chapter no 3 Computer Hardware James Obrien.ppt
- 1. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
- 2. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computer Hardware Chapter 3
- 3. 3-3 • Understand the history and evolution of computer hardware • Identify the major types and uses of microcomputer, midrange, and mainframe computer systems • Outline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storage Learning Objectives
- 4. 3-4 Learning Objectives • Identify and give examples of the components and functions of a computer system • Identify the computer systems and peripherals you would acquire or recommend for a business of your choice, and explain the reasons for your selection.
- 5. 3-5 Case 1: Mobile and Wireless Technology • The challenge… • Provide mobile computing capabilities • Deliver applications for use on small LED screens • Common applications… • Police work • Anti-terrorism • Global employee communication and collaboration
- 6. 3-6 Case Study Questions • What are some of the benefits that organizations could realize by connecting all of their employees by mobile devices? • Are the CIOs in the case saying that ROI is not important when deploying mobile computing devices? • The case suggests that an increasingly popular mobile device is the Black Berry. What is it about the BlackBerry that makes it so popular?
- 7. 3-7 Pre-Computer Calculations • Counting on fingers and toes • Stone or bead abacus • Calculate comes from calculus, the Latin word for stone • 1642: first mechanical adding machine • Invented by Blaise Pascal • Wheels moved counters • Modified in 1674 by Von Leibnitz • Age of industrialization • Mechanical loomed used punch cards
- 8. 3-8 Early Computing • 19th Century • Charles Babbage proposed the Analytical Engine, which could calculate, store values in memory, perform logical comparisons • Never built because of lack of electronics • 1880s • Hollerith’s punched cards used to record census data using On/Off patterns • The holes turned sensors On or Off when run through tabulating machine • This company became the foundation for IBM
- 9. 3-9 Electronic Computers • 1946 - First Generation Computer • ENIAC • Programmable • 5000 calculations per second • Used vacuum tubes • Drawbacks were size and processing ability • 1950s • ENIAC replaced by UNIVAC 1, then the IBM 704 • Calculations jumped to 100,000 per second
- 10. 3-10 Waves of Computing • Late 1950s - Second Generation • Transistors replaced vacuum tubes • 200,000 to 250,000 calculations per second • Mid-1960s - Third Generation • Integrated circuitry and miniaturization • 1971 - Fourth Generation • Further miniaturization • Multiprogramming and virtual storage • 1980s - Fifth Generation • Millions of calculations per second
- 11. 3-11 Microcomputers • 1975 • ALTAIR flicking switches • 1977 • Commodore and Radio Shack produce personal computers • 1979 • Apple computer, the fastest selling PC thus far • 1982 • IBM introduced the PC, which changed the market
- 12. 3-12 Categories of Computer Systems
- 13. 3-13 Microcomputer Systems • Usually called a personal computer or PC • Computing power now exceeds that of the mainframes of previous generations • Relatively inexpensive • Are the networked professional workstations used by business processions • Versions include hand-held, notebook, laptop, tablet, portable, desktop, and floor-standing
- 14. 3-14 Recommended PC Features Business Pro Multimedia Heavy Newcomer 2-3 GHz processor Mac G4 or 2-3 GHz Intel processor 1-2 GHz Celeron processor 512MB RAM 512MB RAM 256MB RAM 80GB hard drive 120GB+ hard drive 40GB hard drive 18-inch flat-panel display 18-inch or larger CRT, flat-panel LCD, or plasma display 17-inch CRT or 15-inch flat panel LCD CD-RW/DVD drive or portable hard drives for backup CD-RW/DVD+RW drive CD-RW/DVD drive Network interface card (NIC) High-end color printer Internal, 56K modem Basic speaker system Deluxe speaker system Basic inkjet printer
- 15. 3-15 Microcomputer Uses • Workstations • Supports have mathematical computer and graphics display demands • CAD, investment and portfolio analysis • Network Servers • More powerful than workstations • Coordinates telecommunications and resource sharing • Supports small networks and Internet or intranet websites
- 16. 3-16 Corporate PC Criteria • Solid performance at a reasonable price • Operating system ready • Connectivity • Network interface cards or wireless capabilities
- 17. 3-17 Information Appliances • Hand-held microcomputer devices • Known as personal digital assistants (PDAs) • Web-enabled PDAs use touch screens, handwriting recognition, or keypads • Mobile workers use to access email or the Web, exchange data with desktop PCs or servers • Latest entrant is the BlackBerry • PDAs include • Video-game consoles • Cellular and PCS phones • Telephone-based home email appliances
- 18. 3-18 Midrange Systems • High-end network servers that handle large-scale processing of business applications • Not as powerful as mainframes • Less expensive to buy, operate, and maintain • Often used to manage • Large Internet websites • Corporate intranets and extranets • Integrated, enterprise-wide applications • Used as front-end servers to assist mainframes with telecommunications and networks
- 19. 3-19 Mainframe Computer Systems • Large, fast, powerful computer systems • Large primary storage capacity • High transaction processing • Handles complex computations • Widely used as superservers for… • Large client/server networks • High-volume Internet websites • Becoming a popular computing platform for… • Data mining and warehousing • Electronic commerce applications
- 20. 3-20 Supercomputer Systems • Extremely powerful systems designed for… • Scientific, engineering, and business applications • Massive numeric computations • Markets include… • Government research agencies • Large universities • Major corporations • Uses parallel processing • Billions to trillions of operations per second (gigaflops and teraflops) • Costs $5 to $50 million
- 21. 3-21 Computer System Concept • A system of hardware devices organized by function • Input • Keyboards, touch screens, pens, electronic mice, optical scanners • Converts data into electronic form for entry into computer system • Processing • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • CPU subunits: arithmetic-logic and control unit
- 22. 3-22 Computer System Concept • Output • Video display units, printers, audio response units, and so on • Converts electronic information into human- intelligible form • Storage • Primary storage (memory) • Secondary storage (disk drives) • Control • CPU controls other components of the system
- 24. 3-24 Computer Processing Speeds • Early computers • Milliseconds (thousandths of a second) • Microseconds (millionths of a second) • Current computers • Nanoseconds (billionth of a second) • Picoseconds (trillionth of a second) • Program instruction processing speeds • Megahertz (millions of cycles per second) • Gigahertz (billions of cycles per second) • Commonly called the “clock speed”
- 25. 3-25 Computer Processing Speeds • Throughput • The ability to perform useful computation or data processing assignments during a given period • Speed is dependant on… • Size of circuitry paths (buses) that interconnect microprocessor components • Capacity of instruction processing registers • Use of high-speed cache memory • Use of specialized microprocessor, such as math coprocessor
- 26. 3-26 Moore’s Law • A doubling in the number of transistors per integrated circuit every 18 to 24 months • Originally observed in 1965, it holds true today • Common corollary of Moore’s Law… • Computing prices will be cut in half every 18 to 24 months • This has been consistently accurate • Applies to cost of storage as well
- 27. 3-27 Moore’s Law
- 28. 3-28 Case 2: Apple Computer • Apple dropped from market leader to niche player due to… • Closed systems with proprietary hardware and software • Incompatibility with PC applications • Competition from Microsoft’s Windows OS, which was mass-marketing to PC manufacturers • Also a closed system, iPod has most of market • Struck copy-protection agreements with music companies
- 29. 3-29 Case Study Questions • Do you agree that Apple will dominate the digital music market for years to come? • Can the technology and business strategies Steve Jobs implemented with the closed system of the iPod be applied successfully to the iMac and other Apple closed-system computer products? • Will the cachet of the iPod and the capabilities of Boot Camp and the Leopard version of Apple’s OS X lure more Windows PC users to the Mac lineup of desktops and portables?
- 30. 3-30 Peripherals • Peripheral is a generic name for all input, output, and secondary storage devices • Parts of the computer system, but not the CPU • Are all online devices • Online devices • Separate from the CPU, but electronically connected to and controlled by it • Offline devices • Separate from and not under the control of the CPU
- 32. 3-32 Input Technologies • Keyboard • Still most widely used input device • Graphical User Interface (GUI) • Icons, menus, windows, buttons, bars • Selected with pointing devices • Electronic Mouse • Most popular pointing device • Pressing mouse buttons initiates activity represented by the icon selected
- 33. 3-33 Input Technologies • Trackball • Stationary device, similar to mouse • Roller ball moves cursor on screen • Pointing Stick • Small eraser-head device embedded in keyboard • Cursor moves in the direction of the pressure placed on the stick
- 34. 3-34 Input Technologies • Touchpad • Small, rectangular, touch-sensitive surface • Usually on keyboard • Cursor moves in direction your finger moves • Touch Screen • Use computer by touching screen • Screen emits a grid of infrared beams, sound waves, or electric current • Grid is broken when screen is touched
- 35. 3-35 Pen-Based Computing • Used in Tablet PCs and PDAs • Pressure-sensitive layer, similar to touch screen, under liquid crystal display screen • Software digitizes handwriting, hand printing, and hand drawing
- 36. 3-36 Speech Recognition Systems • Speech be the future of data entry • Easiest, most natural means of human communication • Recognizing speech patterns • Discrete required pauses between each word • Continuous speech recognition software (CSR) recognized continuous, conversationally paced speech
- 37. 3-37 Speech Recognition Software • Speech recognition systems digitize, analyze, and classify speech and sound patterns • Compares to a database of sound patterns in its vocabulary • Passes recognized words to the application software • Typically requires voice recognition training • Speaker-independent voice recognition systems • Allows computer to recognize words from a voice it has never heard before • Typically used in voice-messaging computers
- 38. 3-38 Optical Scanning • Devices read text or graphics and convert them into digital input for a computers • Enables direct entry of data from source documents • A document management library system • Scans documents, then organizes and stores them for easy reference or retrieval
- 39. 3-39 Optical Scanning • Scanners • Compact desktop models are popular for low cost and ease of use • Larger, more expensive flatbed scanners are faster and provide high-resolution color scanning • Optical Character Recognition (OCR) • Software that reads characters and codes • Used to real merchandise tags, sort mail, score tests • Optical scanning wands read bar codes
- 40. 3-40 Other Input Technologies • Magnetic Stripe • Reads the magnetic stripe on credit cards • Smart Cards • Microprocessor chip and memory on credit card • Use more in Europe than in the U.S. • Digital Cameras • Allows you to shoot, store, and download photos or full-motion video with audio into the PC • Images and audio can then be edited or enhanced
- 41. 3-41 Other Input Technologies • Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) • Used by banks to magnetically read checks and deposit slips • Requires an iron oxide-based ink • Reader-sorter equipment magnetizes the ink, then passes it under a reading head to sense the signal
- 42. 3-42 Output Technologies • Video Displays • Cathode-ray tube (CRT) • Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) • Active matrix and dual scan • Plasma displays • Used in large TVs and flat-panel monitors • Printed Output • Inkjet printers spray ink on a page • Laser printers use an electrostatic process similar to a photocopying machine
- 44. 3-44 Computer Storage Fundamentals • Uses a two-state or binary representation of data • On or Off • On represents the number 1 • Off represents the number 0 • Data are processed and stored in computer systems through the presence or absence of On/Off signals
- 45. 3-45 Bit and Byte • Bit • Short for binary digit • Smallest element of data • Either zero or one • Byte • Group of eight bits, which operate as a single unit • Represents one character or number
- 46. 3-46 Representing Characters in Bytes
- 47. 3-47 Using Binary Code to Calculate
- 48. 3-48 Storage Capacity Measurement • Kilobyte (KB): one thousand bytes • Megabyte (MB): one million bytes • Gigabyte (GB): one billions bytes • Terabyte (TB): one trillion bytes • Petabyte (PB): one quadrillion bytes
- 49. 3-49 Direct and Sequential Access • Direct or Random Access • Directly store and retrieve data • Each storage position has a unique address and can be accessed in the same length of time • Semiconductor memory chips, magnetic disks • Sequential Access • Data is stored and retrieved sequentially • Must be accessed in sequence by searching through prior data • Magnetic tape
- 50. 3-50 Direct and Sequential Access
- 51. 3-51 Semiconductor Memory • Microelectronic semiconductor memory chips are used for primary storage • Advantages: small size, fast, shock and temperature resistance • Disadvantages: volatility; must have uninterrupted electric power or loses memory
- 52. 3-52 Types of Semiconductor Memory • Random Access Memory (RAM) • Most widely used primary storage medium • Volatile memory • Read/write memory • Read-Only Memory (ROM) • Permanent storage • Can be read, but not overwritten • Frequently used programs burnt into chips during manufacturing process • Called firmware
- 53. 3-53 Flash Drives • Sometimes referred to as a jump drive • Uses a small chips containing thousands of transistors • Can store data for virtually unlimited periods without power • Easily transported and highly durable • Storage capacity of up to 1 GB • Plugs into any USB port
- 54. 3-54 Magnetic Disks • Used for secondary storage • Fast access and high capacity • Reasonable cost
- 55. 3-55 Types of Magnetic Disks • Floppy Disks (diskettes) • Magnetic disk inside a plastic jacket • Hard Disk Drives (hard drives) • Magnetic disk, access arms, and read/write heads in sealed module for stable environment • Fixed or removable • Capacity from several hundred MBs to hundreds of GBs
- 56. 3-56 RAID Storage • Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks • Disk arrays of hard disk drives • Provides virtually unlimited online storage • Combines from 6 to more than 100 small hard disk drives into a single unit • Data are accessed in parallel over multiple paths from many disks • Redundant storage of data on several disks provides fault-tolerant capacity • Storage area networks can interconnect many RAID units
- 57. 3-57 Magnetic Tape • Secondary storage • Tape reels, cassettes, and cartridges • Used in robotic, automated drive assemblies • Archival and backup storage • Lower-cost storage solution
- 59. 3-59 Uses of Optical Disks • Image processing • Long-term storage of historical image files • Storage of scanned documents • Publishing medium • Allows fast access to reference materials • Catalogs, directories, and so on • Interactive multimedia applications • Video games, educational videos, and so on
- 60. 3-60 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) • One of the newest and fastest growing storage technologies • System for tagging and identifying mobile objects • Used with store merchandise, postal packages, casino chips, pets • Special reader allows objects to be tracked as they move from place to place • Chips half the size of a grain of sand • Passive chips derive power from reader signal • Active chips are self-powered
- 61. 3-61 RFID Versus Bar Coding • RFID • Scans from greater distance • Can store data • Allows more information to be tracked • Privacy concerns • Invisible nature of the system • Capacity to transmit fairly sophisticated messages
- 62. 3-62 Case 3: Self-Service Kiosks • Self-service kiosks at airports • More than half of Northwest Airline’s eligible customers choose self-service check-in • Kiosks shave 5 to 15 minutes off the time Delta customers stand in line • Cost savings are massive • Vancouver Airport would need 145 additional check-in counters without the kiosks
- 63. 3-63 Self-Service Kiosk Technology • Networked special-purpose microcomputer terminals • Video touch screens • Built-in thermal printers • Magnetic-stripe card readers
- 64. 3-64 Case Study Questions • What computer system technologies and functions are included in self-service kiosks? • What other technologies should be provided? • What is the customer value of self-service kiosks for airline check-ins? • What other services should be provided? • What is the business value of self-service kiosks in the airline industry? • Do self-service kiosks give airlines a competitive advantage?
- 65. 3-65 Case 4: Advances in Speech Recognition • Computerized speech has become… • Smarter • Easier to use • More integrated with other applications • Interactive Voice Response (IVR) • Early systems were menu-driven • Advanced are more conversational • Are now connected to other systems
- 66. 3-66 Case Study Questions • What are the business benefits and limitations of IVR at Verizon and others? • How could their use of IVR be improved? • What types of business situations would benefit most from IVR technology? • Which would benefit the least? • Given the advancement in voice recognition software over the last 20 years, what types of new applications of IVR do you see in the next 20 years?