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The Importance of Project Cost
Management
IT projects have a poor track record for meeting
cost goals.
Cost overrun is quite widely observed problem
Average cost overrun from 1995 CHAOS study
was 189% of the original estimates; improved to
145% in the 2001 study
In 1995, cancelled IT projects cost the U.S. over
$81 billion

What Went Wrong?
 According to the San Francisco Chronicle front-page story,
"Computer Bumbling Costs the State $1 Billion," the state
of California had a series of expensive IT project failures
in the late 1990s, costing taxpayers nearly $1 billion…
ironic that the state which leads in creation of computers is
the state most behind in using computer technology to
improve state services.
 …The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) managed a series of
project failures that cost taxpayers over $50 billion a year
—roughly as much money as the annual net profit of the
entire computer industry.
 …Connecticut General Life Insurance Co. sued PeopleSoft
over an aborted installation of a finance system.

What is Cost and Project Cost
Management?
Cost is a resource sacrificed or foregone to
achieve a specific objective or something given
up in exchange.
Costs are usually measured in monetary units
like dollars.
Project cost management includes the processes
required to ensure that the project is completed
within an approved budget.

Project Cost Management Processes
Resource/Cost planning: determining what resources
and quantities of them should be used.
Cost estimating: developing an estimate of the costs
and resources needed to complete a project.
Cost/Determine budgeting: allocating the overall
cost estimate to individual work items to establish a
baseline for measuring performance.
Cost control: controlling changes to the project
budget.

Basic Principles of Cost Management
Most CEOs and boards know a lot more about
finance than IT, so IT project managers must speak
their language.
Profits are revenues minus expenses.
Life cycle costing is estimating the cost of a project plus
the maintenance costs of the products it produces.
Cash flow analysis is determining the estimated annual
costs and benefits for a project.
Benefits and costs can be tangible or intangible, direct or
indirect.
Sunk cost (money that has already been spent and cannot
be recovered) should not be a criteria in project selection.

Table 7-1. Cost of Software
Defects
When Defect is Detected Typical Cost of Correction
User Requirements $100-$1,000
Coding/Unit Testing $1,000 or more
System Testing $7,000 - $8,000
Acceptance Testing $1,000 - $100,000
After Implementation Up to millions of dollars
 It is important to spend money up-front on IT projects to
avoid spending a lot more later.

Resource/Cost Planning
 The nature of the project and the organization will
affect resource planning.
 Some questions to consider:
How difficult will it be to do specific tasks on the project?
Is there anything unique in this project’s scope statement that
will affect resources?
What is the organization’s history in doing similar tasks?
Does the organization have or can they acquire the people,
equipment, and materials that are capable and available for
performing the work?

Sample Headcount Information to
Help Estimate Resource Costs
A large percentage of the costs of many IT projects are
human resource costs.

Cost Estimating
 An important output of project cost management is a cost
estimate.
 There are several types of cost estimates and tools and
techniques to help create them.
 It is also important to develop a cost management plan that
describes how cost variances will be managed on the project.

Table 7-3. Types of Cost
Estimates
Type of Estimate When Done Why Done How Accurate
Rough Order of
Magnitude (ROM)
Very early in the
project life cycle,
often 3–5 years
before project
completion
Provides rough
ballpark of cost for
selection decisions
–25%, +75%
Budgetary Early, 1–2 years out Puts dollars in the
budget plans
–10%, +25%
Definitive Later in the project, <
1 year out
Provides details for
purchases, estimate
actual costs
–5%, +10%

Cost Estimation Tools and Techniques
3 basic tools and techniques for cost estimates:
Analogous or top-down: use the actual cost of a
previous, similar project as the basis for the new
estimate.
Bottom-up: estimate individual work items and sum
them to get a total estimate.
Parametric: use project characteristics in a
mathematical model to estimate costs.

Constructive Cost Model
(COCOMO)
Barry Boehm helped develop the COCOMO
models for estimating software development
costs.
Parameters include source lines of code or
function points.
COCOMO II is a computerized model available
on the Web.
Boehm suggests that only parametric models do
not suffer from the limits of human decision-
making.

Typical Problems with IT Cost
Estimates
 Developing an estimate for a large software project is a
complex task requiring a significant amount of effort.
Remember that estimates are done at various stages of the
project.
 Many people doing estimates have little experience doing
them. Try to provide training and mentoring.
 People have a bias toward underestimation. Review
estimates and ask important questions to make sure
estimates are not biased.
 Management wants a number for a bid, not a real estimate.
Project managers must negotiate with project sponsors to
create realistic cost estimates.

Table 7-4. Business Systems Replacement Project
Cost Estimate Overview

Cash Flow Analysis
FY95
($000)
FY96
($000)
FY97
($000)
3 Year
Total
($000)
Future Annual
Costs/Savings
($000)
Costs
Oracle/PM Software
(List Price)
992 500 0 1492 0
60% Discount (595) (595)
Oracle Credits (397) 0 (397)
Net Cash for Software 0 500 500
Software Maintenance 0 90 250 340 250
Hardware & Maintenance 0 270 270 540 270
Consulting &Training 205 320 0 525 0
Tax & Acquisition 0 150 80 230 50
Total Purchased Costs 205 1330 600 2135 570
Information Services &
Technology (IS&T)
500 1850 1200 3550 0
Finance/Other Staff 200 990 580 1770
Total Costs 905 4170 2380 7455 570
Savings
Mainframe (101) (483) (584) (597)
Finance/Asset/PM (160) (1160) (1320) (2320)
IS&T Support/Data Entry (88) (384) (472) (800)
Interest 0 (25) (25) (103)
Total Savings (349) (2052) (2401) (3820)
Net Cost (Savings) 905 3821 328 5054 (3250)
8 Year Internal
Rate of Return
35%

Cost Budgeting
Cost budgeting involves allocating the project cost
estimate to individual work items and providing a
cost baseline.
For example, in the Business Systems Replacement
project, there was a total purchased cost estimate for
FY97 of $600,000 and another $1.2 million for
Information Services and Technology.
These amounts were allocated to appropriate
budgets as shown in Table 7-6.

Budget Estimates for FY97 and Explanations
Budget Category Estimated Costs Explanation
Headcount (FTE) 13 Included are 9 programmer/analysts, 2
database analysts, 2 infrastructure
technicians.
Compensation $1,008,500 Calculated by employee change notices
(ECNs) and assumed a 4% pay increase in
June. Overload support was planned at
$10,000.
Consultant/Purchased
Services
$424,500 Expected consulting needs in support of the
Project Accounting and Cascade
implementation efforts; maintenance
expenses associated with the Hewlett-
Packard (HP) computing platforms;
maintenance expenses associated with the
software purchased in support of the BSR
project.
Travel $25,000 Incidental travel expenses incurred in
support of the BSR project, most associated
with attendance of user conferences and
off-site training.
Depreciation $91,000 Included is the per head share of
workstation depreciation, the Cascade HP
platform depreciation, and the depreciation
expense associated with capitalized
software purchases.
Rents/Leases $98,000 Expenses associated with the Mach1
computing platforms.
Other Supplies
and Expenses
$153,000 Incidental expenses associated with things
such as training, reward and recognition,
long distance phone charges, miscellaneous
office supplies.
Total Costs $1,800,000

Cost Control
Project cost control includes:
Monitoring cost performance.
Ensuring that only appropriate project changes are
included in a revised cost baseline.
Informing project stakeholders of authorized
changes to the project that will affect costs.
Earned value management is an important tool
for cost control.

Earned Value Management (EVM)
EVM is a project performance measurement
technique that integrates scope, time, and cost
data.
Given a baseline (original plan plus approved
changes), you can determine how well the
project is meeting its goals.
You must enter actual information periodically
to use EVM. Figure 7-1 shows a sample form
for collecting information.

Earned Value Management Terms
 The planned value (PV), formerly called the budgeted
cost of work scheduled (BCWS), also called the budget,
is that portion of the approved total cost estimate
planned to be spent on an activity during a given period.
 Actual cost (AC), formerly called actual cost of work
performed (ACWP), is the total of direct and indirect
costs incurred in accomplishing work on an activity
during a given period.
 The earned value (EV), formerly called the budgeted
cost of work performed (BCWP), is an estimate of the
value of the physical work actually completed.

Rules of Thumb for Earned Value
Numbers
Negative numbers for cost and schedule
variance indicate problems in those areas.
The project is costing more than planned or
taking longer than planned
Cost Performance Index (CPI) and Schedule
Performance Index (SPI) less than 100%
indicate problems.
CPI = EV / AC
SPI = EV / PV

Project Portfolio Management
Many organizations collect and control an entire
suite of projects or investments as one set of
interrelated activities in a portfolio.
Five levels for project portfolio management
Put all your projects in one database
Prioritize the projects in your database
Divide your projects into two or three budgets based
on type of investment
Automate the repository
Apply modern portfolio theory, including risk-return
tools that map project risk on a curve

Using Software to Assist in Cost
Management
Spreadsheets are a common tool for resource
planning, cost estimating, cost budgeting, and
cost control.
Many companies use more sophisticated and
centralized financial applications software for
cost information.
Project management software has many cost-
related features.

Sample Enterprise Project
Management Screen

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