Chapter1a
- 1. Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation
- 2. Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy = Structure Physiology = Function Complementarity of structure and function The hand grasps objects The mouth receives food
- 3. Levels of Structural Organization Cardiovascular system Organelle Molecule Atoms Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organismal level Smooth muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Blood vessel (organ)
- 4. The 11 Organ Systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
- 5. The Organ Systems Bones Joint Nails Skin Hair Skeletal muscles Skeletal System Integumentary System Muscular System
- 6. The Organ Systems Brain Sensory receptor Nerves Spinal cord Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis Ovary Heart Blood vessels Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System
- 7. The Organ Systems Lymphatic System Respiratory System Lymphatic vessels Red bone marrow Thoracic duct Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes Nasal cavity Bronchus Pharynx Larynx Trachea Lung Liver Oral cavity Esophagus Large intestine Stomach Small intestine Rectum Anus Digestive System
- 8. The Organ Systems Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Prostate gland Ductus deferens Penis Testis Scrotum Ovary Uterine tube Mammary glands (in breasts) Uterus Vagina Urinary System Male Reproductive Female Reproductive System System
- 9. Maintaining Life Organ systems have to be interrelated and synergistic in order to maintain life!
- 10. Maintaining Life: Necessary Life Functions Maintaining Boundaries Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth
- 11. Necessary Life Functions: Maintaining Boundaries Distinct internal environment from surrounding external environment Encloses contents & essential substances Protective nature: Heat/ Dehydration Cold Toxins Pathogens
- 12. Necessary Life Functions: Movement Movement is necessary on all levels of organization! Change in position of the body, body parts, or motion of internal organs Ability to manipulate external environment
- 13. Necessary Life Functions: Responsiveness Ability to sense stimuli and respond to them May be conscious or unconscious/ reflexes
- 14. Necessary Life Functions: Digestion Breaking down ingested food into simple nutrient molecules that the body can absorb May be physical or chemical in nature
- 15. Necessary Life Functions: Metabolism All chemical reactions that occur within the body Catabolism Breaking down substances into their basic form Anabolism Synthesizing larger molecules from basic units
- 16. Necessary Life Functions: Excretion Removal of waste products produced by metabolic reactions Waste products are either non-usable by-products, or potential toxins
- 17. Necessary Life Functions: Reproduction Occurs at the cellular & organismal levels Cells divide to produce two identical cells necessary for growth & repair Organisms produce offspring and as a result, pass on genetic information
- 18. Necessary Life Functions: Growth Increase in body size without change in shape Accomplished by: Increased cell number Increased cell size Occurs when “construction” out-paces “destruction
- 19. Requirements for Life: Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Water Heat Atmospheric Pressure
- 20. Requirements for Life: Survival Needs Nutrients: Used as energy source Supply raw material for building new living matter Help regulate vital chemical reactions Oxygen: Is used to release energy from food substances Released energy then drives metabolic processes
- 21. Requirements for Life: Survival Needs Water: Most abundant chemical in the body Required for metabolic processes Transports substances throughout the body Important for regulating body temperature Heat: Excessively below normal body temperature, metabolism slows down and eventually comes to a stop Excessively above normal body temperature, metabolism is too rapid, proteins & enzymes denature
- 22. Requirements for Life: Survival Needs Atmospheric Pressure: Force air exerts on the surface of the body Affects breathing rate and gas exchange & ultimately, cellular metabolism