Chapter2b
- 1. Carbohydrates Commonly known as sugars & starches Function: Provides energy to the cell, some structural purposes Monomers: Monosaccharides or simple sugars Dimers: Disaccharides Polymers: Polysaccharides Examples: Glucose, Lactose, Starch
- 3. Starch: Formed by plants Glycogen: Formed by animal tissues
- 4. Lipids Triglycerides (fats) Function: Energy source/ storage, insulation Phospholipids (main component of cell membranes) Function: Structural integrity Steroids (cholesterol, hormones, bile salts) Function: Chemical messaging
- 5. Composition: glycerol + 3 fatty acid chains Saturated Fats (“Bad” Fat) Unsaturated Fats (“Good” Fat)
- 6. Composition: Phosphorus-containing group + glycerol backbone + 2 fatty acid chains
- 7. Phospholipids Structure: Water soluble “head” and water insoluble “tail” Function: Major component of cell membranes
- 8. Structure: 4 interconnected carbon rings Function: Chemical messaging/ Hormones Examples: cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, bile salts, vitamin D
- 9. Proteins Functions: Structure, Transport, Movement, Defense, Catalysts Monomers: amino acids (w/ different R groups) Polymers: peptides, polypeptides Examples: Hair, Hemoglobin, Actin & Myosin, Antibodies, Enzymes Cysteine Phenylalanine
- 10. Amino Acids
- 11. Peptides & Proteins Dipeptide, Tripeptide: 2-3 amino acids Polypeptide: 10 or more amino acids Protein: 50 or more amino acids
- 12. Protein Structure Primary structure: “ chained” polypeptides Secondary structure: β -pleated sheet or α -helix coil
- 13. Protein Structure Tertiary structure: “ 3D”, unique folding pattern Quaternary structure: 2 or more “3D” structures combined
- 14. Protein Denaturation Loss of 3D conformation = Loss of function Some causes: Extreme pH Extreme temperatures Radiation Harsh chemicals Example: Frying an egg, High fevers
- 15. Enzymes Enzymes are globular, protein catalysts that increase the rate of a chemical (metabolic) reaction without being consumed by the reaction Enzymes regulate and coordinate metabolic reactions within the cell. Basic reactions: building and breaking down carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Typically end in –ase (hydrolase, oxydase, peptidase)
- 16. Enzymes Some enzymes are holoenzymes (composed of two parts), an apoenzyme (protein itself) + a cofactor Some enzymes remain inactive until activated by a cofactor or a coenzyme Cofactors: Metal ions (iron, zinc) Coenzymes: Vitamins
- 17. Enzyme Activity
- 18. Enzyme Action E+S E-S P+ E
- 19. Denatured Enzymes All enzymes are proteins. Not all proteins are enzymes.
- 20. Nucleic Acids Commonly known as DNA and RNA Monomers: Nucleotides (sugar + base + phosphate) Bases: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
- 21. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Sugar: Deoxyribose Bases: A-T, G-C Structure: Double stranded helix Function: Information storage, directs protein synthesis…DNA contains all necessary information needed to sustain and reproduce life!
- 22. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) Sugar: Ribose Bases: A-U, G-C Structure: Single stranded Function: Carries out code for the synthesis of proteins A G U C U A
- 23. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Function: Immediate energy source that drives cellular work Structure: Adenine, Ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups
- 24. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) ATP ADP + P H 2 O H 2 O
- 25. Organic Compounds: Review DNA & RNA Hair Hemoglobin Antibodies Fats Phospholipids Steroids Lactose, Starch Example Nucleotides Amino acids Depends Monosaccharides Building Blocks Genetic material Structural materials Energy storage Energy source Main Function DNA & RNA Protein Fats Sugars & Starches Common Name Nucleic Acids Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates