Chapter 1-part 2 introduction to microprocessor.ppt
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The document provides an overview of microprocessor-based personal computer systems, detailing their structure which comprises a microprocessor, memory system, and I/O system interconnected by buses. It explains the role of memory types, including RAM and ROM, the function of DOS and system BIOS, and how the microprocessor manages data transfers and executes instructions. Additionally, it describes the hierarchy and capacities of different Intel microprocessors, along with the operational features of buses in a computer system.
Chapter 1-part 2 introduction to microprocessor.ppt
- 1. Introduction Part 2 • The Microprocessor Based Personal Computer Systems Computer system have undergone many changes recently: size reduction because of microprocessor µP based computer system structure includes information about the memory and OS PC is composed on three block interconnected by Buses
- 2. Microprocessor I/O System Memory System Buses Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Static RAM Cache Read-Only (ROM) Flash Memory EEPROM SDRAM RAMBVS 8086 8088 80186 80188 80286 80386 80486 Pentium Pentium Pro Pentium II Pentium III Pentium 4 Printer Serial Communications Floppy Disk Drive Hard Disk Drive Mouse CD-ROM Drive Plotter Keyboard Monitor Tape Backup Scanner DVD The Block Diagram of a Microprocessor- Based Computer System
- 3. The Memory Map of Personal Computers 15M bytes in the 80286 or 80386X 31M bytes in the 80386SL/SLC 63M bytes in the 80386EX 4095M bytes in the 80386DX, 80486, and Pentium 64G bytes in the Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium 4 1M bytes of real (conventional) Memory System Area 384K bytes TPA 640K bytes Extended Memory The transient program area (TPA) holds the DOS operating system and other programs that control the computer system. The TPA also stores any currently active or inactive DOS application programs.
- 4. The Memory Map of the TPA in a Personal Computer (vary between systems) COMMAND.COM Free TPA Device drivers Such as MOUSE.SYS IO.SYS program BIOS communications area MSDOS program DOS communications area Interrupt vectors 00000 00400 00500 00700 01160 02350 MSDOS program 08490 08E30 9FFF0 9FFFF • The Interrupt vectors access various features of the DOS, BIOS (basic I/O system), and applications. • The System BIOS and DOS communication areas contain transient data used by programs to access I/O devices and the internal features of the computer system. • The IO.SYS is a program that loads into the TPA from the disk whenever an MSDOS or PCDOS system is started. It contains programs that allow DOS to use the keyboard, video display, printer, and other I/O devices often found in the computer system. The I/O.SYS program links DOS to the Programs stored on the system BIOS ROM. • DOS occupies two areas of memory: One is 16 bytes in length and is located at the top of the TPA, and the other is much larger and is located near the bottom of the TPA. The DOS program controls the operation of the computer system. The size of the DOS area depends on the version of DOS installed in the computer and how it is installed
- 5. The Memory Map of the TPA in a Personal Computer (vary between systems) COMMAND.COM Free TPA Device drivers Such as MOUSE.SYS IO.SYS program BIOS communications area MSDOS program DOS communications area Interrupt vectors 00000 00400 00500 00700 01160 02350 MSDOS program 08490 08E30 9FFF0 9FFFF • The size of the driver area and number of drivers change from one computer to another . Drivers are programs that control installable I/O devices such as a mouse, scanner, CD-ROM, … • The COMMAND.COM program (command processor) controls the operation of the computer from the keyboard when operated in the DOS mode. The COMMAND.COM program processes the DOS commands as they are typed from the keyboard. • The free TPA area holds DOS application programs as they are executed. These application programs include word processors, spreadsheet programs, … etc.TPA also holds TSR (terminate and stay resident) programs that remain in memory in an inactive state until activated by a hot-key sequence or another event such as an interrupt.
- 6. The Memory Map of the System Area in a Personal Computer (vary between systems) Basic Language ROM (only on new PCS) Video RAM (text area) Video RAM (graphics area) BIOS System ROM A0000 B0000 C0000 Free Area Hard Disk Controller ROM LAN Controller ROM C8000 F0000 Video BIOS ROM E0000 FFFFF
- 7. Memory Hierarchy Registers L1 Cache L2 Cache Main Memory Smaller, Faster, and More Expensive Larger, Slower, and Cheaper
- 8. The Microprocessor The microprocessor (sometimes referred as the CPU) is the controlling element in a computer system. The microprocessor controls memory and I/O through a series of connections called buses. The microprocessor performs three main tasks for the computer system: Data transfer between itself and the memory or I/O systems. Simple arithmetic and logic operations. Program flow via simple decisions. The power of the microprocessor is in its capability to execute hundreds of millions of instructions per second from a program or software (group of instructions) stored in the memory system.
- 9. Arithmetic and Logic Operations Executed by Intel Family of Microprocessors Operation Comment Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division AND Logical Multiplication OR Logical Addition NOT Logical Inversion NEG Arithmetic Inversion Shift Rotate Decision Comment Zero Test a number for zero or not- zero Sign Test a number for positive or negative Carry Test for a carry after addition or a borrow after subtraction Parity Test a number for an even or an odd number of ones Overflow Test for an overflow that indicates an invalid signed result after addition or subtraction Decision-making capabilities of the Intel Family of Microprocessors
- 10. Buses A bus is a common group of wires that interconnect components in a computer system. The buses transfer address, data, and control information between the microprocessor and its memory and I/O systems. The buses: Select an I/O or memory device. Transfer data between an I/O device or memory and the microprocessor. Controls the I/O and memory system through instructions that are stored in the memory and executed by the microprocessor.
- 11. µp MWTC MRDC IOWC IORC Read-only memory ROM Read/write memory RAM Keyboard Printer Address Bus Data Bus Control Bus Requests a memory location from the memory or an I/O location from the I/O devices. Transfers information between the microprocessor and its memory and I/O address space. Contains lines that select the memory or I/O and cause them to perform a read or write operation.
- 12. Intel Microprocessors Microprocessor Data Bus Width Address Bus Width Memory Size 8086 16 20 1M 8088 8 20 1M 80186 16 20 1M 80188 8 20 1M 80286 16 24 16M 80386SX 16 24 16M 80386DX 32 32 4G 80386EX 16 26 64M 80486 32 32 4G Pentium 64 32 4G Pentium OverDrive 32 32 4G Pentium Pro 64 32 4G Pentium Pro 64 36 64G Pentium II 64 32 4G Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium 4 64 36 64G The memory size depends on the address bus width, for example 20bit address bus means that the processor can address memory size up to 2^20= 1048576 byte /1024 1024 KB (1MB)
Editor's Notes
- #3: The memory structure of all Intel 80X86-Pentum 4 personal computer systems are similar. This includes the first personal computers based upon the 8088 introduced in 1981 by IBM to Pentium 4 The memory system is divided into three main parts: TPA (transient program area), system area, and XMS (extended memory system). The type of microprocessor in your computer determines whether an extended memory system exists. If the computer is based upon an older 8086 or 8088 9a PC9 or XT10), the TPA and system area exist, but there is no extended memory area. we often call the first 1M of memory the real or conventional memory system because each Intel microprocessor is designed to function in this area by using its real mode of operation. Computer systems based on the 80286 through the Pentium 4 not only contain the TPA (640KB) and system area (384KB), they also contain extended memory. Theses machines are often called AT11 class