Chapter2 computer

Internet & World Wide Web Chapter 2 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

What You Will Learn . . . How the Internet works Methods for accessing the Internet The Internet and the World Wide Web Hypertext Web browsers and Web servers 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

What You Will Learn . . . Parts of a URL How to access Web pages Web subject guides and search engines Use operators to improve search results Reliability of information on the Web Most popular Internet services 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

The Internet The Internet is a global, interconnected computer network in which every computer connected to it can exchange data with any other connected computer. Cyberspace , a term used to refer to the Internet, is the unlimited span of networks using the same data exchange methods. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Evolution of the Internet The Internet originated as ARPANET in September 1969 and linked 4 main computers: UCLA, UCSB, Stanford, Univ .Utah It had two main goals: Slide 104110 - Computer Applications

Evolution of the Internet Slide 104110 - Computer Applications

Volunteers maintain the Internet networks. Private and public groups provide the equipment. Network service providers such as Etisalat and Du maintain the Internet backbone , the main high-speed routes for the U.A.E The Internet 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

How the Internet Works Interoperability is the ability to communicate with a computer even if it is a different brand or model. Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) provides methods for packaging and transmitting information. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide Unix Windows Mainframe Internet Macintosh

Accessing the Internet and Web You will need: A computer with an operating system, such as Windows, MAC OS, or UNIX, that supports Internet protocols (TCP/IP) Communications equipment such as a modem, ISDN adapter, or Ethernet card An Internet service provider (ISP): companies that sell Internet account. Web browser software such as Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Accessing the Internet The Internet can be accessed in the following ways: Dial-up access with Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP): Dial-up access connects users to the Internet through a modem and a telephone line. Home usage, because affordable . Computer directly connected to the Internet. slow Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Offer high-speed access and a permanent online connection. Service doesn’t extent more than few KM from a telephone switching station. Pricier than dial-up. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Accessing the Internet Cable Access : provides a high-speed Internet connection using a cable modem, not a phone line. Cable TV companies are offering Internet access at speed much faster than that of dial-up access. Temporary connection. Satellite Access : requires a satellite dish in addition to a phone line and modem for an Internet connection. Satellite for high-speed downloading Phone line and modem for uploading . Fiber-optic Service (FiOS) : provides extremely fast Internet access through fiber-optic lines that run directly to users’ homes. No modems are required. Network Access : By Companies, and Universities. Faster than Dial-up. Free 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Accessing the Internet Others Methods: Fixed wireless provides high-speed Internet connections using a dish-shaped antenna to communicate with a tower location via radio signals. A Cellular radio network offers high-speed Internet connections to devices with built-in compatible technology or computers with wireless modems. A Wi-Fi (Wireless fidelity) network uses radio signals to provide high-speed Internet connection to compatibles or properly equipped wireless computers and devices. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

The Internet and the Web: What’s the Difference? The Internet is the physical connection of millions of networks and computers can directly access any other and exchange data. The World Wide Web uses the Internet for its existence and is made of billions of documents. The Web consists of hypertext embedded on Web pages that are hosted on Web sites. No one owns or controls the Internet. But a variety of organizations are responsible for different aspects of the networks: ICANN  The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is responsible for managing and coordinating the Domain Name System (DNS) to ensure that every address is unique and that all users of the Internet can find all valid addresses. W3C  The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) develops interoperable technologies (specifications, guidelines, software, and tools) to lead the Web to its full potential 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

The Web Site What else can you find on the web? A Web site is a location that is accessible from the Internet and makes web pages available to the public. Web pages are individual Web documents that include text, graphics, sound, animations, or video. A web site typically contains a home page (also called index page ) , which the a default page that’s displayed automatically when you access a site. Web 2.0 refers to web sites that provide a means for users to interact. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

How all these pieces work together on the web? 104110 - Computer Applications Slide Internet World Wide Web Hypertext Hyperlinks Web Browser Distributed Hypermedia System URL DNS HTTP Top Level Domain Server Protocol Search Engine Upload Download

The Hypertext Concept The web billions of document are created using Hypertext. Hypertext is a method of preparing and publishing text that is ideally suited to be read with a computer. Hypertext works by means of hyperlinks. Uses tags to specify how a Web page should display. Hyperlinks (Links ) are underlined or highlighted words that can be used to view another document or Web page. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

The Hypertext Concept Multimedia refers to any application that combines text with: Slide 104110 - Computer Applications

The Hypertext Concept A distributed hypermedia system is a network-based content development system that uses multimedia resources. The Web is a distributed hypermedia system or a system where the responsibility for creating content is distributed among many people. For this reason, Dead links ( Broken Links ) are common on the web. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Web Browsers and Servers Web browsers are program that display a Web document and enable users to link to other Web pages and web 2.0 programs . 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Web Browsers and Servers The first browsers were text-only ( Lynx) . Lynx was initially developed in 1992 by a team of students at the university of Kansas (Lou Montulli, Michael Grobe and Charles Rezac) as a hypertext browser used solely to distribute campus information as part of a Campus-Wide Information Service. Mosaic (1993) – Illinois University - was the first graphical browser. Marc Andreessen and other former students and staff of the University of Illinois, started Mosaic Communications which eventually became Netscape Communications Corporation, producing Netscape Navigator. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Web Browsers and Servers All have the similar features: Navigation buttons, a program icon, address toolbar, status bar, Default to a home page when you start them, Act upon documents that are created using hypertext Uses plug-ins, which are software programs that allow you to derive the full benefits of a web site, such as sounds or video. Ability to cache or store web pages files and graphics on your computer and that you can retrieve faster next time you access them. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Web Browsers and Servers (cont…) Problem with pages you access from cache is that they may not be the most current version of the web page. Using the refresh button will help ensure that you are viewing the latest content. Content on the web is made available by means of more than millions of Web servers. Web servers respond to the requests of browsers. They find and send requested resources back to the browser. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

The Internet and the Web: What’s the Difference? Every device connected to the Internet, including PCs and servers, is given a unique network identifier called an Internet Protocol (IP) address . The identification of an Internet resource’s type and location is performed through its Web Address. 104110 Computer Applications Slide

Web addresses are an addressing system that identifies where a Web resource is located. The uniform resource locator ( URL ) is the standard used to identify Web resources. The complete URL has four parts: Web Addresses (URLs) 104110 - Computer Applications Slide URL http:// Protocol identifies the means of access. www.yahoo.com/ Server contains the domain name of the Web server. help/ shop/ Path identifies the location of the document. shop-01.html Resource specifies the filename of the resource.

Web Addresses (URLs) Protocol : The first part of a complete URL followed by a colon (:) and two forward slashes marks (//) Ftp and other protocols can be used. Server : Name of the web server where the web page is located. Start with www, but less common nowadays. Second part or a server name is the top-level domain name. The domain is the extension such as .com or .edu representing the type of group or institution that the web site represents. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Web Addresses (URLs) The domain Name System (DNS): Enables users to type an address that includes letters ( www.ajman.ac.ae ) as well as numbers (172.17.10.30) A process called domain name registration enables individuals and organizations to register a domain name with a service organization. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Web Addresses (URLs) Domain name is the text version of an IP address. It can tell you a great deal about where a computer is located: For web sites in the US, top-level domain (TLD) names indicates the type of organization in which the computer is located. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Web Addresses (URLs) Outside the US the TLD indicates the country of where the computer hosting is: eg (Egypte,) ae (UAE), dz (Algeria), bh (Bahrain), iq (Iraq),.lb (Lebanon), sy (Syria), ma (Morocco), sa (KSA),.ir (Iran), jo (Jordan), om (Omen), kw (Koweit), pk (Pakistan), sd Soudan, ng (Nigeria), ly(libya), Qa(Qatar), BD (Bengladesh) tr (turkey) uk (united kingdom) (ru) russia (af )afghanisthan (so) somalia (mu) mauritia .ph (philippines), .us (USA), .ca (Canada), .nl (Netherland)., .ua (Ukraine), .tu (Tunisia), .cn (China), .es (Spain), in india,ye yemen , In india 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Web Addresses (URLs) Path : Specify the location of the document on the server including the names of subfolders (if any). Resource Name : The last part of the URL. Gives the filename of the resource you’re accessing. A resource is a file, such as HTML file, a movie file, or a graphics file. If a URL does not include a resource name, the default home page of the web server will be retrieved. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Browsing the Web To access a Web page, you can do any of the following: Click a hyperlink Type a URL in the Address box Click a button on the Links toolbar Use the Back and Forward buttons Use a Web site’s navigation aids Use the History list Use the Favorites or Bookmarks list 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

The Web Browser’s Window 104110 - Computer Applications Slide Standard Toolbar– Contains Navigation buttons Address Bar– Contains URL of Web page Back & Forward Buttons– Take you to recently visited pages Stop Button– Stops downloading Refresh Button– Updates (refreshes) the page Home Button– Returns to default start page Search Button– Opens search engine program Favorites Button– List of bookmarked Web pages Media Button– Opens media player program History Button– List of Web sites visited over a period of time E-Mail Button– Opens e-mail program Printer Button– Prints documents Other Navigation Buttons Program icon– Animates when downloading Status bar– Messages about the browser’s operation Hyperlinks

Uploading and Downloading Downloading – document or file is transferred from another computer to your computer Cautions when downloading: virus are spread in data file of popular programs, such as word, excel, .. Uploading – files transferred from your computer to another computer 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Emerging Technologies Ways to share information on the Internet Wiki short for wiki-wiki ( fast in Hawaiian) is an open-content encyclopedia. Is a simple web page visitor can post text, or images, Businesses are interested in wikis because of their collaboration possibilities. www.wikipedia.org Weblog (blog) Internet journal or diary Bloggers post their thoughts and opinions. www.blogsearch.engine.com Moblog (mobile blog) A moblog is an on-line space in which you can instantly publish photographs, text or video that has been captured through your cellular (mobile) telephone, hence the name "moblog" (mobile-log). Content posted from a portable phone or PDA to a Blog 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Emerging Technologies Ways to share information on the Internet Microblog Allow users to publish short messages, usually between 100 – 200 characters fro others to read. Twitter is the most popular microblog. Online Social Network Web site that encourages members in its online community to share their interest, ideas, stories, photos, music, and videos with registered users. Most popular: MySpace, Facebook. Media Sharing A specific type of online social network that enables members to share media such as photos (Flickr, Fotki), music, videos (PixelFish, YouTube). Podcast Used by those who wish to obtain information in an audio or video format. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

A primary reason that people use the Web is to search for specific information. Two types of search tools can be used: Finding Information on the Web Page 104110 - Computer Applications

Finding Information on the Web Search Engines – Helpful to locate information for which you do not know an exact address or are not seeking a particular Web site. Subject guides – Web pages are grouped under headings such as business, news,… 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

The World Wide Web Page 104110 - Computer Applications

Using Search Engines 104110 - Computer Applications Slide Search engines are databases that claim to index the full web to enable fast searches. To do that they use spider which are computer program that roam the World Wide Web via the Internet, visit sites and databases, and keep the databases of the Web search engines pages up-to-date.

Using Search Engines To use a search engine, you: Choose a search engine (MSN, Lycos, Alta-Vista, Yahoo, etc.). Type in one or more words describing your topic. The search engine checks its database of Web pages that contain the words typed The results are sent to your computer. Clicking on the link takes you to the corresponding page. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Specialized Search Engines & Portal Full web search engines don’t index specialized information such as names, addresses, job advertisements, quotations, or newspaper articles. Specialized Search Engines do that. Portal are gateways that provide convenient organized subject guide to Internet content. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Finding Information on the Web Example of a portal 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Finding Information on the Web There are thirteen types of Web sites Slide 104110 - Computer Applications

Finding Information on the Web Slide 104110 - Computer Applications

Using Search Techniques Learning a few search techniques can increase the accuracy of Web searches. Searches using search operators will improve search performance. Most search engines use the following search operators: Inclusion/exclusion operators Wild cards Phrases Boolean operators 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

The following tables show the results of using and not using search operators. Using Search Techniques 104110 - Computer Applications Slide No Search Operators Using Search Operators Words Entered Possible Results – Web pages containing Fire station Fire station Fire station Words Entered Possible Results – Web pages containing +Fire+station Fire station +Fire+station* Fire station Fire stations +Fire-station* Fire “ Fire station” Fire station Fire and station Fire station Fire or station Fire station Fire station Fire not station Fire

Rules for Evaluating Web Pages Author – Who is the author? Sources – Where does the information come from? Server – Who provides the server for the page? Objectivity – Is the information objective or one-sided? Style – Is the language objective or argumentative? Purpose – What is the purpose of the page? Accuracy – Is the information accurate? Currency – Is the page up-to-date? 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

E-Mail: Staying in Touch E-mail is short for electronic mail. It’s the most popular of the Internet services. Messages are sent and received in a few seconds. Attachments such as photos, music files, and any document may be sent with the message. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

E-Mail Addresses [email_address] User’s name@name of the server that the user is on 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Spam: Can It Be Stopped? Spam – unsolicited e-mail advertising With Spam the recipient pays the postage. To avoid spam: Avoid posting your e-mail address. Use spam protectors. Don’t reply to spam. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Instant Messaging: E-Mailing Made Faster Instant messaging systems let a user know when a friend or business associate is online. It provides a means of communicating through real-time, text-based conversations. May be susceptible to spimming —spam for instant messaging 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

IRC: Text Chatting in Real Time Internet relay chat consists of real-time, text-based conversations. Chat groups are divided into channels that cover a specific topic. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Other Internet Services VoIP (Voice over IP) enables users to speak to other users over the Internet Also called Internet telephony Slide 104110 - Computer Applications

Social Networking Social networking helps people connect. Social networking sites like MySpace provide the ability to create large communities online. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) FTP is a part of the Internet that enables client computers to transfer files. Transferring files from an FTP site to the client is known as downloading. Transferring files from the client to an FTP site is known as uploading. Clients may store files on an FTP site’s server. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide Your Computer FTP Server DOWNLOAD UPLOAD

Usenet - 1980 Usenet is the part of the Internet which enables users to participate in discussions and newsgroups. Developed at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University Newsgroups are discussion devoted to a single topic. The set of articles which can be traced to one Topic is called a thread . Usenet newsgroups are organized into the following hierarchies (categories) and subcategories: Standard newsgroups of high-quality discussions Alt newsgroups created by anyone Biz newsgroups devoted to commercial use 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Usenet To use usenet you net a usenet client. Article you post will be store for long periods in web accessibles archives. You should follow netiquette rules, which are guidelines for good manner when using usenet (or any internet service). If you violate netiquettes rules you will receive flames (angry, critical messages) from other newsgroup subscribers. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Standard Newsgroup Subcategories 104110 - Computer Applications Slide comp computer applications, databases, multimedia misc activism, books, business, health sci chemistry, archeology, math soc human rights, world cultures talk Euthanasia, gun control, religion news Usenet announcements rec sports, gardening, bicycles

Listservs: Electronic Mail Lists - 1986 Electronic mailing lists are similar to newsgroups and forums, except that: Only subscribers can receive and view messages. Messages posted to the mailing list are automatically sent to everyone on the list. is a common freeware electronic mailing list manager. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

E-Commerce Slide 104110 - Computer Applications

E-Commerce E-commerce, short for electronic Commerce, is the conducting of business through the use of networks or the Internet. Popular uses of e-Commerce by consumers include retail, finance, travel, entertainment and health. Slide 104110 - Computer Applications

E-Commerce Three types of e-commerce are: Business-to-Business (B2B) E-Commerce refers to a business providing supplies to other businesses via the Internet. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C) E-Commerce refers to the exchange of business between individuals, such as in online auction: eBay is a good example. Business-to-Consumer (B2C) E-Commerce refers to shopping online rather than at a physical store: exple Apple web site. Slide 104110 - Computer Applications

E-Commerce The DOT-COM Phenomenon E-commerce primarily uses Web sites with a .com suffix. The period between 1995 and 2000 is called the dot-com boom. Many dot-coms crashed in 2000. Amazon.com is a profitable company. 104110 - Computer Applications

E-Commerce Building Your Own Business Needs only a low capital investment Requires an ISP, a Web site, and the ability to ship purchases 104110 - Computer Applications

E-Commerce Guidelines for Safe Surfing Install antivirus and antispyware utilities to avoid malware , programs designed to damage computer systems. Buy only from legitimate businesses. Use secure sites with https:// in address, a locked padlock symbol, etc. Protect your identity. Protect children from unhealthy contact. 104110 - Computer Applications

Chapter 2 Summary The Internet is the network of networks. The Internet is accessed by way of an ISP. World Wide Web is a global system with billions of hypertext documents. Related information is linked using hypertext. A Web browser is a program that displays Web pages. A URL consists of a protocol, a server, a path, and a resource name. Search engines enable you to search huge databases of Web documents. 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

Chapter 2 Summary (continued) You can improve search results using operators. You should always evaluate information you receive from the Web. Popular Internet services include: E-mail Instant messaging Internet Relay Chat File Transfer Protocol Discussion groups Listservs 104110 - Computer Applications Slide

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