Chapter 10 section 1 powerpoint
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The document summarizes key developments during the Scientific Revolution from the 15th to 17th centuries. It describes how medieval scientists relied on Aristotle but thinkers during the Renaissance discovered other ancient works that disagreed with Aristotle and spurred new observations. Figures like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton developed theories like heliocentrism and gravity that formed the basis of modern science. It also discusses advances in astronomy, medicine, chemistry and the origins of the scientific method during this revolutionary period.
Chapter 10 section 1 powerpoint
- 1. Chapter 10 Section 1 The Enlightenment
- 2. I. Background to the Revolution A. Medieval Scientists relied upon Aristotle for their scientific knowledge. i. Changes from 1400-1500 scientists to adopt new views and methods. B. Renaissance humanists discovered works of Ptolemy, Archimedes, and Plato. i. They learned that many ancient thinkers disagreed with Aristotle.
- 3. C. Technical problems, spurred a movement towards observation and measurement. i. Telescope and microscope made fresh observations and discoveries possible. D. Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton and others—developed new theories that became the foundation of the Scientific Revolution.
- 4. II. A Revolution in Astronomy A. Medieval philosophers constructed a geocentric model of the universe called the Ptolemaic system. B. Copernicus published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres” i. He believed his heliocentric system was more accurate than Ptolemy’s. ii. Copernicus believed that the planets moved around the sun.
- 6. C. Johannes Kepler’s observations confirmed that the Sun was at the center of the universe. i. Kepler tracked the elliptical orbits of the planets. ii. Ptolemy had insisted that the orbits were circular. D. Isaac Newton published his views of universal law of gravitation. i. He believed that the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity. ii. Explains why planets travel in an elliptical pattern. iii. This theory will be the world view until Einstein’s theory of relativity.
- 7. III. Breakthroughs in Medicine and Chemistry A. Medicine at this time was dominated by the Greek physician Galen. i. His views on anatomy were often wrong because he used animals, not people, for dissection.
- 8. B. Andreas Vesalius—New anatomy. i. He presented an accurate view of the individual organs and general structure of the human body. ii. He believed that there were two kinds of blood. C. Robert Boyle- Developed Boyle’s Law i. The volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it.
- 9. IV. Women and the origins of Modern Science A. Margaret Cavendish— in her book “Observations upon experimental philosophy” she criticized the belief that humans, through science, were the masters of nature. B. Maria Winkelmann a famous astronomer discovered a comet. i. She was denied job as assistant astronomer because of her gender.
- 10. V. Descartes and Reason A. Rene Descartes asserts that he can rationally be sure of only one thing— his own existence. i. He asserted he would accept only those things his reason said were true. B. Descartes believed “I think, therefore I am” C. Descartes Father of modern rationalism. i. This system is based on the idea that reason is the chief source of knowledge.
- 11. VI. The Scientific Method A. During Scientific Revolution, people were concerned about how they could best understand the physical universe. i. Created the scientific method. ii. Francis Bacon was most responsible for this method. B. Bacon believed in using inductive reasoning, or making generalizations from observations to test hypotheses.