 1984
Part VIII: Fire Alarms, Fire Detection, Fire Extinguishment, and Fire Fighting Access
Clause 242
Fire-fighting access lobbies shall conform to the following requirements:
(a) each lobby shall have a floor area of not less than 5.57 square metres; and
(b) the openable area of windows or area of permanent ventilation shall be not less than 25 % of the floor area
of the lobby and, if ventilation is by means of openable windows, additional permanent ventilation having a
free opening of 464 square centimetres shall be provided except that mechanical pressurization may be
provided as an alternative.
Clause 229
(1) Buildings in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3 metres above fire appliance access level shall be
provided with means of gaining access and fighting fire from within the building consisting of fire-fighting access
lobbies, fire-fighting staircases, fire lifts and dry or wet rising systems.
(2) Fire-fighting access lobbies shall be provided at every floor level and shall be so located that the level distance
from the furthermost point of the floor does not exceed 45.75 metres.
(3) Fire-fighting access lobbies may be omitted if the fire-fighting staircase is pressurized to meet the requirements
of by-law 200 and all fire-fighting installations within the pressurized staircase enclosure do not intrude into the clear
space required for means of egress.
(4) A fire-fighting staircase shall be provided to give direct access to each fire-fighting access lobby and shall be
directly accessible from outside the building at fire appliance access level. This may be one of the staircase required
as a means of egress from the building.
(5) A fire lift shall be provided to give access to each fire-fighting access lobby or in the absence of a lobby to the
fire-fighting staircase at each floor level.
(6) The fire lift shall discharge directly into the fire-fighting access lobby fire-fighting staircase or shall be connected
to it by a protected corridor.

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Conclusion:
In conclusion, the fire-fighting shaft designed in Menara PMI meets the standards as stated in the UBBL 1984 under
clause 229, 242 and 243. The height of office building is more than 18.3m, therefore a fire-fighting shaft is provided.
In reference to Figure 3.10, the shaft is equipped with a lobby, staircase and lift for fire-fighting purpose, allowing
high accessibility for firefighters to carry out rescue operation efficiently during the case of a fire.
Clause 243
(1) In a building where the top occupied floor is over 18.5 metres above the fire appliance access level fire lifts
shall be provided.
(3) The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft if it opens into a separate lobby.
(4) Fire lifts shall be provided as the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the same protected
enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 metres
travel distance from the furthermost point of the floor.

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3.6 CONCLUSION
In considering fire protection measures for a building, it has become evident that Menara PMI provides solutions
towards the problem of safety for occupants as well as firefighter. The building provides adequate fire appliance
access, and other facilities to assist fire and rescue personnel, though designing and installing building services so
that they restrict spread of fire or smoke inwards to the spaces and rooms, designing and providing efficient and
safe escape routes for the occupant of the building, selecting materials for the construction which will acquire
integrity, insulation, and load-bearing, subdividing buildings into compartments of reasonable sizes by means of
fire-resisting walls and floors, as well as providing fire stops and to protect openings between floors and
compartments. Also, the width of the street gives a setback for fire appliance to access the building. Thus, this
proves that majority aspects for passive fire protection in Menara PMI is considerably safe for its occupant and fire-
fighting personnel.
Diagram 3.35: Concluding diagram of certain passive fire protection system incorporated in Menara PMI

CHAPTER 4.0 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM | 4.0
M E N A R A P M I | 103
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Air conditioning or also referred as A.C. system is the process of removing heat and moisture from an interior space
to improve thermal comfort of its occupants and maintain its interior quality within a building. Generally, air
conditioning may be referred to the modifications made to the condition of air through technological means. It
achieves its goal by replacing the indoor air with fresh air as well as changing the air properties within the building
by controlling the temperature and humidity to a more suitable and comfortable environment. In common use, an air
conditioner is a device that removes heat from the air inside a building thus lowering the air temperature. The
cooling is typically achieved through a refrigerant cycle. Air conditioning system can also be made based on
desiccants.
4.1.1 TYPE OF CYCLES IN AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
An air conditioning system works by removing heat from the air inside the room and releasing this collected heat
into the air outdoors. This process involves two type of cycles to take place which are refrigerant cycle and air cycle.
Refrigerant Cycle
In the refrigerant cycle, heat is transported from a colder location to a hotter area. As heat would naturally flow in
the opposite direction, work is required to achieve this. A refrigerator is an example of such a system, as it
transports the heat out of the interior and into its environment. The refrigerant is used as the medium which absorbs
and removes heat from the space to be cooled and subsequently ejects that heat elsewhere. Refrigerant cycle
works in the following sequence:
1. Heat in an enclosed space is transferred through the evaporator then to the compressor to be exerted at
high pressure.
2. The hot high-pressure gas is then removed to the outside air through a condenser, changing its original
state of matter from gas to liquid.
3. The hot high-pressure liquid is further transferred to the expansion valve, where its temperature and
pressure is lowered.
4. The low-pressure liquid again moves to the evaporator where heat from the inside air is absorbed,
changing its state from liquid to gas. The cycle is thus repeated.

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Diagram 4.0: Refrigerant cycle in air conditioning system
Source: Green Building Advisor, 2010
Air Cycle
Air cycle is a process to distribute treated air into the room that needs to be conditioned; latent heat inside the room
is removed when the return air is absorbed to by the evaporator to be cooled down. The medium to absorb the heat
can be either air or water. Distribution of air can be either through ducts or chilled water pipes. Thus, heat inside the
room is removed and slowly the internal air becomes cooler. There are several components which are required for
air cycle to take place:
1. Air handling unit (AHU) – to recycle air from room
2. Air filter – dust control
3. Blower fan – to propel air for distribution
4. Ductwork and diffusers – to distribute treated air from AHU to the rooms that require air conditioning
5. Clean air intake – to renew contents of air to be distributed
6. Humidifier/ Dehumidifier (only if required) – used for humidifying or dehumidifying

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4.1.2 TYPE OF AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS
In general, there are four type of air conditioning systems, each of which are adopted depending on the building
size, type, functionality and its environment. The type of air conditioning systems includes room air conditioner, split
unit air conditioning system, packaged unit air conditioning system and centralized air conditioning system. Large
building usually requires a centralized air conditioning system. This system is easier to control as a whole and
normally works better to hold at a certain temperature. It is often used in spaces that are wide and large. On the
other hand, split unit air conditioners are used in a smaller space and can adjust the temperature separately. The
air conditioning system is chosen based on the specific spaces and areas in order for it to be both functional and
cost effective. However, a building may consist of more than one air conditioning system.
4.1.2.1 ROOM AIR CONDITIONER
A room air conditioner is the simplest form out of all air conditioning systems. Its smaller size is suitable to be
adapted in small rooms. It is usually installed at window openings or walls, where it can be divided into two
compartments - the room side and the outdoor side, separated by an insulated partition such as wall.
Figure 4.0: A modern room air conditioner
Source: Hammacher Schlemmer, n.d.

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Diagram 4.1: Cross section and components of a room air conditioner
4.1.2.2 SPLIT UNIT AIR CONDITIONER
Split unit air conditioner is the most popular air conditioning system used nowadays due to its silent operation,
elegant look and the unnecessity of making a hole in the wall that contributes to the factor of its popularity. It can be
commonly found in most typical residential homes and buildings today. This air conditioner consists of two units –
an outdoor unit which is a condenser, and an indoor unit which is the evaporator or AHU. The two units are
connected by a copper tubing.
Diagram 4.2: Connection between indoor and
outdoor unit of a split unit air conditioning system
Source: H.V.A.C., 2017

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Diagram 4.3: Components and functions of an indoor and outdoor unit
Source: Thermospace, n.d.
4.1.2.3 PACKAGED UNIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
A packaged unit air conditioner is very similar to a room air conditioner but in a much larger size with fixed rate
capacities. It is normally utilized in medium size building or room, such as restaurant and hall. This air conditioner
has all its important components enclosed in a single casing which is considerably difficult for maintenance.
Generally, there are two type of packaged unit air conditioners — ducted and ductless; also, two ways to remove
indoor heat in the large packaged units, which is through air-cooled or water-cooled.
In an air-cooled packaged unit, indoor heat is removed by outdoor air, where the main single equipment is located
outside building adjacent to room or on the rooftop to be exposed to wind flow; whereas in a water-cooled packaged
unit, indoor heat is removed by continuous water supply. The basic refrigerant components are built into a single
compact indoor unit. For a ducted type, the duct comes out from the top of the unit that extends to the various
rooms that are to be cooled.

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Diagram 4.4: Difference in components between split air conditioner and packaged unit air conditioning system
Diagram 4.5: Components and functions of an air-cooled packaged unit air conditioning system
Diagram 4.6: Components of water-cooled packaged unit air conditioning system
Source: Alibaba.com, 2018

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4.1.2.4 CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
A centralized air conditioning system is used in large and complex building blocks. The main components include a
refrigerant plant, AHU(s) and cooling towers. The system is usually installed during the construction of the building
and integrated with the structure for spatial planning purposes. A refrigerant plant consists of chiller(s), water
pumps, a control panel and an automatic temperature controller. A chiller consists of important components that
includes an evaporator, an expansion valve, a condenser and a compressor. There are two types of chiller - water-
cooled and air-cooled. In the plant system, refrigerant is cooled in the plant room and distributed to the AHU(s) that
are placed in different rooms throughout the building. The AHU then distributes the treated air to the same room
and collects the heat from the inside air to be treated again.
Diagram 4.7: Components and refrigerant flow in a centralized air conditioning system

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Diagram 4.8: Components and refrigerant cycle in a chiller
Source: Cooper Union, n.d.

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4.2 CASE STUDY
Menara PMI, comprising of 14 office levels and 2 levels of basement car park, functions as an office building. Due
to its complexity and scale, the building uses two type of air conditioning systems which are packaged unit air
conditioning system and centralized air conditioning system. The centralized air conditioning system serves level
from ground floor to the 4th floor where the lobby, shops and offices are located. The packaged unit air conditioning
system serves levels from the 5th to 13th floor where the other main office units are located.
Diagram 4.9: Overall distribution of different air conditioning systems in Menara PMI
Source: Bong, 2018
Packaged unit air
conditioning system
Centralized air
conditioning
system

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4.2.1 CENTRALIZED AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
In Menara PMI, lower levels consisting of large area of shops and offices, are equipped with centralized air
conditioning system. However, unlike the general plant system, it does not have a plant room where the chillers,
water pumps and control panels are located. This is mainly due to the old planning of the absence of a required
plant room back in 1990s when the building was built. The lack of space for the required installation of a large chiller
has resulted in Menara PMI to opt for more compact air-cooled packaged chillers (mini chillers) as a replacement.
Most components of the system are arranged at the designated area within the open platform of level 4.
Diagram 4.10: Level 4 floor plan showing highlighted location of components of centralized air conditioning system
Source: Bong, 2018

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The overall operational process of the centralized air conditioning system can be summarized as the following:
Cooling Tower • To cool down the water pumped by condenser which sucks up the heat from
chiller
• Water is cooled down and ready to recirculate, meanwhile heat is released to
atmosphere
Air-cooled Packaged
Chiller
• Transfer heat from AHU to condenser.
• The chilled air is pumped to AHU after transferring heat to condenser
Air Handling Unit (AHU) • For heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying, filtering and distributing air
Air Duct • Passage to distribute air from AHU to the rooms that need to be air-
conditioned
Diffuser • Opening which allows fresh air to pass through into the space
Return Air Duct • Duct which returns polluted or warmed air back to AHU to be cooled down or
filtered
Table 4.0: Centralized air conditioning operational system
Source: Bong, 2018

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4.2.1.1 COOLING TOWER
Cooling tower is a heat rejection device used to abstract heat from the air-cooled packaged chillers to the
atmosphere. The cooling tower uses water evaporation method to reject processing heat and cool the water to
almost the wet bulb air temperature. As some water will get evaporated during the process, water storage tank is
ducted to the cooling tower to replace the water loss. In Menara PMI, several induced draft cooling towers are used,
where warm vapour is exerted out from the building through its top fan. The cooled water is then pumped back into
the chiller through condensed water pump to cool down the condenser coil. There are three cooling towers located
at the edge of the open platform on level 4 of Menara PMI. The cooling towers are exposed to allow maximum air
flow for a higher rate of heat exchange – cooling of water.
Diagram 4.11: Level 4 floor plan showing highlighted location of cooling tower
Source: Bong, 2018
Figure 4.1: Induced draft cooling tower
Credit: Lim, 2018

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Figure 4.2: Cooling tower connected to water storage tank behind
Credit: Lim, 2018
Diagram 4.12: Components shown in the cross section of an induced draft cooling tower
Source: Cooling Tower, 2017
Water storage tank

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Diagram 4.13: Water cooling process in an induced draft cooling tower
Source: Cooling Tower Products, 2015
4.2.1.2 AIR-COOLED PACKAGED CHILLER
Air-cooled packaged chiller or mini chiller is aided with cooling towers for further heat exchange and to speeds up
the process of cooling within the condenser of the chiller. The treated and cooled air is then distributed to the air
handling units located at every floor from ground level to the 4th level, where hot indoor air is collected to be treated
again. The components of the mini chiller consist of a compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve and an
evaporator. In Menara PMI, there are two air-cooled packaged chillers located on top of the sprinkler pump room at
the open platform of level 4.
Diagram 4.14: Level 4 floor plan showing highlighted location of air-cooled packaged chiller
Source: Bong, 2018

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Figure 4.3: Old air-cooled packaged chillers (mini chillers) located on top of sprinkler pump room
Credit: Lim, 2018
Diagram 4.15: Components in a modern air-cooled chiller
Source: Real Wish, 2015

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Components of Air-cooled Packaged Chiller
1. Evaporator
An evaporator functions as heat exchanger that heats up low-pressure refrigerant liquid. Low pressure refrigerant
flows through the evaporator while the hot air passes through their respective piping system. Where heat from the
indoor air is absorbed to the refrigerant liquid, it turns into warm vapour to be furthered to the compressor.
Diagram 4.16: Flow of refrigerant through evaporator
Source: ASE, 2017
2. Compressor
The compressor compresses the warm vapour to achieve higher temperature and pressure. It acts as a push for
the refrigerant vapour to flow to the condenser.
3. Condenser
The condenser also acts as a heat exchanger. Outdoor air or chilled water from the cooling tower is passed through
the condenser to absorb heat from the refrigerant vapour. The vapour is liquified and sent to the expansion valve.
4. Expansion valve
The expansion valve lowers the pressure of refrigerant liquid to be sent to the evaporator.

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Diagram 4.17: Concluding diagram showing cycle of refrigerant through cooling towers, air-cooled packaged chillers
and air handling unit
Source: Lim, 2018
4.2.1.3 AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)
In Menara PMI, the air handling unit is located within a compartment at every level and distributes treated air to the
rooms of the same level via ducts. It functions to recycle air between the interior spaces and the chiller. Hot indoor
air is absorbed and treated by the evaporator to be distributed again. A control panel is installed to manipulate the
temperature of the constant air flow to achieve thermal comfort within the space. Each AHU units are also placed in
rooms that are designed with insulation to prevent external heat loss. The AHU, control panel, perforated metal
sheeting, and ducts can be found in the AHU room.
Diagram 4.18: Level 4 floor plan showing highlighted location of the main AHU room
Source: Bong, 2018

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Figure 4.4: Old air handling unit located in AHU room at level 4
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.5: Control panel of air handling unit
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.6: Perforated metal sheeting used to reduce noise and vibration effect to the wall of the structure
Credit: Lim, 2018

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Diagram 4.19: Components shown in a cross section of a modern air handling unit
Source: Gibbons Engineering Group, 2016
Components of AHU
1. Air filter
Air returning from the building enters the air grillers and is transferred to the air ionizer before entering the air filter.
Ionizers use charged surfaces to generate electrically charged air which removes the dirt, impurities and unwanted
contamination in the air. This helps to improve the air quality. After air passes the air ionizer, it then moves to the air
filter before entering cooling coil as to ensure the cleanliness of the filtered air as well as a protection for the later
components.
Figure 4.7: Air filter of the air handling unit
Credit: Lim, 2018

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2. Cooling coil
Cooling coil is made of copper pipes, coiled up to increase its surface area to maximize the heat transfer within the
air. Heat is taken away from the mixed air upon contact with the cooling coil. The cooling coil is attached to the
chilled air pipe transferred from the chiller plant via a pipe to cool down the mixed air.
Figure 4.8: Cooling coil of the air handling unit
Source: Aarkays Air Equipment, n.d.
3. Fan
In an air handling unit, two fans are installed with a fan blowing air towards the cooling coil to create cooled air while
the other blows cooled air to the supply duct. The type of fan used by AHU in Menara PMI is centrifugal fan. A
centrifugal fan has an air foil bladed wheel, which has high efficiency over a wide operating range and is quieter
than the others. Major change in pressure results in minor change in volume of air delivered.
Figure 4.9: Centrifugal fan of the air handling unit
Source: FBA, 2018

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4. Humidifier
A humidifier is usually set to disperse into the air stream to help maintain a healthy and comfortable amount of
humidity in the space that it serves.
5. Refrigerant exchange pipe
The pipes within the air handling unit are labelled with arrows to be identified clearly. One of the pipes is to connect
the heat exchanger to the air handling unit whereas the other is the water supply from the air-cooled packaged
chiller to the heat exchanger. A pressure valve is attached to control the pressurized air contained within the pipes.
Figure 4.10: Refrigerant exchange pipes connected to AHU
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.11: Pressure valve on the pipes
Credit: Lim, 2018

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4.2.1.4 AIR DUCT
Cooled air is carried by the duct system from the AHU into the spaces of Menara PMI via a diffuser. Galvanized
steel duct covered with aluminium foil is used within the building as it provides good insulation which can retain the
temperature of cooled air while transferring it into the diffuser. A blower fan is also installed within the ductwork to
help circulate the movement of air.
Figure 4.12: Air duct connected to AHU
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.13: Ducting that distributes air from AHU to the space
Credit: Lim, 2018

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4.2.1.5 DIFFUSER
Diffusers are designed to distribute equal amount of air into the spaces. Room air is drawn into the air duct through
the return air grill whereas cooled air is supplied to the space through supply air diffuser. Diffusers improve the
efficiency of the entire air conditioning system by dividing the distribution of air from the air handling unit. Diffuser
constantly provides occupant a comfortable environment by removing heat and providing uniform distribution of
cooled air.
Figure 4.14: Return air grill on the ceiling
Credit: Lim, 2018
Figure 4.15: Supply air diffuser connected to air duct
Credit: Lim, 2018
Supply air diffuser

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4.2.2 PACKAGED UNIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM
Packaged unit air conditioning system is suitable to be used in Menara PMI as it only takes up a little space and can
operate on its own schedule. Menara PMI uses an air-cooled packaged unit to supply treated air to the offices on
the upper levels. The components of air-cooled packaged unit air conditioning system are located near the water
tank at the open platform of level 4.
Diagram 4.20: Level 4 floor plan showing highlighted location of the components of packaged unit air conditioning
system
Source: Bong, 2018
4.2.2.1 AIR-COOLED PACKAGED UNIT
An air-cooled packaged unit is suitable to be used for medium size rooms, in this case, the office units located at
the upper floors of Menara PMI. The ductless outdoor unit is exposed to the atmosphere for maximum wind flow to
increase the rate of heat exchange. It is connected to each floor from the 5th to 13th floor via the indoor fan coil
unit.

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Figure 4.16: Air-cooled packaged unit located outdoor to maximize heat exchange
Credit: Lim, 2018
Diagram 4.21: Components and functions shown in the cross section of a modern air-cooled packaged unit
Source: Madison Gas and Electric, 2018

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4.2.2.2 FAN COIL UNIT (FCU)
Fan coil unit is a small terminal unit composed mainly with fan and cooling coil to recirculate and cool the indoor air.
It is commonly used due to its economical and convenient characteristics. In Menara PMI, the fan coil units are
installed within the premises of the offices located at the higher floors. It uses the fan to distribute air over the coil,
where the coil changes or cools down the temperature of the air before distributing into the space. However, due to
restricted premises, we are unable to retrieve a picture of the existing fan coil unit.
Figure 4.17: Example of a cassette fan coil unit
Source: Gree Air Conditioners, 2018
Diagram 4.22: Section of a vertical fan coil unit
Source: Drexel, 2018

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4.3 CONCLUSION
Conclusion:
To conclude, Menara PMI adopts both centralized air conditioning system and packaged unit air conditioning
system, which not only fulfills the requirements under UBBL 1984, but also guarantees the indoor air quality within
the building.
Based on observations, some of the air conditioning units are old and rusted, yet they are still able to function. The
indoor air quality within the building is still well-maintained. However, in terms of thermal comfort, some of the levels
are not well air-conditioned enough, probably due to the under usage of the building, and the worn-out centralized
air conditioning system. According to sources, the offices in Menara PMI are now under rental and no longer
operated by the initial owner of the building. Hence, maintenance cost could be an existing issue to not have the old
units replaced.
UBBL 1984
Part I: Preliminary
Clause 41
(1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air- conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating
to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority.
(2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent
air-conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure,
such that within half an hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less than the stipulated volume of fresh air
specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the air-conditioning system is not
functioning.
(2) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings which are mechanically
ventilated· or air-conditioned.

CHAPTER 5.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM

MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM | 5.0
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5.1 INTRODUCTION
Mechanical ventilation system is a manmade system designed to circulate fresh air into spaces and prevent
moisture, odor, airborne chemicals and other pollutants to build up within a building. The system supplies and
removes air by means of mechanical devices such as ducts and fans instead of relying on airflow through small
holes or cracks in a building such as wall, roof or windows to provide the space with comfortable air ventilation.
The importance of application of mechanical ventilation system includes the following:
• Ensure constant supply of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide respectively
• Control of humidity for human comfort
• Prevention of heat concentrations from mechanical appliances and lighting
• Control of indoor air quality by removing pollutants and moisture that might cause mold or other problem
5.1.1 TYPE OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS
The mechanical ventilation system usually involves in either extract or supply of air or both at once. Balanced
ventilation system supplies and extract the indoor air at once. Exhaust ventilation only extracts the air whereas
supply ventilation only involves in supplying fresh air into the indoor.
Supply Ventilation System
Supply ventilation system allows filtered clean air to be drawn from exterior to the inside of the building via
mechanical inlet, such as fan. Air will then leak out through fan ducts or intentional vents into the space to maintain
positive pressure. This system is commonly installed in most of the buildings due to its cheap and easy-to-install
characteristics. As compared to exhaust system, this system allows better control of air entering a space by only
filtering it against the pollutants from outside.

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Diagram 5.0: Supply ventilation system
Exhaust Ventilation System
Exhaust ventilation system functions to displace indoor air to the exterior environment by means of mechanical
extracts, such as fan. The fan will create negative pressure on its inlet side, and this causes air inside a space to
move towards the fan and the air is displaced by fresh air from outside. One concern with exhaust ventilation
system is that it can draw in pollutants, together with fresh air, such as dust and fumes. It is mostly used in kitchen,
toilets and basements because they are mostly contaminated, therefore constant extraction of air is required.
Diagram 5.1: Extract ventilation system

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Balanced Ventilation System
Balanced ventilation system utilizes two set of fans and ducting in both ventilation systems – extract and supply
system. It neither pressurizes nor depressurizes a space. Instead, both system works to together to supply and
exhaust about the same amount of air into the building. This system is usually used in cinemas, theatres and sport
centers.
Diagram 5.2: Balanced ventilation system

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Comparison of Mechanical Ventilation System
All three type of mechanical ventilation systems are compared accordingly as the following:
Type of ventilation system Advantage Disadvantage
Supply ventilation system - Relatively cheap and easy to install
- Pollutants from exterior
environments are able to be filtered
before entering a space
- Outdoor air is able to be
dehumidified before entering a
space
- Heated indoor air may be
pushed through holes and cracks and
condense to pose moisture problems
Exhaust ventilation system - Relatively cheap and easy to install
- Pollutants from interior are able to
be extracted out efficiently
- Inappropriate for hot and
humid climates as hot outdoor air may
be drawn into the
building through holes and
cracks
-Fresh air might be drawn out from the
interior
Balanced ventilation system - Clean filtered air is guaranteed - Installation and operational costs
may be higher than exhaust and supply
ventilation system
Table 5.0: Comparison of mechanical ventilation system
Source: Chin, 2018

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5.1.2 COMPONENTS OF MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM
A typical mechanical ventilation system consists of a fan, filters, ductwork, fire damper and diffuser.
Fan
Fan is a device for impelling air through inlet point or ducts, forming part of the distribution system. It allows air
movement which transmits pressure and kinetic energy or velocity. It functions to remove hot, humid and
polluted air as well to bring in outdoor air to either cool the people via comfort ventilation or cool the building
component. The type, size, shape, number of blades and speed, define the capacity of fans. In mechanical
ventilation system, fans can be categorized into three types:
• Axial flow fan – creating high pressure, can be used to move air through long sections of ductwork. No
base is needed for this type of fan as it is part of the duct run.
• Propeller fan – normally used at openings such as windows and walls. Due to low created air pressure, it
has limited effect in ductwork.
• Centrifugal fan – used to produce high pressure and has the capacity for large volume of air. It is used in
larger installations such as air-conditioning systems and can have up to one or two inlets. According to the
air condition, different forms of impeller can be selected.
Diagram 5.3: Components of propeller fan (Left), axial flow fan (Middle) and centrifugal fan (Right)
Source: Chin, 2018

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Filter
Filter is used to sift external air before releasing into the space to trap and prevent pollutants, dust or other
impurities from entering the space. It is normally installed in the inlet grille while the extraction is being carried on.
Diagram 5.4: Components of a filter in mechanical ventilation system
Source: Chin, 2018
Ductwork
A ductwork is used to channel outside air towards the room or the air from the room towards the outside. The shape
of a duct can typically be circular or rectangle section. The circular ducting is more efficient because it is less
occasion for turbulence, compare to the other form. It is also less resistance to friction and has basic rigidity. Being
a good sound insulator, circular ducting also has lower heat losses or gains and is able to reduce air leakage
efficiently. In compare to round ducting, due to space restriction such as under floors or in suspended ceilings,
rectangular ducting is better at changing the direction of ducting.

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Diagram 5.5: Components of a circular and rectangular ducting
Source: Chin, 2018
Fire Damper
Fire damper functions to prevent the spread of fire inside the ductwork through fire-resistance rated walls and
floors. It is usually placed at the compartment wall.

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5.2 CASE STUDY
Even though Menara PMI is a relatively old building, but it stills features both supply and exhaust ventilation system
to provide better ventilation to the building and comfortability to the occupant. Also, mainly due to its large scale,
both systems are provided to ensure the smooth process of supplying and removing air at a balanced rate.
5.2.1 SUPPLY VENTILATION SYSTEM
In Menara PMI, supply ventilation system used includes stairwell pressurization system and lift lobby pressurization
system. Both work together to provide a smoke-free escape route in case of fire in the building. It also will be a
useful smoke-free route for the firefighters to carry out firefighting operation.
5.2.1.1 STAIRWELL PRESSURIZATION SYSTEM
Pressurization provides pressure differences that oppose and overcome those generated by factors causing
movement of the smoke. Pressurized staircase functions as to restrain smoke from ingress into the emergency
escape staircase and keep the exit routes smoke-free during the event of fire, lending precious minutes for the
occupant of the building to evacuate the building safely. In pressurization, air is injected from the pressurization
system located at the roof top into the protected escape routes, which include the emergency escape staircase, and
raise the pressure inside the staircase slightly above the pressure in adjacent part of the building. Consequently,
smoke or toxic gases will be unlikely to find their way into escape routes. With this it can hold the fire for a while
from spreading throughout the whole building. In Menara PMI, this system is used because the staircase is
approached directly from the lift lobby. The pressurized system from within the fire staircase is used for three
purposes: to supply air into the stairwell, pressure relief to avoid pressure when fire door is closed and release air
from the contiguous fire area. It is entire confined within the vertical parts of the escape route. It provides air
pressure to ingress smokes thus ensuring protect occupants during a fire emergency.

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Figure 5.0: Emergency escape staircase with pressurization system
Diagram 5.6: On-site sketch of how pressurization system works
Diagram 5.7: Level 14 floor plan showing highlighted location of stairwell pressurization fan room
Source: Bong, 2018

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Figure 5.1: Stairwell pressurization system located at level 14
Credit: Rudy, 2018
Components of Stairwell Pressurization System
1. Fan
An axial pressurization fan is utilized at level 14 as part of the stairwell pressurization system of the building. During
a case of an emergency, clean air outside will be forced by this pressurization fan into the stairwell. The
pressurization is used to push back on smoke, keeping the smoke out of the escape route.
Figure 5.2: Axial pressurization fan located at level 14
Credit: Lim, 2018

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2. Ductwork
A rectangular ducting is utilized to act as a channel to supply air from outside into the stairwell to be pressurized. It
is connected to the axial pressurization fan, aiding in pressuring the stairwell.
Figure 5.3: Rectangular ducting of the stairwell pressurization system
Credit: Lim, 2018
3. Fire damper
The pressure relief damper within the stairwell will open when over-pressurization occurs, allowing excess air to be
discharged directly to the atmosphere. Damper blades are set to start opening at a pressure of 50 Pa.
Figure 5.4: Pressure relief damper within the stairwell

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Conclusion:
The stairwell pressurization system in Menara PMI meets the requirement stated in UBBL 1984 under clause 202.
As shown in Figure 5.0 to Figure 5.4, stairwell pressurization system is provided for each stairwell of the building. It
is well-maintained and still functioning to supply air from outside to pressurize the stairwell during fire emergency.
5.2.1.2 LIFT LOBBY PRESSURIZATION SYSTEM
Lift lobby pressurization system functions to ensure a smoke-free lift lobby system, which would be one of the
necessary routes in case of fire. The pressurization system may prevent smoke from entering the emergency lift so
that firefighters can use them for rescue operation. The lift lobby pressurization system has the similar character
and function compared to stairwell pressurization system.
UBBL 1984
Clause 202
All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.75 metres in height where there is no adequate ventilation as
required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization -
(a) where the air capacity of the fan shall be sufficient to maintain an air flow of not less than 60 meters per minute
through the doors which are deemed to be open;
(b) where the number of doors which are deemed to be opened at the one time shall be 10% of the total number of
doors opening into the staircase with a minimum number of two doors open;
(c) where with all the doors closed the air pressure differential between the staircases and the areas served by it
shall not exceed 5 millimeters water gauge;
(d) where the mechanical system to prevent smoke from entering the staircase shall be automatically activated by
a suitable heat detecting device, manual or automatic alarm or automatic wet pipe sprinkle system;
(e) which meets the functional requirements as may be agreed with the D.G.F.S.

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Figure 5.5: Pressure relief dampers found at the lift lobby
Conclusion:
The lift lobby pressurization system in Menara PMI meets the requirement stated in UBBL 1984 under clause 197.
As shown in Figure 5.5, protected lift lobby is pressurized to ease fire-fighting operation to be carried out during the
case of an emergency.
UBBL 1984
Clause 197
(1) Protected lobbies shall be provided to serve staircases in buildings exceeding 18 meters above ground level
where the staircase enclosures are not ventilated through external walls.
(2) In buildings exceeding 45 meters above ground level, such protected lobbies shall be pressurized to meet the
requirements of Section 7 of the Australian Standard 1668, Part 1 - 1974 or another system meeting the functional
requirements of the D.G.F.S.
(3) Protected lobbies may be omitted the staircase enclosures are pressurized to meet the requirements of by-law
200.

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5.2.2 EXHAUST VENTILATION SYSTEM
In Menara PMI, exhaust ventilation system used includes car park exhaust system and utility room exhaust system.
Both work together to prevent the accumulation of smoke during a case of fire emergency.
5.2.2.1 CAR PARK EXHAUST SYSTEM
Typical carparks consist of walls compartmenting the carpark into an enclosed space. These exhaust ventilations
function to extract potential harmful air compounds that could endangered occupant life within the carpark space
meanwhile the supply of fresh air in return to the carpark is vital for the wellbeing of occupants. The traditional type
of metal-sheeting ducting running across the ceiling of the basement carparks are adopted by Menara PMI for their
car park exhaust system. These ducts take in smoke or fumes from the carpark basements and is directed towards
the open-air from the building.
Diagram 5.8: Traditional car park exhaust system
Source: Kumaran, 2017
Figure 5.6: Traditional car park exhaust system at the basement
Credit: Chin, 2018

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Components of Car Park Exhaust System
1. Fan
This main component builds up to form up the exhaust ventilation systems. The type of fan used is axial fan.
Figure 5.7: Axial inlet fan
Source: Chin, 2017
Diagram 5.9: Sketch of passageway of airflow from carpark to the external atmosphere
2. Ductwork
Ductwork are conduits, or tubes, that typically form part of a ventilation system, used to convey air pollutants or
smoke out of the office building. The stretch of network of ductworks spans across horizontally by the ceiling of the
carpark basement.

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Figure 5.8: Ducting spans across the car park level
Credit: Chin, 2018
3. Outlet griller
Outlet grilles are used to extract smoke and fumes from the carpark into metal duct from the negative rotation of the
axial fans. These grilles are to suspend potential objects that will damage and clog the ducts accompanied by a
layer of filter is to trap pollutants or dusts.
Figure 5.9: Outlet griller by the ductworks at the basement
Credit: Chin, 2018

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4. Exhaust diffuser
These diffusers will discharge air pollutants or smoke through the exhaust ducting and through the grille, then it is
later discharged outwards from Menara PMI to the external atmosphere.
Figure 5.10: Exhaust outlet at roof top
Credit: Chin, 2018
UBBL 1984
Clause 249
In windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke venting facilities shall be provided
for the safe use of exit.
Third schedule
7 - Mechanical ventilation systems in basement areas
(1) Basement and other enclosures below ground level used for working areas or for occupancy of more than two
hours duration shall be provided with mechanical ventilation having a minimum of six air changes per hour.
(2) Basement or underground car parks shall be provided with mechanical ventilation such that the air exhausted to
the external atmosphere should constitute not less than six air changes per hour. Air extract opening shall be
arranged such that It is not less than 0.5 metres above the floor level period system.

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Conclusion:
The carpark system of Menara PMI complies with the UBBL 1984 listed requirements of clause 249 and the third
schedule as referred to the by-Law above. The regards to the by-Law stated above, it elaborates how the ducting
would work during the case of an emergency.
5.2.2.2 UTILITY ROOM EXHAUST SYSTEM
The exhaust system within the confines of the utility room mainly functions to regulate air, and exhaust smokes,
gas, and fumes within the space if the utility room were to have a fire emergency. The reduce of oxygen within the
space when air is being extracted out by the exhaust vent results in the retardation of fire spread. Also, the
regulation of air flow within the space remove heat produced by the machines within the utilities room.
Figure 5.11: Air grilles from inside (Left) and outside (Right) of the utility room
Credit: Chin, 2018
(3) Basement and other enclosures below ground level used for working areas or for occupancy of more than two
hours' duration shall be provided with a minimum of one fresh air change per hour, or the minimum of 0.28mm per
person working in such area.

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Diagram 5.10: Sketch of how air is extracted out and regulated from and within the utility room
UBBL 1984
Clause 249
In windowless buildings, underground structures and large area factories, smoke venting facilities shall be provided
for the safe use of exit.
Clause 250
(1) Natural draught smoke venting shall utilize roof vents or vents in walls at or near the ceiling level.
(2) Such vents shall normally be in open positions of they are closed they shall be so designed to open
automatically by an approved means in the event of a fire.
Clause 251
Where smoke venting facilities are installed for purposes of exit safety in accordance with the requirements of this
Part they shall be adequate to prevent dangerous accumulation of smoke during the period of time necessary to
evacuate the area served using available exit facilities with a margin of safety to allow for unforeseen contingencies.

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Conclusion:
Menara PMI complies by the UBBL 1984 requirements for its ventilation system in aiding and providing regulated
air in concern for property damage as well as occupants safety. The ventilation concludes the requirement of the
clause of 249, 250, and 251 as regards to the diagrams and figures above stating as the basement carpark is fitted
with the necessity of an exhaust system to extract and disperse smoke, and harmful air particles during a fire
emergency.

CHAPTER 6.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

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6.1 INTRODUCTION
Mechanical transportation system, such as elevator, is an integral part of modern buildings used to move goods and
people vertically through different levels in a within a building. It is generally powered by an electric motor that drive
by traction cable and counterweight systems like a hoist or a hydraulic pump. It is as stated by the clause of 124
within the UBBL 1984 that: a lift shall be provided for non-residential building which exceeds 4 storeys above /
below main entrance. Furthermore, lifts should be positioned at locations which provide easy access for all building
users, i.e. central entrance lobby of offices, hotels, apartments, etcetera and be at a minimum standard of service
whereby one lift for every four storeys and with a maximum walking distance of 45m to the lift lobby.
The importance of mechanical transportation system, such as elevator or lift includes the following:
• Basic need - to ease burden into lifting occupants to a higher level in a building
• Comfort needs - working efficiency for office buildings, or a large organization.
• Fire requirements - to provide fire lift necessity during a case of an emergency.
• Complying with UBBL 1984 - Buildings with more than 6 storeys must provide lift system.
It is required to divide a building into groups of elevators serving floors, called zones, or more categorizing as low,
middle and high zones. This is to provide every occupant in the building with as equal elevator service as
convenient as possible. The recommended number of servicing floors for each group is 10 to 15. The decision into
zoning the lifts within the layout of the building bring beneficial values the occupants as well as the building itself.
The list of benefits are as follows:
• Carrying occupants to their destination zone as fast as possible, express zones are provided to run express
or shuttle elevators between the lobby and each zone.
• This will also maximize high speed elevator performance, reduce round trip time, increase passenger
handling capacity, and reduce the required number of elevators.
• Space above the low and middle zone elevator hoist ways in the building is available for use as offices and
other purposes.
• The elevator hall space between express elevator serving floors is also available for use as storage.
Rentable space in the building will thus be increased.

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6.1.1 TYPE OF ELEVATORS
Provided, there are various types of elevators to see fit to different building typologies, whether it is roped or not.
There are two main types of elevators that is commonly used which are electric lift and hydraulic lift. However, there
are variations upon each given type.
Electric Lift
Electric lift functions with the help of a rope that passes over a wheel. This wheel is attached to an electric motor
and when the motor is powered, the wheel is set in motion, pulling the rope and in turn lifting the elevator car to the
desired floors. The wheel is usually placed in the machine room, constructed on the highest floor of the building.
The speed of the wheel and rope coordination is increased by adding a counterweight to one end of the rope (the
other end is attached to the car). The traction elevators are further divided into three types, such as:
Diagram 6.0: Annotated diagrams of geared traction, non-geared traction, and non-machine room elevator.
The geared traction elevator has a gearbox attached to the powered electric motor thus, increases the speed,
making the elevator move up to, almost 500 ft/min. Whereas, the geared-less traction does not have a gearbox, but
the wheel is directly attached to the motor, increasing the speed of the elevator to about 200 ft/min. Lastly, the non-
Geared traction Geared-less traction Non-Machine Room Elevator

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machine room elevator usually has the motor and the wheel placed directly over the elevator shaft as it is more
convenient to access in case of repairs, and there is no need into dedicating an entire room to it.
Hydraulic Lift
Hydraulic lift has a slightly slower mechanism. It consists of a piston placed below the elevator. This piston is
controlled by an electric motor and is to push the elevator car up or down when the specific floor buttons are
pressed. However, this is a very slow process and thus, the maximum speed of travel is 200 ft/min. The electric
motor is accommodated in a machine room which is built in the lowest level of the building, unlike the traction
elevators. These types of elevators are used for smaller buildings with less than 10 floors. Like the traction, there
are different types of elevators in hydraulic as well. They are:
Diagram 6.1: Annotated diagrams of conventional hydraulic lift, hold and non-holed hydraulic lift, and roped
hydraulic lift.
The conventional type of hydraulic lift includes a sheave or a pulley that extends further below the elevator pit, and
this provides support to the elevator while it is descending. The speed however is reduced to 60 ft/min because of
this extra retraction provided to the piston. Whereas, for non-holed hydraulic, the typical hydraulic elevators usually
have a hole below the pit for faster movement, but these types do not possess it because their piston is on, either

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side of the car. Because of this, the speed is brought down to 20 ft/min which is very slow. Lastly, the roped
hydraulic lift, these include the piston as well as a rope on a wheel to move the elevator, due to which the speed is
increased to about 60 ft/min.

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6.2 CASE STUDY
In Menara PMI, the main mechanical transportation system, elevators, span the height of the building throughout;
reaching every level of the building. The office building of 14 levels, including the two level of basement car park,
are studied on for its mechanical transportation of elevators usage.
Diagram 6.2: Ground floor plan showing highlighted location of four elevators
Source: Bong, 2018
Conclusion:
Menara PMI meets the UBBL requirement by providing 4 elevators with a total building height of 14 stories and 2
levels of basement parking.
UBBL 1984
Part VI: Constructional Requirements
Clause 124
For all non-residential buildings exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be
provided.

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6.2.1 OVERVIEW
Traction elevators are used in Menara PMI where there is a machine room sited above the elevator shaft. The
elevator is split into low zone and high zone. The details of the elevator used are as below:
Figure 6.0: Lift certificate (Left) and OTIS elevator car operating panel (Right)
Credit: Lo, 2018
Types of elevator: Geared traction lift (with machine room)
Manufacturing company: OTIS Elevator Company (M) Sdn Bhd.
Manufacturer number: 53NE1638
Registered number: PMA 26803
Rated capacity: 1020KG
Rated speed: 1.0- 1.75m/s
Max no of person: 15
Power: 6.9 Kilowatt

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6.2.2 PASSENGER ELEVATOR
There are four passenger traction lifts with the machine room located by the center of the office building in Menara
PMI. These lifts have the capacity to carry a load of 1020 kg (15 people) with the achievable speed of 1.75 m/s.
These lifts are suited for the office building as it is efficient into transporting people without the sacrifice of space
and cost. The diagrams below show the passenger lifts on the ground floor of Menara PMI. These passenger
elevators are also used as an emergency lift for the firefighters, and good transporting lift. The elevators that
connects the basement parking with the ground floor is categorized as the low-zone, whereas the elevator which
connects the office levels with the ground floor is the high zone.
Figure 6.1: Passenger elevator at the lobby on the ground floor
Credit: Lo, 2018
Diagram 6.3: Ground floor plan showing highlighted lifts position along with the high and low zoning
Source: Bong, 2018
Low
zone
High
zone

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6.2.3 GEARED TRACTION ELEVATOR
The elevators adopted in Menara PMI are geared traction machines. These machines are driven by Alternating
Current (A.C.) or Direct Current (D.C) electric motors. As the name implies, the electric motor in this design drives a
worm-and-gear-type reduction unit, which turns the hoisting sheave. While the lift rates are slower than in a typical
gearless elevator, the gear reduction offers the advantage of requiring a less powerful motor to turn the sheave. An
electrically controlled brake between the motor and the reduction unit stops the elevator, holding the car at the
desired floor level.
Diagram 6.4: Geared traction elevator
Source: Otis Worldwide, n.d.
Components of Geared Traction Elevator
There are various components that work together to ensure the optimal functionality of the lift within the building of
Menara PMI. The functionality into ease delivering occupants to different levels efficiently and safely. The standard
elevators will include the following basic components: car, hoistway, machine/drive system, control system, and
safety system. These components of the geared traction machine are as elaborated in the diagrams below.

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Diagram 6.5: Components of geared traction elevator
Source: Elevator Means, n.d.
Diagram 6.6: Components of geared machine
Source: Electrical KnowHow, n.d.

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1. Elevator machine room
An elevator machine room is a form of vertical transportation between building floors, levels or decks, commonly
found in multi-storey buildings. The elevator machine room that houses the machinery and electrical controls
needed for the operation of lifts in Menara PMI is located at 14th floor level in which it houses the machinery and
electrical for the high zone elevator (connects throughout the whole office levels and ground floor lobby), while the
machine room located at 5th floor houses the low zone elevator (carpark basements to the ground floor lobby). An
elevator motor room in Menara PMI contains the hoisting motor, control panel, inspection board, gear box, safety
gear, and the overspeed governor.
Figure 6.2: Elevator motor room at Level 14
Credit: Lo, 2018
Diagram 6.7: Level 14 floor plan showing the highlighted location of elevator machine room
Source: Lo, 2018

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For every machineries, it is imperative to let allow the cooling of their components to prevent them from combusting
and damage of the machines which could danger the lives of occupants in the building. Exhaust fans of the
machine room of Menara PMI seen in Figure 6.3 prevents the overheating of the machines and damages to the lift
components.
Figure 6.3: Exhaust fans to reduce moisture in the elevator machine room
Credit: Lo, 2018
2. Hoisting motor
A hoist motor is a device used for lifting or lowering a load with the help of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or
chain wraps. It can be manually operated, electrically or pneumatically driven and may use chain, fibre or wire rope
as its lifting medium. The type of motor used in the hoisting motor consists of the Wound Field DC motor to aid in
providing specific torque speed characteristics as required by the application of the lift.
Figure 6.4: Wound Field DC motor used
Credit: Lo, 2018

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3. Hoisting sheave
A sheave facilitates smooth and safe operation of overhead elevator hoists. The sheave consists of just a pulley
with grooves around the circumference. The sheave grips the hoist ropes, so when you rotate the sheave, the ropes
move. The traction sheave is connected to an electric motor. When the motor turns one way, the sheave raises the
elevator and lowers when the sheave turns another way.
Figure 6.5: Hoisting sheave machine
Credit: Lo, 2018
Figure 6.6: Traction sheave component in the hoisting sheave machine

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Diagram 6.8: Sketch on how sheave grips the rope, and ropes move when sheave rotate
4. Gear box
The sheave is connected to the gear box. The gear box is a machine in a power transmission system. It consists of
the components of gears, and gear trains within the box to provide speed and torque to control the movement level
of the elevator through the hoisting motor.
Figure 6.7: Gear box attached to the hoisting motor
Credit: Lo, 2018

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Figure 6.8: Cyclo drive gear box motor
5. Overspeed governor
The overspeed governors are mounted on the floor in the machine motor room. The overspeed governors activate
safety systems in case the elevator car moves too quickly, usually regarding a rapid descent. This type of system is
constructed around a governor sheave with a weighted one at the shaft’s bottom. The rope connects to the car,
which moves up or down. When the car gains speed, the governor does too.
Figure 6.9: Overspeed governor at elevator motor room
Credit: Lo, 2018

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Figure 6.10: Annotated components of overspeed governor
6. Passageway for suspension system
Adequate openings through the floor of the lift motor room’s floor for allowing the insertion of suspension ropes to
be connected to the elevators’ car.
Figure 6.11: Indication the suspension roping through the floor of the machine room
Credit: Lo, 2018
Pulley
Catchweight

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Diagram 6.9: Sketch on configuration of suspension ropes
7. Control panel cabinet
The control panel in the cabinet receives the signal from the operating panels and send button and controls the
electric motor. The control panel used in Menara PMI is electro-mechanical relay controllers which consume more
operation power thus, it will be big in size. The cabinet is to house the necessary panel components and the power
supply is housed here as well to provide sufficient power to the lifts.
Figure 6.12: Exposed control panel of the elevator at the machine room
Credit: Lo, 2018

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8. Elevator main control board
The inspection board of the lift is powered by a Parallel Elevator Main Control Board. It is an all-parallel mode, with
the commands and outbound calls connected through wiring. It’s also a simple and reliable floor hall call point
spreading way and provides pressure spring terminals, convenient for on-site wiring. It supports 15 floors for the
maximum, which fits for the need of vertical transportation within Menara PMI.
Figure 6.13: Parallel elevator main control board
Like all type of machineries, breaking down is a common occurrence. Proper handle and cares towards the
machines are imperative as to maintain their performance and quality to be readied for service in the building. Blue
test tool is often used to diagnose the problem and re-sets the software in the control panel.
Figure 6.14: Blue test tool to diagnose control panel problem
Source: OTIS catalogue, n.d.

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Inspection service is designed to provide access to the hoist way and car top for inspection and maintenance
purposes by qualified elevator mechanics. The access key switches will allow the car to move at reduced inspection
speed with the hoist way door open. Generally, there are three buttons: UP, RUN, and DOWN. Both the RUN and a
direction button must be held to move the car in that direction, and the elevator will stop moving as soon as the
buttons are released.
Figure 6.15: Regular inspection of control panel using blue test tool
Credit: Lo, 2018

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6.2.3.1 ELEVATOR SHAFT
The elevator shaft is a vertical passage in a building which allows the movement of an elevator from floor to floor. It
consists of several components namely guide rails, safe break, suspension ropes and counterweight. It must be
constructed with reinforced concrete this is to accommodate the loading and fire resistance. The size of the elevator
shaft space is determined by the number of users.
Diagram 6.10: Annotated diagram of elevator shaft
Source: Instructables, n.d.
Guide Rails
They are part of the inner workings of the elevator and lift shafts, functioning as the vertical, internal track; keeping
the elevator car into a balanced position and directing it in a single direction. These rails operate both as
stabilization within the shaft during routine use and as a safety system in case of emergency stops.

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Figure 6.16: Indication of guide rails on the elevators ‘pit
Source: Know How, 2012
Safety Brake
Elevators have two or three types of brakes. If there’s an error in the safety chain, a clamp closes on the pulley
above the car, preventing the elevator from moving or falling down with immense speed. That means that any loss
of power, either due to a system error or an electrical grid failure, will set off the motor brake. At least one safety
gear shall be located within or below the lower member of the car frame.
Menara PMI adopts the progressive type safety gear, as seen in diagram 6.23, in which this type of safety gear
stops and slows downwards movement of the elevator car in turn of an emergency. Its size and ease of installation
can multiply the whole edges of the elevator car; if one malfunctions, the others will hold it into place. Thus,
adopting the use of this type is deemed to be a safe method for the elevator car and its occupants in the office
tower.
Guide rails

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Figure 6.17: Progressive type safety gear
Source: WITTUR, n.d.
Diagram 6.11: Indication of safety brakes
Source: Think Lifts, 2011
Suspension Rope
Suspension ropes are attached to an elevator car and are used on traction type elevators usually attached to the
crosshead and extending up into the machine room looping over the sheave on the motor and then down to the
counter weights. Hoisting cable are generally 3 to 7 in numbers. These ropes are usually 12.7mm or 15.857mm in

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diameter. The term roping system can be defined as the arrangement of cables supporting the elevator and which
has many types or arrangements as follows:
Diagram 6.12: The variation of roping system
Source: Industrial Electronics, 2017
Figure 6.18: Four suspension ropes running through the floor of the machine room
Credit: Lo, 2018
There are arrangements of cable supporting the elevator car that can be categorized into single and double
wrapping, as well as 1:1 roping. The single wrapping rope system is adopted in Menara PMI as it requires ropes to
Single wrap Double wrap 1:1 roping

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pass over the sheave once and connected to counterweight. It is used on mid and low-speed elevators with geared
traction motors which meets the sufficient needs into transporting occupants throughout the levels of the office
building in Menara PMI.
Counterweight
A counterweight is a weight that, by exerting an opposite force, provides balance and stability of the mechanical
transport system. These counterweights are made up out of steel plates stacked on top of each other in a frame
attached to the opposite ends of the cables to which the car is locked. It travels up and down the shaft, guided by the
guide rails that are bolted in the back wall of the shaft. It also functions as a grip to the lift’s car, reducing the power
of the generator and reduce the brake to stop the car lifts.
Figure 6.19: Elevators shaft along with the placements of guide rails with the counterweights of the elevator
Source: Elevatorbobs’ elevator, 2011
Landing Door
The door that is seen from each floor of the office building of Menara PMI. It is referred through the outer door. The
hoist way door is dependent; they are operated to open and close by the electric motors, or manually during
emergency situations. The elevator car doors travel along with the hoist way with the elevator car, but hoist doors
are fixed doors in each landing floors.
Guide rails
Counterweight

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Diagram 6.13: Annotated diagram of landing door
Source: Think Lift, 2011
Buffer
These buffers which uses a combination of oil and springs to cushion a descending car or counterweight. They are
in the elevator pit. The oil buffer apparatus in Menara PMI is located at the bottom of elevator designed to protect
people. Buffers can stop a descending car by accumulating or dissipating the kinetic energy of the car. It has a
quick lead times, small footprints, lightweight, and a wide variety of speed, load capacities and sizes.
Figure 6.20: Elevator oil buffer
Source: Elevator Press, 2012
Electric motors
Steel Hoist way
door

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Elevator Pit
A lift pit is the area that is at the bottom of the hoist way underneath the car. Some of the item that must be included
are the buffer springs to catch the car if it falls or over travels. Traction elevators will have a set of springs under
the counterweights as well. For the case of Menara PMI, an elevator oil buffer sits at the middle of the elevator pit.
Figure 6.21: Elevator pit
Source: Indiamart, n.d.

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Conclusion:
To conclude, Menara PMI abides the requirement of UBBL 1984 in whereby the landing doors are installed on
every floor levels of the office building. These steel doors implementation caters the requirement where no glass
shall be used for landing doors as elevator car doors.
UBBL 1984
Clause 151
Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of
not less than 0.09 square metre lift located at the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the
open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lifts shafts.
Clause 152
(i) Every openings in a lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies unless other means of suitable
protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall
not be applied to the open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the
D.G.F.S.
(ii) Landing doors should have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoistway structure with a
minimum FRP of half hour.
(iii) No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vision in which case any vision panel shall be
glazed with wired safety glass and shall not be more than 0.0161 square metre and the total area of
one of more vision panels in any landing door shall be not more than 0.0156 square metre.
(iv) Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150 milimetres in diameter.
(v) Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an emergency key in
respective of the position of the lift car.

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6.2.3.2 ELEVATOR CAR
Elevator car is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern-day
elevator consists of a cab mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft or sometimes a
"hoistway".
Diagram 6.14: Annotated diagram of exterior elevator car
Source: Impremedia.net, 2010
Elevator Car Frame
The frame is used to support the elevator cars’ cabin located at 3 different positions - upper sides and the bottom.
Figure 6.22: Elevator car frame
Source: Exports India catalogue, n.d.

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Elevator Car Sling
Car sling is the framework which encloses the cab. It also caters the necessity into connecting the ropes guides,
and platform attach to the sling (also called a car frame). The width of the sling depends on the platform width. The
height of the sling depends on the cab height.
Diagram 6.15: Annotated diagrams of an elevator car sling
Travelling Cable
The travelling cable is a flexible cable that provides electrical connection from the control panel of the machine
room towards the elevator car control panel.
1. Upper Transom
2. Lower Transom
3. Adjustable Height Side
Frame
4. Roller Guide Shoe
5. Sliding Guide Shoe with
Lubricator
6. Upper isolation
7. Overload Inductive Sensor
8. Limit Switch
9. Actuation Lever
10. Safety Gear (Catch Clamp)
11. Baking System (Catch
Clamp)

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Figure 6.23: Travelling cables dangling down the elevators shaft
Source: RBA Vertical Transportation Consultations, n.d.

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6.2.3.3 ELEVATOR CABIN
Elevator cabinets shall be completely enclosed by walls, floors and ceiling, the only permissible opening being are
the car door, emergency trap door and ventilation apertures.
Figure 6.24: Components of the elevator cabin
Credit: Lo, 2018
Control System
The control system determines the movement and the determines the actions of the elevator. The elevator as a
control system has several components. These can basically be divided into the following:
• INPUT
• OUTPUT
• CONTROLLER
Input - Sensor (infrared)
The sensor indicates obstructions, or occupants that is entering or leaving the elevator through the in between the
closing edges of the elevator car doors. These sensors in Menara PMI are equipped with infrared sensors by the
lifts that connects form the ground floor to the office levels.
Door
s
Floor
Wall
Ceiling
Air vents

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Figure 6.25: Indication of the elevator door sensors
Credit: Lo, 2018
Sensor (Safety Door Edge, SDE)
This sensor is a manual trigger sensitive door edges to detect occupants or objects during door closing. This
elevator door sensor must come in contact of an occupant or an obstruction of any sort.
Figure 6.26: SDE elevator door sensor

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Hall call panel
Hall call panels are control panels which calls for the elevator car to the level occupants are on. There are two Hall
buttons on each floor – one for up, another for down, except on the top floor where there is only down and on the
bottom floor where there is only up. The controller interacts with these buttons by receiving press and release
signals indicating the requested direction and floor number. It also sends light on/off signals to indicate the status of
the buttons.
Figure 6.27: Hall call panel (Right)
Credit: Lo, 2018
Floor request button panel
The floor request button to provide. Each elevator car has floor request buttons labelled with the levels of floors in
the form of numbers and alphabet buttons, along with the open and close buttons so that occupants in Menara PMI
can use it to direct the elevator car to the floor levels they desired.

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Figure 6.28: Floor request button illuminated with blue lights
Credit: Lo, 2018
Diagram 6.16: Buttons indication of the floor request button panel

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Emergency bell button
This button is on the interior button panel of each cab. During a press of this button, it will produce a sound (bell) to
alert people outside of the elevator shaft that someone is trapped inside the elevator cab in case of a malfunction.
The controller interacts with this button by receiving a visual and audible response when pressed.
Figure 6.29: Emergency bell button located on the floor request panel
Credit: Lo, 2018

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6.2.4 ELEVATOR EMERGENCY FEATURES
Safety is an essential motive to consider in every design; the lift incorporates several components as stated and
elaborated earlier in the report: such as the overspeed governor figure 6.9 and the safety door edge of elevator car
doors in diagram 6.27. Other safety precautions and features includes the elevator car apron, and the smoke
detector by the lift lobbies.
Apron
The car apron acts as a barrier or a gate to hold occupants evacuating the lift through an open hoistway under the
car if the doors are opened; but the elevator car is not by the landing. It is a vertical protective board installed by the
elevator car sill.
Diagram 6.17: Apron placement
Source: Electrical Know How, 2013

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Diagram 6.18: Sketch diagram of how an apron is activated as a safety device into holding back occupants during the
misalignment of elevator car with floor level
Smoke detector
As mentioned in active fire protection, smoke detector is a device that senses smoke within the vicinity and will later
send a signal to the fire alarm control panel.
Figure 6.30: Smoke detector on the ceiling along with a single deflection exhaust grille
Source: Rudy, 2018

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Conclusion:
Menara PMI complies with the requirement of the UBBL 1984 in providing smoke detectors aforementioned by
installing on the ceiling of the lift lobbies on every floors of Menara PMI. Furthermore, all lifts abide the law stating
under clause 154 indicating prohibit further utilization of the lift during an event of an emergency, and the clause of
155 stating whereby the lifts are to be given access to fire brigades during an event of an emergency breakout in
Menara PMI.
UBBL 1984
Clause 153
(1) All lift lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.
(2) Lift not opening into smoke lobby shall not use door reopening devices by light beam or photo-detectors
unless incorporated with a force close feature which after thirty seconds of any interruption of the beam
cause the door to close within a preset time.
Clause 154
(1) On failure of mains power of lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with
the fire lifts, without answering any car or landing calls and park with doors open.
(2) After all lifts are parked the lifts on emergency power shall resume normal operation:
Provided that where sufficient emergency power is available for operation of all lifts, this mode of operation
need not apply.
Clause 155
(1) The fire lifts are then to be available for use by the fire brigade on operation of the fireman’s switch.
(2) Under this mode of operation, the fire lifts shall only be operated in response to car calls but not to landing
calls in a mode of operation in accordance with by-law 154.

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6.2.5 ELEVATORS LOCATION CONSIDERATION
Menara PMI has a rather centralized arrangement for their mechanical transport system in elevators. The
dedication of high zone and low zone elevators are apparent at the middle of the office plan layout to ease the
identification of an elevator usage towards the basement carparks or the whole stretch of 14 office levels in Menara
PMI. Thus, creating a simple and small elevator point to converge to and access the different levels of the office
tower.
Diagram 6.19: Elevators corresponding with the arrangement through different floor levels (basement carpark,
ground floor lobby, first floor, and office levels)

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6.3 CONCLUSION
The elevator arrangements and quality in function in Menara PMI meets a standard of criteria in entrusting the
occupants to access the elevators. Moreover, it also fulfils, certain requirement criteria into ensuring the usability
and safety of the elevators for the occupants in the office tower. With all respect, the aspects into inspecting and
maintaining the details of components of the elevator to achieve functional, aesthetics, and comfort standards for a
better service in transporting occupants efficiently and conveniently. However, reoccurrence breakdown and cause
of unnecessary stalling of elevator system will negatively impact the image and status of Menara PMI. But, if
considerations taken by the relevant authorities in Menara PMI to amend and improve their elevators, will allow
them to be determined in their mechanical transport system into delivering occupants to different levels within the
office tower building professionally.

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M E N A R A P M I | 192
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