Chp 01 PTI - Basic Concepts of Computer Systems and Information technology (shared)
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This document provides an introduction to a course on information technology at Universitas Teknokrat Indonesia's Faculty of Economics and Business. It covers basic concepts of computer systems and IT, including defining information and data, methods of conveying information, defining information technology, examples of IT systems, the role of IT in society and business, IT careers, and system architectures. It also discusses the components that make up an IT system, including hardware, software, networks, the Internet, and how they work together.
Chp 01 PTI - Basic Concepts of Computer Systems and Information technology (shared)
- 1. PENGANTAR TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS 20192019 Introduction Information Technology 1
- 2. Basic Concepts of Computer Systems and Information Technology UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS 20192019 Introduction Information Technology 2
- 3. UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS 20192019 Yusra Fernando, M.Komyusra.fernando@teknokrat.ac.id CONTACT ME 3
- 4. Objectives Students are able to explain the opportunities for utilizing IT strategies in the current era. 4
- 5. Reference 5 5th Edition, Irv Englander John Wiley and Sons
- 6. INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS 20192019 Introduction Information Technology 6
- 7. Defining Information • What is Information? Information is any knowledge that comes to our attention. That could be voice, image, text and video • What is data? Data is information when dealing with the machine 7
- 8. What Counts as information 8
- 9. Methods for conveying information 9
- 10. Defining Information Technology • Information Technologies are systems of hardware and/or software that capture, process, exchange, store and/or present information using electrical, magnetic and/or electromagnetic energy. 10
- 11. IT Example: Cellular Telephony 11
- 12. IT Example: Wireless Internet 12
- 13. IT in Society (people) • Personal Communication • Conversations (phone, cell) • Messaging (E-mail, SMS) • Video Coms • Entertainment • Web surfing • Downloading video and audio files • Interactive gaming • Day-to-Day living Buying airline tecket Ordering books Electronic banking/ stock market 13
- 14. IT in Society (business) • Internal Communication • Computer network • Corporate website • Video teleconferencing • Messaging (SMS, email) • Electronic Commerce • Call Centres • Electronic transactions • Online sales • Business operations Factory operation systems Databases 14
- 15. Examples on IT Careers • Information Security Jobs • Address information security • IT Analyst • Translate business requirement into technical specification • Network Administration • Configure and operate computer network • Management Consulting • Provide consulting for government and organizations • Database Administration Managing corporate database • Computer Forensics Expert Extracts computer evidence for detecting/preventing /prosecuting crimes • IT Sales: people on frontline to sell products • Software development: develop software solutions 15
- 16. An Introduction to Systems Concepts and Systems Architecture UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS 20192019 5th Edition, Irv Englander John Wiley and Sons 16
- 17. What is a system? • What do the following systems have in common? 1. Plumbing system 2. Solar system 3. Home network system 4. Inventory control system 2-17
- 22. Definition of a System • “A system is a collection of components linked together and organized in such a way as to be recognizable as a single unit.” • Linked components of a system also define a boundary for the system • The environment is anything outside of the system 2-22
- 23. General Representation of a System 2-23
- 24. System Decomposition • Components • May be irreducible or • May be subsystems • Decomposition • The division of a system into its components and linkages • Hierarchical 2-24
- 25. System Architecture “The fundamental properties, and the patterns of relationships, connections, constraints, and linkages among the components and between the system and its environment are known collectively as the architecture of the system” 2-25
- 26. Abstractions of Systems • How are the following two abstractions of a business system different from one another? • How are these abstractions different from the real business system? 2-26
- 29. IT System Architectures • Distributed processing systems • Client-Server Computing • Two-tier architecture • Three-tier architecture • N-tier architecture • Web-Based Computing • Cloud Computing • Peer-to-Peer Computing 2-29
- 30. Client-Server Computing • A program on a client computer requests services from a program on a server computer • Examples: • Email services, file services, print services, directory services, Web services, database services, application services, remote access services 2-30
- 32. Advantages of Client-Server Architecture • Centralization of services permits • easier administration of services by IT professionals • easier availability and location by users • consistency of resources, such as files and data, can be managed and assured • more efficient and cost-effective hardware procurement through purchasing a small number of very powerful computers 2-32
- 33. Clients and Servers on a Network 2-33
- 34. Multi-tier Architectures • Two-tier architecture • Two computers are involved in a service • Example: Web browser and Web server model used in intranets and on the Internet • Three-tier architecture • Three computers are involved in a service • Example: client computer, Web server, database server • N-tier architecture 2-34
- 35. Three-tier Web-based Email Architecture 2-35
- 36. Cloud Computing • Off-site storage facilities for an organization • Software as a service (SaaS): applications run on a server or processing may be divided on server and client • Platform as a service (PaaS): tools for a developer to create and run applications on a cloud platform • Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) – cloud-based hardware emulation of virtual machines and networking 2-36
- 37. Cloud Computing Advantages/Risks • Advantages • Client’s datacenter needs are simplified; reduced costs • Supports collaboration • Scalable to a variety of host platforms • Reduced maintenance downtime • Lower investment for short-term projects • Risks • Quality of security is critical • Outages or loss of connectivity may prevent users from working • Requires long-term commitment and viability of cloud service • Changes in operating procedures can result in data loss 2-37
- 38. Peer-to-Peer Computing • Computers on a network are treated as equals • Each computer can share resources with the other computers on the network • Disadvantages • Difficult to establish centralized control of services • Difficult to locate services • Difficult to synchronize versions of files or software • Difficult to secure network from unauthorized access and from viruses • Advantages • Sharing files between personal computers • Internet file sharing 2-38
- 39. Hybrid Model of Computing • Client-server technology used to locate systems and files • Then systems can participate in peer-to-peer transactions • Examples • Instant messaging • Skype • Napster 2-39
- 40. Google: System Architecture • Provide powerful, fast search capability for material on the Internet • Derive income from advertising that is targeted to each user based on their searches • Basic requirements • Capable of responding to millions of simultaneous requests from all over the world • Perform a web crawl of the Internet to retrieve and organize data • Establish ranking of results with appropriately targeted advertising • High reliability of the system • System is easily scalable and cost effective 2-40
- 41. Google Data Center Search Application Architecture 2-41
- 42. Simplified Google System Hardware Architecture 2-42
- 43. Facebook’s Application Architecture • N-tier architecture • Based entirely on open source software • Serves as an intermediary between web browser and an application provider’s Web service • API and protocols allow information exchange between Facebook servers and the application server 2-43
- 44. Component of IT UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS 20192019 5th Edition, Irv Englander John Wiley and Sons 44
- 45. The Components of IT • Accepting and storing data and information • Performing mathematical calculations • Applying logic to make decisions • Retrieving, displaying, and sending information • Consistently repeating the above actions many times 45
- 46. Information Technology Categories • Hardware: the electronic and mechanical components you can see and touch • Software: the set of instructions that direct the hardware • Network technology: increases the power of IT by allowing the sharing of resource 46
- 47. IT Platform 47
- 48. Hardware Components • Processing: Directs execution of instructions and the transformation of data • Memory: Temporarily stores data and instructions before and after processing • Input: Provides the interface used for data entry into a device • Output: Provides the interface to retrieve information from a device • Storage: Stores data, information, and instructions for the long term • Communications: Connects one IT device to another 48
- 49. The Central Processing Unit • Core of all computing operations is a chip composed of millions of transistors called the central processing unit (or CPU). • A transistor is an electronic switch that can be on (1) or off (0). • By combining multiple transistors we can represent data in a binary format. • The CPU works together with memory to control the execution of instructions and the processing of data. • CPU speed is measured by its clockspeed in billions of cycles per second (gigahertz). 49
- 50. Memory • There are two types of memory—long term (ROM) memory and short-term (RAM) memory • Both types of memory are built onto memory chips • Both are measured in number of bytes stored: • 1000’s (kilobytes—KB) • Millions (megabytes—MB • Billions (gigabytes—GB) 50
- 51. Read Only Memory • Read Only Memory (ROM) contains instructions that are not meant to be changed or changed only infrequently • ROM is present in most IT devices • In computers, ROM holds instructions used to control the startup process • There are far fewer ROM chips than RAM chips in a computer 51
- 52. Random Access Memory • Random Access Memory (RAM) is the predominant form of memory in a computer. • The CPU can access any item stored in RAM directly (randomly). • RAM is temporary memory so anything in RAM is lost when the computer is shut down. • Increasing RAM capacity is the easiest way to increase effectiveness of a computer. 52
- 53. Input Hardware • Input devices provide one interface between the internal processes of an IS and its environment. • It allows us to enter data and commands. • Input devices include: • Keyboards • Pointing devices such as a mouse • Scanning devices such a barcode scanner 53
- 54. Keyboard • Most widely used input device for computers. • Highly versatile, providing the capability to enter all types of data as well as instructions. • Ergonomic keyboards are keyboards that are designed to keep users safe as well as enabling them to be more productive. 54
- 55. Pointing and Scanning Devices • Pointing devices such as a mouse allow users to provide instructions to a computer using physical movements, such as “point” and “click”. • Pointing devices tend to require less training than a keyboard. • More useful to entering commands than for entering data. • Scanning devices such as barcode readers improve speed and efficiency or perform a task more efficiently. 55
- 56. Output Hardware • Output devices convert IT-processed information into a form usable by knowledge workers (or other machines) • Quality and speed of output is important in choosing an output device. • Common output devices include • Display devices such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs) • Printers, typically laser or ink-jet as well as plotters • Speakers 56
- 57. IT Storage Hardware • Storage refers to hardware media and devices used to contain large amounts of data and instructions for the long term. • Storage is much slower to access than memory. • Examples include: • Hard drive • CD and DVDs • USB flash memory 57
- 58. Communications Hardware • Network interface card (NIC) provides the physical connection between the computer and a local network • Wired • Wireless • Modems allow you to connect to a remote network over a telecommunications line (telephone line or cable TV service) 58
- 59. Software • Software is information that specifies how the device should work with other data, information, and knowledge. • Software is legally protected just like music and books. • Firmware is software built into chips (hardware) like that in cell phones and PDAs • Software gets the job done! • System Software • Application Software 59
- 60. System Software • Controls the hardware associated with a system • Supports the execution of application software • Two main types of systems software • Operating Systems (OS) Software –coordinates and handles the details of working with the computer hardware. • Utility software – provides additional tools to maintain and service your system (many utility software tasks are now included in the OS). 60
- 62. Application Software • Application software is a complete, self-contained program or set of programs for performing a specific job. • Application software is the software you use to get things done. • Productivity software – software used by knowledge workers to work with data, information, and knowledge. For example, MS Office and Intuit’s Quicken software. 62
- 63. Types of Productivity Software • Document Preparation Software: used in creating documents composed of text, images, and graphics. • Electronic Spreadsheet Software: used to perform general calculations and analyses. • Presentation Graphics Software: used for preparing slides and graphics for business presentations. • Database Management System (DBMS) software: used to design, create, update, and query data. • Personal Information Management (PIM) software: used to manage personal information. 63
- 64. Connecting over Networks • Networks are everywhere! In this section, we concentrate on a computer networks. • A computer network consists of nodes that represent computer hardware and network user with hardware, software, and communications media forming links between nodes. • Network consists of 4 primary components: • Data • Special hardware • Software that allows computers to share data. • Communications media to link computers together. 64
- 65. Network Categories • Computer networks are commonly described by the physical size of the network. • The most commonly use types are LANs and WANs. • A Local Area Network (LAN) is confined to a relatively small area like a building. • A Wide Area Network (WAN) connects computers over regions, countries, and continents. 65
- 66. Network Hardware • There are three basic categories of network hardware 1. Hardware to connect a device to a network. 2. Specialized hardware for handling network traffic. 3. Specialized computers that control the network and delivery of data on the network. 66
- 67. Network Connection Hardware • Modems, cable modems, network interface cards, and wireless cards • The physical link that creates the network connection is referred to as the carrier or communications medium. • Copper wire for telephone systems • Coaxial cable or fiber-optic cables for faster transmission • Wireless technologies including infrared light, radio waves, and microwaves. 67
- 68. Network Traffic Hardware • A bridge is a device that lets you connect to networks or break a large network into two smaller, more efficient networks. • A router is an intelligent bridge that connects, translates, and then directs data that cross between two networks. • A hub (or concentrator) serves as a central connection point for devices on a a network. • A wireless Access Point (AP) is a special bridge that connects between wireless devices and a wired network. 68
- 69. Specialized Network Computers • Servers are specialized computers that manage the various functions on a network. • A file server is a fast computer with large amount of RAM and storage. • File servers run the network operating system as well as storing shared software applications and data files. • Computers connected to a file server are called clients or workstations. 69
- 70. Network Software • Network operating system software manages network functions and the flow of data over a computer network. • Network application software provides the instructions that allow for the creation of data and for transformation to fit appropriate protocols for transmission over a network. • A protocol is a standard set of rules that allows the communication of data between nodes on a network. 70
- 71. Network Benefits • Efficient communication: E-mail and instant messaging are just two ways that networks allow us to communicate more efficiently. • Effective resource management: Networks allow easy sharing of software, hardware, and data resources. • Complete, accurate, reliable, and timely information: Multiple users can access or update data quickly from a central database. • Expanded marketing and customer service capabilities: Businesses and individuals can carry out remote business transactions anytime and anywhere. 71
- 72. The Internet • Any computer network that connects several networks together is an internet. • Typically we refer to the single largest and most popular internet as the “Internet.” • Over 1 billion people had access to the Internet in 2006. • The Internet uses the TCP/IP suite of packet switching protocols. • Any computer using software compatible with TCP/IP, regardless of OS, can connect and communicate over the Internet. 72
- 73. Access the Internet • Home users access the Internet through dial-up over traditional telephone lines or broadband through cable or DSL. • Most users connect through an Internet Service Provider (ISP) using Internet access software. • Internet access has moved into libraries, airports, or coffee shops using Wi-Fi. • Wi-fi stands for 802.11 standards for wireless network access. 73
- 74. The World Wide Web • The World Wide Web (WWW) is one the two most popular Internet applications (e-mail is the other.) • The Web provides a hypertext system that operates over the Internet. • Hypertext provides an easy way to publish information on a network in documents that incorporate hyperlinks to other information on the network. • Web browser software enables user to view hypertext document and use hyperlinks to browse other related documents. 74
- 75. Web Standards The Web relies on three basic standards: 1. A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) which specifies a unique address for each page that indicates the location of a document. 2. The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) provides rules used by browsers and servers as they respond to each other. 3. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) provides a language for encoding the information so a variety of IT devices can display it. 75
- 76. THANK YOU ... UNIVERSITAS TEKNOKRAT INDONESIA FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS YUSRA FERNANDO, S.KOM., M.KOM 20192019 76