Civil engineering disciplines and building classification
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This document provides an overview of the basics of civil engineering. It begins with an introduction to civil engineering and its various disciplines such as structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, and environmental engineering. It then discusses the history and relevance of civil engineering in infrastructure development. The document also covers common building components and their functions, including foundations, floors, walls, doors, windows, and roofs. It provides descriptions of residential, educational, institutional and industrial buildings. Finally, it discusses site selection factors and finishes for construction projects.
Civil engineering disciplines and building classification
- 1. CE100: BASICS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
- 3. Why Civil? CE 100: Basics of civil engineering
- 4. • Basic Necessities of Life: Food, Shelter and Clothing CE 100: Basics of civil engineering
- 5. Contents • General Introduction to Civil engineering • Various Disciplines of Civil engineering • Relevance of CE in infrastructure development of a country • Intr. to types of buildings as per NBC • Site selection for buildings • Components of residential buildings- and their functions • Introduction to Industrial building CE 100: Basics of civil engineering
- 6. Civil engineering is a professional Engineering discipline that deals with the design, construction, and maintenance of the public utility works
- 7. HISTORY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING • 7000 BC end of nomadic life Settlements Civil engineering • 4000 BC-2000 BC (Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamian, Indus Valley Civilizations)
- 8. Civil Engineering is Everywhere - Many Subdisciplines
- 9. DISCIPLINES OF CIVIL ENGINERING Civil engineering Environmental engineering Transportation engineering Water resources engineering Surveying and remote sensing Construction engineering Structural engineering Geotechnical engineering
- 10. CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING • Planning, scheduling and execution of construction activity • Comprises of men, material, time and money management. • Emphasis will be on new construction practice • Use of appropriate and local technology • Safety of men and material • Utilization of marginal materials etc. • Supervision
- 11. STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING • Structure is the assemblage of two or more basic elements such as beam, slab, column, truss, frame, shells etc. • Analyze and design a structure that will safely bear the estimated loads • Economy without compromising safety and serviceability • Repair, rehabilitation and maintenance
- 13. GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING • Soil investigation – Properties, bearing capacity • Ground improvement techniques • Involves design of – Foundations – Slopes – Retaining Structures – Highway pavement design – Embankments and earth dams – Tunnels, underground structures and deep cuts
- 15. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING • Work towards achieving a healthy environment • To provide healthy water, air and land for human habitation and for other organisms, and to clean up the pollution sites. • Waste treatment and disposal systems
- 17. TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING • Application of scientific approach (planning, design, operation and management) to transportation systems such as roads, railway, sea/river & air transports. • It involves planning, design, construction/operation and maintenance of transportation facility.
- 21. Hydraulics, Water Resource & Irrigation Engineering • Hydraulics deals with mechanics of water (fluid) flow. • Water resource engineering identification & utilization of available water resources minimizing the loss. (ground water utilization, ground water recharge and rain water harvesting. • Water management involves the use of hydrologic and hydraulic drainage systems, Detention/retention ponds, Navigational waterways, and Flood control levees, dams, and lakes.
- 22. Remote Sensing & GIS Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites. A geographical information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data.
- 23. Remote sensing Image processing Digitalization Data Extraction Surface Modelling Land cover – sensors Data analysis
- 24. SURVEYING • Surveying is to determine the positions of points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements of distances, elevations and directions. • Activity involved in collection of topographic features of a location for future construction. • Surveying has advanced from chain surveying to remote sensing with the advent of various electronic sophisticated instruments.
- 26. Relevance of Civil engineering in the overall infrastructural development of the country
- 27. INFRASTRUCTURE • Facilities and services which form the base or supporting framework for the economic and social welfare of a country or city • Consists of roads, airports, bridges, buildings, parks and other amenities for the comfort of mankind. • Higher the infrastructure facilities higher will be the growth prospects. • Transport, Power, Communication, Irrigation, and Rural and Urban Development
- 28. Dams, power plants, Transportation, Irrigation facilities, Sanitation, Communication facilities etc. • Schools, Colleges, Medical Facilities, Parks, Bus stations etc.
- 29. Infrastructure deals with • Transportation • Television Network • Telephone Network • Energy Sector • Agricultural Activity • Construction Activity
- 30. Impact of infrastructural development of a country • Increase in food production • Protection from drought, flood • Healthy and comfortable housing facility • Safe domestic and industrial water supply • Safe and scientific waste disposal • Improvement in communication and transportation • Generation of electricity from, nuclear, hydel, thermal, solar or wind energy • Improved, wealth, prosperity, standard of living • Overall growth of a nation
- 31. Role of Civil engineers in Infrastructural development Construction of roads, railway, ports, harbors and airports Construction of dams and proper utilization of water resources. Construction of Housing, commercial and industrial complexes Maintenance of facility Rebuilding, Rehabilitation, Retrofitting and Repair
- 33. National Building Code is prepared to unify the building regulations throughout the country. NBC is prepared by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). First version is published in 1970 This is revised in 1983 Later this edition was again revised to current one in 2005.
- 34. Classification based on occupancy Group A: Residential Group B: Educational Group C: Institutional Group D: Assembly Group E: Business Group F: Mercantile Group G: Industrial Group H: Storage Group J: Hazardous
- 35. Buildings in which sleeping accommodation provided for normal residential purposes with or without cooking or dining or both facilities, except any building classified under Group C.
- 36. Buildings used for school, college, other training institutions for day- care purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation for not less than 20 students. Residential accommodation provided in school/ institution are classified as sub-division A-3.
- 37. Any building or part thereof, which is used for purposes, such as medical or other treatment or care of persons suffering from physical or mental illness, disease or infirmity; cares of infants, convalescents or aged persons and for penal or correctional detention in which the liberty of inmates is restricted.
- 38. Any building or part of building, where number of persons not less than 50 congregate or gather for amusement, recreation, social, religious, patriotic, civil, travel and similar purposes. Eg: theatres, assembly hall, museum, gymnasiums, restaurants, places for worships etc
- 39. •Any building or part of a building, used for transaction of business (other than that covered by building in group F, for keeping accounts and records and similar purposes. •Barber shops, beauty parlours are included in this group.
- 40. Any building or part of a building, used as shops, stores, market, for display and sale of merchandise, either wholesale or retail
- 41. Any building or part of a building or structure, in which products or materials of all kinds and properties are fabricated, assembled, manufactured or processed. Assembly plants, industrial laboratories, dry cleaning plants, power plants generating units, pumping stations, fumigation chambers, laundries, building or structures in gas plants, etc.
- 42. Any building or a part of a building used primarily for or the storage or sheltering (including servicing, processing, or repairing incidental to storage) of goods, wares or merchandise (except that those involve highly combustible or explosive products or materials) vehicles or animals. Warehouses, cold storage, grain elevators, freight depots, barns, transit sheds, storehouse, garage, hangers etc
- 43. Used for the storage, handling, manufacture or processing of highly combustible explosive materials Which are liable to burn with extreme rapidity and which may produce poisonous fumes or explosions for storage, handling, manufacturing or processing which involve highly corrosive, toxic alkalis, acids or other liquids or chemical producing flames, fumes and explosive, poisonous, irritant or corrosive gases.
- 44. Occupancy classification of buildings
- 45. Occupancy classification of buildings
- 46. Occupancy classification of buildings
- 47. Occupancy classification of buildings
- 48. Occupancy classification of buildings J
- 49. Selection of site CE 100: Basics of civil engineering
- 50. SELECTION OF SITE FOR BUILDINGS • level ground with good quality of soil • calm but reasonably developed location • Road connectivity- and other modes of transport • Good communication facilities • Electricity, water and sewer lines should be available • Away from hazardous industries • Flood prone areas, water logged areas and reclaimed land should be avoided • Good natural ventilation and lighting
- 51. • The amenities like schools, recreation centers, shopping centers and hospitals should be there • Drainage properties • Regular shape with sufficient frontage • The area must be sufficient for present and future development • The places prone to air and water pollution should be avoided • Proper ownership and other legal matters have to be checked before buying a site • The type of land use recommended at proposed site should be checked with local authorities
- 52. COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING • level ground with good quality of soil • calm but reasonably developed location • Road connectivity- and other modes of transport • Good communication facilities • Electricity, water and sewer lines should be available • Away from hazardous industries • Flood prone areas, water logged areas and reclaimed land should be avoided • Good natural ventilation and lighting
- 53. SELECTION OF SITE FOR BUILDINGS • level ground with good quality of soil • calm but reasonably developed location • Road connectivity- and other modes of transport • Good communication facilities • Electricity, water and sewer lines should be available • Away from hazardous industries • Flood prone areas, water logged areas and reclaimed land should be avoided • Good natural ventilation and lighting
- 55. CE 100: Basics of civil engineering Building Substructure Superstructure . 1. Sub Structure: The part of building that is constructed below ground level. This part of building safely transfers the load of building to the underlying soil. 2. Super Structure: The part of building that is constructed above the plinth level.
- 56. CE 100: Basics of civil engineering
- 60. • Connector between structure and Earth!! • Transfers the load on structure to soil over a bearing area • It ensure the stability of the building against sliding, overturning and shear failure • It provides a level and firm surface for the construction of superstructure. • It prevents unequal or differential settlement of the structure. • It ensure the stability of the building against undermining due to floodwater or burrowing animals. • Provides stability to resist force due to wind, earthquake etc.
- 61. Part between ground level and floor level Raises the floor above ground, to protect it from rain, dust and insects Can be used as storage space too
- 62. Top outer edge of the basement around the building The thickness of the plinth wall depends upon the weight of the superstructure and the width of the foundation concrete. The minimum height of the plinth is usually kept as not less than 45cm.
- 63. Functions of Plinth To transmit the load of the superstructure to the foundation. To protect the building from dampness or moisture. To enhance the architectural appearance of the building. Plinth area: Area between outer edges of basement
- 64. Laid at Plinth level To prevent moisture rise from foundation to walls Cement mortar mixed with crude oil/ water proofing agent/ or damp proof membranes
- 65. Provide support for occupants, furniture, and equipments To divide the building into different levels for creating more accommodation within the limited space All the floors, whether basement, ground or upper should be strong enough to support the floor covering and other superimposed loads The floors provide a clean, smooth, impervious, durable and wear- resisting surface.
- 66. • The main function of walls is to divide the space into different rooms. • Walls support the loads from the roof/ upper floors to the foundations. • Piers or pillars are thickened sections of the walls placed at intervals to carry the concentrated loads. • It should be stable against overturning by lateral forces. • The external walls should provide sufficient resistance against weathering agencies like sun, wind, rain and snow. • Walls should have sufficient heat and sound insulation. • Walls should provide sufficient privacy and security against burglary.
- 67. CE 100: Basics of civil engineering
- 68. Doors - serve as a connecting link between internal parts and to allow free movement to the outside of the building. Windows - proper ventilation and lighting and their number should be determined according to the requirements. Strong enough to resist the adverse effects of weather. They should not be affected by white ants and the moisture penetration as this will reduce the strength and durability They should offer sufficient privacy without inconvenience or trouble and security against theft
- 70. Beam is a horizontal structural member, which carries floor slab or roof. Lintel is a beam that supports the masonry work over openings in the walls. Sunshade - projection provided outside a building above the doors and windows to prevent direct sunlight and rains to the rooms. Window sills are provided to between the bottom of the window frame and the wall below to protect the wall from ware and tear.
- 72. CE 100: Basics of civil engineering
- 73. A roof is the uppermost part of a building whose main functions is to enclose the space and to protect the same from the effects of weather elements. Flat or sloped or curved Concrete, clay tile, asbestos, iron sheets ,steel truss, timber Should be strong against effects of wind, sun , rain Drainage
- 74. The roof structure should be strong and stable enough to take up the anticipated loads safely. The roof covering should have adequate resistance to resist the effects of weather elements. The roof should provide adequate insulation against heat The roof should have adequate insulation against sound from external sources. Should offer an adequate degree of fire resistance
- 75. CE 100: Basics of civil engineering
- 76. Steps are provided for access to the building A stair is a structure consisting of a number of steps leading from one floor to another Location of stairs in all types residential and public buildings should be such as afford the easiest and quickest service possible to the building The main function of the stairs is firstly to provide a means of communication between the various floors Secondly, it also acts as an escape from the upper floors in the event of fire
- 78. A short masonry wall built on top of the roof of a building is called parapet. It serves as an enclosure above the roof and as an element for good appearance. It is the layer provided over the roof slab to protect the roof from weathering agencies like sunlight, rain and wind
- 79. CE 100: Basics of civil engineering
- 80. FINISHES OF WALLS Finishes for walls are pointing, plastering, painting, varnishing, polishing etc. These finishes protect walls from effects of weather It covers the defective materials or poor workmanship to some extent. It improves the aesthetic appearance of the building
- 81. Plastering Plaster covering which is applied on the surface of walls and ceilings
- 82. Plastering Finishing of mortar joints
- 83. Introduction to industrial building • Office • Factory • Software development office • Power house • Electronic equipment service centre
- 84. Requirements of factory buildings • Site should be close to raw materials • Electricity and water should be available • Site should be approachable by road or rail • Local labor should be available • Climate should be favorable • Space for future expansions
- 85. Additional Requirements • Fire escape provisions • Enough ventilation • Freespace requiremnts CE 100: Basics of civil engineering
- 86. Assignment Visit an Industrial Building and write a brief report on the features observed in the building CE 100: Basics of civil engineering
- 87. Soil exploration,testing and evaluation 87
- 88. RECAP Soil exploration,testing and evaluation 88RECAP