Locomotion and Support Systems
- 2. 2 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo OutlineOutline Diversity of SkeletonsDiversity of Skeletons Hydrostatic SkeletonHydrostatic Skeleton ExoskeletonsExoskeletons EndoskeletonsEndoskeletons Human Skeletal SystemHuman Skeletal System Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton Human Muscular SystemHuman Muscular System The MusclesThe Muscles Muscle ContractionMuscle Contraction
- 3. 3 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo Hydrostatic SkeletonHydrostatic Skeleton FunctionsFunctions Supports body formSupports body form Provides resistance for the contraction ofProvides resistance for the contraction of muscles to act againstmuscles to act against SourceSource Some organisms use their fluid-filledSome organisms use their fluid-filled gastrovascular cavitygastrovascular cavity Others use their fluid-filled coelomOthers use their fluid-filled coelom
- 5. 5 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo Exoskeletons and EndoskeletonsExoskeletons and Endoskeletons Exoskeleton - External SkeletonExoskeleton - External Skeleton Molluscs - composed of calciumMolluscs - composed of calcium carbonatecarbonate Arthropods - composed of chitinArthropods - composed of chitin Endoskeleton - Internal SkeletonEndoskeleton - Internal Skeleton Echinoderms and vertebratesEchinoderms and vertebrates Mineralized bone and cartilageMineralized bone and cartilage Grows as the animal growsGrows as the animal grows Does not limit space for internal organsDoes not limit space for internal organs Supports greater weight
- 8. 8 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo Human Skeletal SystemHuman Skeletal System FunctionsFunctions Supports and protects the bodySupports and protects the body Permits movementPermits movement Provides resistive foundation for musclesProvides resistive foundation for muscles to act againstto act against Bones store calcium and phosphate ionsBones store calcium and phosphate ions Certain bones produce red blood cellsCertain bones produce red blood cells
- 9. 9 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo Bone Growth and RenewalBone Growth and Renewal Cartilage structures in early developmentCartilage structures in early development act as models for future bonesact as models for future bones Calcium salts deposited in matrix byCalcium salts deposited in matrix by cartilage cells and later by osteoblastscartilage cells and later by osteoblasts Endochondral ossificationEndochondral ossification OsteoclastsOsteoclasts Break down boneBreak down bone Remove worn cellsRemove worn cells Deposit calcium in the bloodDeposit calcium in the blood Work with osteoblasts to heal brokenWork with osteoblasts to heal broken
- 10. 10 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo Anatomy of a Long BoneAnatomy of a Long Bone GrossGross Main shankMain shank Thick outer cylinder of compact boneThick outer cylinder of compact bone Medullary cavity in centerMedullary cavity in center Spongy bone at endsSpongy bone at ends DetailsDetails Compact boneCompact bone Unit of structure called osteonUnit of structure called osteon Concentric lamellae arranged around central canalConcentric lamellae arranged around central canal Osteocytes lie in lacunae at lamellar boundariesOsteocytes lie in lacunae at lamellar boundaries Spongy boneSpongy bone Numerous bars and plates separated by irregularNumerous bars and plates separated by irregular spacesspaces Spaces filled with red bone marrowSpaces filled with red bone marrow
- 11. 11Anatomy of a Long Bone
- 13. 13 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton Lies in the midline of the bodyLies in the midline of the body Consists ofConsists of The skullThe skull The vertebral columnThe vertebral column The sternum, andThe sternum, and The ribsThe ribs
- 14. 14 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo The SkullThe Skull Formed by cranium and facial bonesFormed by cranium and facial bones Major bones are named afterMajor bones are named after The lobes of the brain, andThe lobes of the brain, and The facial bonesThe facial bones Foramen magnumForamen magnum Opening at base of skullOpening at base of skull Where spinal cord connects to brainWhere spinal cord connects to brain Bones of cranium surround sinusesBones of cranium surround sinuses
- 15. 15The Skull
- 16. 16 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo Vertebral ColumnVertebral Column Vertebral columnVertebral column Supports the head and trunkSupports the head and trunk Protects the spinal cord and roots ofProtects the spinal cord and roots of spinal nervesspinal nerves Segments (from superior to inferior)Segments (from superior to inferior) Cervical - NeckCervical - Neck Thoracic - ThoraxThoracic - Thorax Lumbar - Small of backLumbar - Small of back Sacral - SacrumSacral - Sacrum Coccyx - TailboneCoccyx - Tailbone Intervertebral disks of fibrocartilage actIntervertebral disks of fibrocartilage act as paddingas padding
- 17. 17 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo Rib CageRib Cage Protects the heart and lungs, and assistsProtects the heart and lungs, and assists breathingbreathing Support by the thoracic vertebraeSupport by the thoracic vertebrae Twelve pairs of ribsTwelve pairs of ribs True ribsTrue ribs Connect directly to sternumConnect directly to sternum Seven pairsSeven pairs ““False” ribsFalse” ribs Do not connect directly to sternumDo not connect directly to sternum Five pairsFive pairs
- 18. 18The Rib Cage
- 19. 19 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton Consists ofConsists of The bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdlesThe bones within the pectoral and pelvic girdles The attached limbsThe attached limbs Pectoral girdle – Bones of the shoulderPectoral girdle – Bones of the shoulder AnteriorAnterior Supports the arms and handsSupports the arms and hands Pelvic girdle - Bones of the pelvisPelvic girdle - Bones of the pelvis PosteriorPosterior Supports the legs and feetSupports the legs and feet
- 20. 20Bones of the Pectoral Girdle, the Arm, and the Hand
- 21. 21Bones of the Pelvic Girdle, the leg, and the Foot
- 22. 22 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo Classification of JointsClassification of Joints Fibrous JointsFibrous Joints ImmovableImmovable Between cranial bonesBetween cranial bones Cartilaginous JointsCartilaginous Joints Slightly MovableSlightly Movable Between vertebraeBetween vertebrae Synovial JointsSynovial Joints Freely MovableFreely Movable Bones separated by a cavityBones separated by a cavity Ligaments bind bones together at jointLigaments bind bones together at joint
- 23. 23The Knee Joint
- 24. 24 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo Human Muscular SystemHuman Muscular System Skeletal musclesSkeletal muscles Attached to the skeleton by cable-like fibrousAttached to the skeleton by cable-like fibrous connective tissue called tendonsconnective tissue called tendons Arranged in antagonistic pairsArranged in antagonistic pairs Can only contract, cannot pushCan only contract, cannot push When one muscle contracts, it stretches itsWhen one muscle contracts, it stretches its antagonistic partnerantagonistic partner A muscle at “rest” exhibits tone (minimalA muscle at “rest” exhibits tone (minimal contraction)contraction) A muscle in tetany is at maximum sustainedA muscle in tetany is at maximum sustained contractioncontraction
- 27. 27 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo Microscopic Anatomy and PhysiologyMicroscopic Anatomy and Physiology SarcolemmaSarcolemma Plasma membranePlasma membrane Sarcoplasmic ReticulumSarcoplasmic Reticulum Modified endoplasmic reticulumModified endoplasmic reticulum MyofibrilsMyofibrils Contractile structures in sarcoplasmContractile structures in sarcoplasm SarcomeresSarcomeres Units of contractionUnits of contraction Consist primarily of proteinsConsist primarily of proteins MyosinMyosin ActinActin
- 29. 29 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo Sliding Filament ModelSliding Filament Model Actin filaments at both ends of sarcomereActin filaments at both ends of sarcomere One end of each filament attached to a Z-plate at one endOne end of each filament attached to a Z-plate at one end of the sarcomereof the sarcomere Other end suspended in sarcoplasmOther end suspended in sarcoplasm Myosin filaments suspended in between Z-platesMyosin filaments suspended in between Z-plates Myosin filaments contain cross-bridges which pull theMyosin filaments contain cross-bridges which pull the actin filaments inwardactin filaments inward Causes Z-plates to move toward each otherCauses Z-plates to move toward each other Shortens sarcomereShortens sarcomere Sarcomeres stacked together in series and causeSarcomeres stacked together in series and cause myofiber to shortenmyofiber to shorten Working muscles require ATPWorking muscles require ATP Myosin breaks down ATPMyosin breaks down ATP Sustained exerciseSustained exercise Requires cellular respirationRequires cellular respiration Regenerates ATPRegenerates ATP
- 30. 30 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo Muscle InnervationMuscle Innervation Neuromuscular junctionNeuromuscular junction The synaptic contact between a nerveThe synaptic contact between a nerve fiber and a muscle fiberfiber and a muscle fiber Nerve impulses bring about the release ofNerve impulses bring about the release of a neurotransmitter that cross the synaptica neurotransmitter that cross the synaptic cleftcleft Signals the muscle fiber to contractSignals the muscle fiber to contract
- 32. 32The Role of Calcium and Myosin in Muscle Contraction
- 33. 33 Locomotion and SuppoLocomotion and Suppo ReviewReview Diversity of SkeletonsDiversity of Skeletons Hydrostatic SkeletonHydrostatic Skeleton ExoskeletonsExoskeletons EndoskeletonsEndoskeletons Human Skeletal SystemHuman Skeletal System Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton Human Muscular SystemHuman Muscular System The MusclesThe Muscles Muscle ContractionMuscle Contraction
- 34. Locomotion and Sup Ending Slide Chapter 41