CArcMOOC 01.01 - Automated information processing
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The document provides an overview of automation, emphasizing definitions, economic aspects, and the differentiation between general-purpose and special-purpose systems. It discusses reconfigurable and programmable equipment, the fundamentals of computer systems, and the significance of digital representation and logic networks. The course structure includes topics on CPU, memory, and communication, alongside details about examination procedures.
![Carc 01.01
alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it
The origin of computer systems
Boolean algebra
• Logic operators AND, OR and NOT are defined on the
Boolean set B={0,1} [Boole, 1848]
• Any logic function f:BnB can be expressed in terms
of AND, OR and NOT and evaluated by performing a
sequence of elementary operations
a b f
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
f = (a AND (NOT b)) OR (b AND (NOT a))](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/carc-01-161010102741/85/CArcMOOC-01-01-Automated-information-processing-10-320.jpg)
![Carc 01.01
alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it
The origin of computer systems
Switching theory (1)
• Assigning logical values to the states of an electrical
signal, it is possible to implement elementary logic
functions by means of switching networks [Shannon,
1938]
f(a,b) = a OR b](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/carc-01-161010102741/85/CArcMOOC-01-01-Automated-information-processing-11-320.jpg)
CArcMOOC 01.01 - Automated information processing
- 1. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it 01. Introduction 01.01. Automated information processing • What is automation? • Economic aspects of automation • General purpose vs Special purpose systems • Reconfigurable and programmable machines • The origin of computer systems • Course organization Computer Architecture alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it
- 2. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it What is automation? A few definitions: • Techniques and equipments used to achieve automatic operation or control of a process • Automatic operation and control of machinery or processes by devices, such as robots, that can make and execute decisions without human intervention • The replacement of manual operations by computerized methods
- 3. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it Economic aspects of automation 1 a b c dBreak even a = manual setup cost/time b = automated sol setup cost/time c = cost/time per automated execution d = cost/time per manual execution
- 4. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 20 40 60 Market size Prize Production cost Prize Economic aspects of automation 2 g e e = initial investment f = production marginal cost g = target production profit f
- 5. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Number of executions Cost Manual solution Automatic solution Economic aspects of automation 3 Market size Market size
- 6. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it General vs Special purpose • The broader the range of applications of an automatic equipment • the larger its market • the lower its prize • the larger the number of executions • Using a general purpose equipment has two main advantages • lower costs reduce the breakeven point • broader applicability makes it easier to reach it
- 7. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it Reconfigurable equipment • Reconfiguration enables re-use • The same equipment can be used to solve different problems (or to execute different processes) at the cost of a simple reconfiguration • If an in-house reconfigurable equipment can be used to solve a new problem, the setup cost of the automated solution for the new problem reduces to the reconfiguration cost
- 8. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it Programmable equipment • A programmable equipment can accept, interpret and execute instructions taken from a given instruction set • A complex process can be specified step by step in terms of instructions by means of a program • A programmable equipment is a truly general- purpose machine
- 9. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it The origin of computer systems Information theory • Any information can be represented as a sequence of a finite number of binary digits (at the cost of a possible approximation) taking value 0 or 1 info representation 0 "0000" 1 "0001" 2 "0010" 3 "0011" 4 "0100" 5 "0101" info representation A "01000001" B "01000010" C "01000011" D "01000100" E "01000101" F "01000110" info representation ON "1" OFF "0"
- 10. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it The origin of computer systems Boolean algebra • Logic operators AND, OR and NOT are defined on the Boolean set B={0,1} [Boole, 1848] • Any logic function f:BnB can be expressed in terms of AND, OR and NOT and evaluated by performing a sequence of elementary operations a b f 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 f = (a AND (NOT b)) OR (b AND (NOT a))
- 11. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it The origin of computer systems Switching theory (1) • Assigning logical values to the states of an electrical signal, it is possible to implement elementary logic functions by means of switching networks [Shannon, 1938] f(a,b) = a OR b
- 12. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it The origin of computer systems Switching theory (2) • Any logic function can be implemented by a switching network • A programmable switching network, that can compute at least AND, OR and NOT, can be programmed to evaluate any logic function f(a,b,c) = (a OR b) AND c
- 13. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it The origin of computer systems Technology • Digital integrated circuits are micro-fabricated devices that contain networks of billions of transistors (i.e., switches) • The minimum feature size of today’s transistors is around 10nm • The large scale production makes digital integrated circuits very cheap
- 14. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it The origin of computer systems The big picture • Any information can be represented by sequences of 0s and 1s • Any processing of binary values can be performed by switching networks • Programmable switching networks can be used to perform any kind of information processing • Computer systems are automated information processing systems based on programmable switching networks
- 15. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it The origin of computer systems The big picture • Computer systems are truly general purpose information processing systems • Using a general-purpose computer system to solve a specific problem entails writing a specific program
- 16. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it The origin of computer systems The big picture • Software development/purchase is the only setup cost • The cost of the computer system that executes the software is usually negligible since • Computer systems are cheap thanks to their market • Computer systems are assumed to be already in house thanks to their wide applicability • Automation is defined as • the replacement of manual operations by computerized methods
- 17. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it Course organization Main topics • Digital representation of information • Logic networks • Computer systems • CPU • Memory • Communication
- 18. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it Course organization Exams The exam entails three steps: 1. Written (online) test covering the entire program mark b: 0 ≤ a ≤ 33, passed with b ≥ 18 2. Report and oral presentation of a project assigned by the instructor mark a: 0 ≤ b ≤ 33, passed with a ≥ 18 3. Oral exam mark c: -5 ≤ c ≤ 5 Rules: • You must have passed steps 1 and 2 to take step 3 • Partial results of steps 1 and 2 hold for the entire Academic Year • Project reports must be submitted at least two days weak before the date of the oral presentation • The final mark is computed as: (a+b)/2+c
- 19. Carc 01.01 alessandro.bogliolo@uniurb.it Links • Official web site of the degree program http://informatica.uniurb.it/ • Blended learning • https://blended.uniurb.it • Elearning • https://elearning.uniurb.it • MOOC • https://platform.europeanmoocs.eu/course_architettura_d egli_elaboratori • FACEBOOK • https://www.facebook.com/groups/CArcMOOC/