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Xumei CHEN
Associate Professor
China Urban Sustainable Transport Research Center (CUSTReC)
China Academy of Transportation Science
19 April, 2016
China’s BRT Development in the
Last Decade
Outline
Overview of BRT development in China
BRT System in typical cities
Lessons learned
National Policies for Promoting BRT Development in China
To scientifically identify the public transport mode based on the practical
development and planning of the city, which include BRT and modern
trolley-bus etc.
——”Guideline of promoting public transport priority development
“ issued by the State Council in Dec. 2012
Promoting BRT development……..
——”Guideline of promoting Urban infrastructure Construction “ issued
by the State Council in Sep. 2013
1 2 3
15
21
26
44
52
64
70
1 2 3
9 10
13 13
17
22 23
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
NumberofCity
year
Operating Lines Operating Cities
Source: National Report on Urban Passenger Transport Development 2014
Multiple Modes to Develop BRT
Beijing
Xiamen
Guangzhou
Kunming
快速公交系统功能定位和标准选择的差异
Differences in function and standard of BRT
系统运行效率和外部效能千差万别( Operation efficiency and external benefit)
Peak throughput (passengers/hr/direction)
City Centre peak hour speed(km/hr)
Data: chinabrt.org
(high capacity, high speed)
(high capacity, medium speed)(medium capacity, medium speed)
(medium capacity, high speed)
9000
20 km/hr
•第一代系统 1st generation systems
•第二代系统 2nd generation systems
•第三代系统 3rd generation systems
Kunming:
• Opened 1999
• 5 corridors, 47km bus lanes
• 63 stations
• Peak demand 8,600 pphpd
Kunming. Many problems are concentrated at the intersection.
Kunming in Beijing Rd – peak volume 8,600 Passengers Per Hour Per Direction
(pphpd), ~10km/hr
Daily experience in Kunming’s busway corridors
Kunming: unsafe access to a mid-block bus station
Beijing:
• Opened 2005
• 4 corridors, 35km bus lanes
• 60 stations
• Peak demand 4,100 pphpd
Pedestrian access tunnel to BRT station (with flash)
Pedestrian access tunnel to BRT station (without flash)
Passengers wait for a regular bus at a Beijing BRT station (this situation has
been greatly improved, and regular buses also operate in the BRT corridor)
Crush loading during peak hours
Runway degradation in corridor 1
Damaged station in the BRT Corridor (BRT line2)
Better stations in outer part of corridor 2; overtaking mixed traffic; right-side
doors
Offset station in corridor 2
In all corridors the large majority of bus demand is outside the BRT, making
an overall time saving benefit for bus passengers unlikely. Corr. 2&3 demand
~2,000 pphpd in BRT
19km dedicated bus lanes; 27.2km corridor, 3rd corridor recently opened
Hangzhou:
• Opened 2006
• 2 corridors, 19km bus lanes
• 50 stations
• Peak capacity 6,600 pphpd
Hangzhou’s BRT features impressive station architecture and BRT buses
Severe bus and mixed traffic congestion
Hangzhou's BRT is now open to 12m 'feeder' buses serving 4 routes in
addition to the two trunk line 18m BRT bus routes.
Flexible routing has been introduced to boost demand
High quality station environment
Runway degradation
Only one bus can open doors at the station at one time. The others have to
queue
Corridor 2: now operational; curbside bus bay-style stops and very poor
results for buses, bicycles and pedestrians
Corridor 2: now operational; curbside stops and very poor results
•第一代系统 1st generation systems
•第二代系统 2nd generation systems
•第三代系统 3rd generation systems
Changzhou:
• Opened 2008
• 51 stations
• 2 corridors, 41km bus lanes
• Peak demand 6,200 pphpd
Operation Mode:Combination line
Line 1:1 branch, 3 regional
lines;
branch-5;regional-13.
Line 2:1 branch, 2 regional, 1 loop
line;
branch-4;regional-32.
System Exchange:
Same station,same direction
exchange for free (36)
Fare: the same as regular bus.
Ticket:RMB 1Yuan;
Discount:IC card, 60%
discount;student IC card, 30%
discount;elder IC card, 20%
discount.(Since 1 Oct.,2009, free
of charge for those elder more
than 70 years old, 50% discount
for those elder during 60-69 years
old.)
Most stations are offset across intersections. Some are facing with each other.
A critical 500m section of the city centre BRT corridor is open to mixed traffic
and is congested during peak periods
Stations located at the intersection sometimes result in queues which block the
intersection and the pedestrians crossing, even the traffic flow is not so high at
present.
Xiamen:
• Opened 2008
• 2 corridors, 38km bus lanes
• 31 stations
• Peak demand 7,400 pphpd
China’s brt development in the last decade
BRT tunnel under the airport
China’s brt development in the last decade
China’s brt development in the last decade
BRT feeder route map
7 June,2013, a fire occured in Xiamen BRT , 47 death.
Hefei:
• Opened 2010
• 2 corridors, 13km bus lanes
• 14 stations
• Peak demand 2,900 pphpd
BRT platform and vehicles in Hefei
Delays at 4-phase intersections
China’s brt development in the last decade
•第一代系统 1st generation systems
•第二代系统 2nd generation systems
•第三代系统 3rd generation systems
31 BRT routes, express lines during peak hours, short lines;
‘Direct service’ BRT system, BRT bus can run outside the corridor
Some key statistics for Guangzhou BRT
Peak passenger flows : 26,900 passengers per hour per
direction. More than any metro line in mainland China,
except for the Beijing subway Line 2.
Daily ridership :around 800,000 passenger-trips per day.
More than any metro line in Guangzhou.
Passenger boardings:8,500 passengers per hour (not
including transfers) at the biggest station during morning
and evening peak hour; world records for the busiest BRT
system.
Passenger boardings :more than 55,000 passengers per day
at a single station (not including transfers), also a world
record.
The world's longest BRT stations – around 260m including
bridges, at the largest stations.
Some key statistics for Guangzhou BRT
The world’s highest BRT bus volumes: 350 per hour in a single
direction, or roughly 1 bus every 10 seconds.
The first BRT system in China to include bike parking and bike
sharing in the BRT station design.
The first BRT system in the world to include direct connecting
tunnels between metro and BRT stations.
The first BRT system in China with BRT station bridges
connecting to adjacent buildings.
The first BRT system in China with more than one BRT operator:
three corporate groups consisting of seven different bus
operating companies all operate BRT routes.
The first BRT system in Asia to determine station size based on
passenger demand, for all stations in the BRT system. This
results in a range of station lengths from 55m to 260m.
Bus stop congestion
A typical scene at Gangding BRT station before the BRT implementation.
Gangding BRT station, after the BRT implementation
Gangding BRT station
China’s brt development in the last decade
V V
机
动
车
道
人
行
道
自
行
车
道
BRT
车
道
BRT
车
道
人
行
道
自
行
车
道
机
动
车
道
西段道路标准横断面图
Two lanes for BRT between stations, 4 lanes at stations
Integration of BRT station bridge & building, with double-tier bike parking under the bridge.
Shipaiqiao
Gangding chebe
i
Xiayua
n
Shuanggan
g
Miaoto
u
Guangzhou BRT integrated with Metro
换乘
通道
线
左
心
中
线
付费区电梯井
右
BRT石牌桥站
换乘通道
BRT-metro connection at Shipaiqiao station
BRT-metro-mall connection at Shipaiqiao
•Along Zhongshan Dadao, there are 18 stations, 1000 buses.
•On 2 Aug. the BRT system has extended to 113 station, 5000 bikes, distributed
along Huajingxincheng Station to Xiayuan Station, Surrounding residential,
commercial , to meet the ‘last kilometer’ travel demand and a short trip in the
corridor .
Public bikes at Huajing Xincheng BRT station. The bike lane is paved with asphalt and
separated by a line of trees
Bike sharing station in Tianhe Park Station
Lessons learned (1)
Many critical aspects to
BRT project success:
corridor selection,
data collection & analysis,
operational design,
institutions & regulation,
communications and
outreach
control centre & ITS
stations (placement relative to
intersections, configuration,
length, width, spacing, and
architecture),
fare collection,
vehicles, traffic engineering &
management,
intersection design & signal
phases,
modal integration (metro,
bicycle, pedestrians),
ancillary measures such as
parking & urban design.
Lessons learned (2)
The first BRT corridor should serve high demand,
congested locations, including the city centre.
The infrastructure has to be correctly planned and
designed together with an operation plan that meets
passenger demand
BRT stations should be designed to meet passenger
demand levels and accommodate growth
Lessons learned (2)
There are many advantages to involve multiple BRT
operators
Intermodal integration is often neglected during
BRT planning
A successful BRT corridor should also be a
beautiful urban landscape.
谢 谢!Xumei CHEN
Associate Professor
Director for Policy and Standard Division
China Urban Sustainable Transport Research Center
China Academy of Transportation Sciences
Add.Room502,No.240, Huixinli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
Email:keyer@263.net
Tel:+86 10 58278584, Fax:+86 10 59278599.
THANK YOU!

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China’s brt development in the last decade

  • 1. Xumei CHEN Associate Professor China Urban Sustainable Transport Research Center (CUSTReC) China Academy of Transportation Science 19 April, 2016 China’s BRT Development in the Last Decade
  • 2. Outline Overview of BRT development in China BRT System in typical cities Lessons learned
  • 3. National Policies for Promoting BRT Development in China To scientifically identify the public transport mode based on the practical development and planning of the city, which include BRT and modern trolley-bus etc. ——”Guideline of promoting public transport priority development “ issued by the State Council in Dec. 2012 Promoting BRT development…….. ——”Guideline of promoting Urban infrastructure Construction “ issued by the State Council in Sep. 2013
  • 4. 1 2 3 15 21 26 44 52 64 70 1 2 3 9 10 13 13 17 22 23 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 NumberofCity year Operating Lines Operating Cities
  • 5. Source: National Report on Urban Passenger Transport Development 2014 Multiple Modes to Develop BRT Beijing Xiamen Guangzhou Kunming
  • 6. 快速公交系统功能定位和标准选择的差异 Differences in function and standard of BRT 系统运行效率和外部效能千差万别( Operation efficiency and external benefit) Peak throughput (passengers/hr/direction) City Centre peak hour speed(km/hr) Data: chinabrt.org (high capacity, high speed) (high capacity, medium speed)(medium capacity, medium speed) (medium capacity, high speed) 9000 20 km/hr
  • 7. •第一代系统 1st generation systems •第二代系统 2nd generation systems •第三代系统 3rd generation systems
  • 8. Kunming: • Opened 1999 • 5 corridors, 47km bus lanes • 63 stations • Peak demand 8,600 pphpd
  • 9. Kunming. Many problems are concentrated at the intersection.
  • 10. Kunming in Beijing Rd – peak volume 8,600 Passengers Per Hour Per Direction (pphpd), ~10km/hr
  • 11. Daily experience in Kunming’s busway corridors
  • 12. Kunming: unsafe access to a mid-block bus station
  • 13. Beijing: • Opened 2005 • 4 corridors, 35km bus lanes • 60 stations • Peak demand 4,100 pphpd
  • 14. Pedestrian access tunnel to BRT station (with flash)
  • 15. Pedestrian access tunnel to BRT station (without flash)
  • 16. Passengers wait for a regular bus at a Beijing BRT station (this situation has been greatly improved, and regular buses also operate in the BRT corridor)
  • 17. Crush loading during peak hours
  • 18. Runway degradation in corridor 1
  • 19. Damaged station in the BRT Corridor (BRT line2)
  • 20. Better stations in outer part of corridor 2; overtaking mixed traffic; right-side doors
  • 21. Offset station in corridor 2
  • 22. In all corridors the large majority of bus demand is outside the BRT, making an overall time saving benefit for bus passengers unlikely. Corr. 2&3 demand ~2,000 pphpd in BRT
  • 23. 19km dedicated bus lanes; 27.2km corridor, 3rd corridor recently opened Hangzhou: • Opened 2006 • 2 corridors, 19km bus lanes • 50 stations • Peak capacity 6,600 pphpd
  • 24. Hangzhou’s BRT features impressive station architecture and BRT buses
  • 25. Severe bus and mixed traffic congestion
  • 26. Hangzhou's BRT is now open to 12m 'feeder' buses serving 4 routes in addition to the two trunk line 18m BRT bus routes.
  • 27. Flexible routing has been introduced to boost demand
  • 28. High quality station environment
  • 30. Only one bus can open doors at the station at one time. The others have to queue
  • 31. Corridor 2: now operational; curbside bus bay-style stops and very poor results for buses, bicycles and pedestrians
  • 32. Corridor 2: now operational; curbside stops and very poor results
  • 33. •第一代系统 1st generation systems •第二代系统 2nd generation systems •第三代系统 3rd generation systems
  • 34. Changzhou: • Opened 2008 • 51 stations • 2 corridors, 41km bus lanes • Peak demand 6,200 pphpd
  • 35. Operation Mode:Combination line Line 1:1 branch, 3 regional lines; branch-5;regional-13. Line 2:1 branch, 2 regional, 1 loop line; branch-4;regional-32. System Exchange: Same station,same direction exchange for free (36) Fare: the same as regular bus. Ticket:RMB 1Yuan; Discount:IC card, 60% discount;student IC card, 30% discount;elder IC card, 20% discount.(Since 1 Oct.,2009, free of charge for those elder more than 70 years old, 50% discount for those elder during 60-69 years old.)
  • 36. Most stations are offset across intersections. Some are facing with each other.
  • 37. A critical 500m section of the city centre BRT corridor is open to mixed traffic and is congested during peak periods
  • 38. Stations located at the intersection sometimes result in queues which block the intersection and the pedestrians crossing, even the traffic flow is not so high at present.
  • 39. Xiamen: • Opened 2008 • 2 corridors, 38km bus lanes • 31 stations • Peak demand 7,400 pphpd
  • 41. BRT tunnel under the airport
  • 45. 7 June,2013, a fire occured in Xiamen BRT , 47 death.
  • 46. Hefei: • Opened 2010 • 2 corridors, 13km bus lanes • 14 stations • Peak demand 2,900 pphpd
  • 47. BRT platform and vehicles in Hefei
  • 48. Delays at 4-phase intersections
  • 50. •第一代系统 1st generation systems •第二代系统 2nd generation systems •第三代系统 3rd generation systems
  • 51. 31 BRT routes, express lines during peak hours, short lines; ‘Direct service’ BRT system, BRT bus can run outside the corridor
  • 52. Some key statistics for Guangzhou BRT Peak passenger flows : 26,900 passengers per hour per direction. More than any metro line in mainland China, except for the Beijing subway Line 2. Daily ridership :around 800,000 passenger-trips per day. More than any metro line in Guangzhou. Passenger boardings:8,500 passengers per hour (not including transfers) at the biggest station during morning and evening peak hour; world records for the busiest BRT system. Passenger boardings :more than 55,000 passengers per day at a single station (not including transfers), also a world record. The world's longest BRT stations – around 260m including bridges, at the largest stations.
  • 53. Some key statistics for Guangzhou BRT The world’s highest BRT bus volumes: 350 per hour in a single direction, or roughly 1 bus every 10 seconds. The first BRT system in China to include bike parking and bike sharing in the BRT station design. The first BRT system in the world to include direct connecting tunnels between metro and BRT stations. The first BRT system in China with BRT station bridges connecting to adjacent buildings. The first BRT system in China with more than one BRT operator: three corporate groups consisting of seven different bus operating companies all operate BRT routes. The first BRT system in Asia to determine station size based on passenger demand, for all stations in the BRT system. This results in a range of station lengths from 55m to 260m.
  • 55. A typical scene at Gangding BRT station before the BRT implementation.
  • 56. Gangding BRT station, after the BRT implementation
  • 60. Integration of BRT station bridge & building, with double-tier bike parking under the bridge.
  • 64. •Along Zhongshan Dadao, there are 18 stations, 1000 buses. •On 2 Aug. the BRT system has extended to 113 station, 5000 bikes, distributed along Huajingxincheng Station to Xiayuan Station, Surrounding residential, commercial , to meet the ‘last kilometer’ travel demand and a short trip in the corridor .
  • 65. Public bikes at Huajing Xincheng BRT station. The bike lane is paved with asphalt and separated by a line of trees
  • 66. Bike sharing station in Tianhe Park Station
  • 67. Lessons learned (1) Many critical aspects to BRT project success: corridor selection, data collection & analysis, operational design, institutions & regulation, communications and outreach control centre & ITS stations (placement relative to intersections, configuration, length, width, spacing, and architecture), fare collection, vehicles, traffic engineering & management, intersection design & signal phases, modal integration (metro, bicycle, pedestrians), ancillary measures such as parking & urban design.
  • 68. Lessons learned (2) The first BRT corridor should serve high demand, congested locations, including the city centre. The infrastructure has to be correctly planned and designed together with an operation plan that meets passenger demand BRT stations should be designed to meet passenger demand levels and accommodate growth
  • 69. Lessons learned (2) There are many advantages to involve multiple BRT operators Intermodal integration is often neglected during BRT planning A successful BRT corridor should also be a beautiful urban landscape.
  • 70. 谢 谢!Xumei CHEN Associate Professor Director for Policy and Standard Division China Urban Sustainable Transport Research Center China Academy of Transportation Sciences Add.Room502,No.240, Huixinli, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China Email:keyer@263.net Tel:+86 10 58278584, Fax:+86 10 59278599. THANK YOU!