Class 10 Economics NCERT Solution Chapter 1 Development

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Chapter 1
Development
Let's Work these Out-Pg-6
Q.1 Why do different persons have different notions of development?
Which of the following explanations is more important and why?
(a) Because people are different.
(b) Because life situations of persons are different.
Ans.: The argument in favor of above mentioned statement is that people
are different and the second one is life situations of persons are different
so second one is more important about different notions of development
for different people.
The development or growth of a person totally depends on the situation
around him.
A person living in a village and there is no accessibility of road then
construction of roads would be needed to develop that area. If a person is
living in a metro city and finds difficulty to commute his workplace then
the construction of rapid transit system would be the need in that area and
for that person.
Q.2 Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.
People have different developmental goals.
People have conflicting developmental goals.
Ans.: Both the statements are true but differ in meaning. People may have
different goals but it is not necessary that their path will be conflicting and
the same as well.

For example: If a flyover is being constructed to reduce the waiting time
at the railway station then it is the development goal for the person
working at office. But by demolishing the necessities of slum by
constructing can be contradictory for the slum dwellers.
Q.3 Give some examples where factors other than income are important
aspects of our lives.
Ans.: Money is one of the other factors which is more important for
fulfilling the basic requirements of life but it is not the sole factor which
should be termed superior. Because good income will be useless if a
person does not have the capacity or is not capable to move even here and
there because of health issues. So, health as well as money is important.
We can also say that both are complimentary. Not only this if good
schools are not available in the neighborhood then it is difficult to provide
education to the children so that the can be able to spend their money
earned at right place at right time.
Q.4 Explain some of the important ideas of the above section in your own
words.
Ans.: The above section is completely based on income and other different
goals of people. Everyone has its own goal but besides seeking more and
more opportunities to earn they want freedom, respect and security as
well. The main factor on which an life of a particular person is dependent
is income but quality of life also matters. One cannot keep chasing
materialistic things.
Q.1 Look at the picture on the right. What should be the developmental
goals for such an area?

Ans.: The developmental goals for such an area should be:
A secure ownership should be provided of the land on which they live.
Availing the services like electricity, water and sanitation.
Removing unemployment by providing more and more job opportunities.
Medical facilities and hospitals.
Q.2 Read the newspaper report and answer the questions that follow:
A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes into open-air dumps
in a city and in the surrounding sea. This happened in a city called Abidjan
in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa. The fumes from the highly toxic waste
caused nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhea etc. After a month, seven
persons were dead, twenty in hospital and twenty six thousand treated for
symptoms of poisoning.
A multinational company dealing in petroleum and metals had contracted
a local company of the Ivory Coast to dispose the toxic waste from its
ship.
(i) Who are the people who benefited and who did not?

(ii) What should be the developmental goal for this country?
Ans.: (i) the people who have dumped the toxic waste are the benefitted
and the people who haven’t are not benefitted and they belonged to
Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa, where people were not aware
of hygiene issues and they kept committing mistakes daily and now they
are suffering.
(ii) The development goals for the citizens of this country are to increase
or raise their awareness towards the Pollution due to which they are
getting suffered, like they don’t know about sanitation and they keep
dumping tonnes of liquid toxic waste in open-air in a city that causes
nausea, skin rashes, fainting, diarrhea etc.
Q.3 What can be some of the developmental goals for your village, town
or locality?
Ans.: As we know that rural areas are very hard to improve specially
where there is no literacy and no hygiene. It becomes very difficult task
to convince people for any change as they are very conservative and they
don’t want to accept changes rather than keep following their old and
nonsense traditions. SO, if I say then many more important development
goals should be there like sanitation, security, per capita income,
education etc.
Q.1 Give three examples where an average is used for comparing
situations.
Ans.: Examples where an average is used for comparing situations are as
follows:

a) Measuring the height of students in a class with a large number of
students.
b) Collecting the data of income of people of a particular state.
c) Forest cover in a country.
Q.2 Why do you think average income is an important criterion for
development? Explain.
Ans.: Average income is an important criterion for development. As we
know that money is basic and most vital factor for any country as it allows
its citizens to fulfill their requirements. If the average income of a country
is on a higher side, then chances of development will be better, if the
average income of a country is on lower side then chances of the
development will be less possible.
Hence, average income is an important criterion for development.
Q.3 Besides size of per capita income, what other property of income is
important in comparing two or more societies?
Ans.: Besides the size of per capita income, there is purchasing power
parity as it shows the ability of people to purchase items and their behavior
too must not be ignored in this case. In comparison of two or more
societies few more factors can be included like gross domestic product,
infant mortality rate, distribution of income and many more things.
Q.4 Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been
increasing over a period of time. From this, can we conclude that all
sections of the economy have become better? Illustrate your answer with
an example.

Ans .: If records show that the average income in a country has been
increasing over a period of time . As we know that average income of a
country is a way to determine the development of a country but it does not
guarantee the progress of the economy. Few examples have been seen in which
clearly it was shown that there are many other factors which are important for
the overall development of a particular society . Some factors are infant
mortality rate and literacy rate etc.
Q.5 From the text, find out the per capita income level of about 10-15 low-
income
Ans.: Countries with per capita income of Rs 4,53,000 per annum and above
in 2004, are called rich countries and those with per capita income of Rs 37,
000 or less are called low-income countries.
Q.6 Write a paragraph on your notion of what should India do, or achieve, to
become a developed country.
Ans.: India is one of the most developing nations presently in the world but
when we look at the figures related to Human Developement Index; India is
still very far from developed nations’ list on several parameters.
India has shown great improvement on the life expectancy, infant mortality
, and literacy rate in the 2011 census. There are several factors in which we
have to work on, some of these are:
countries as per World Development Reports

Lack of proper healthcare, drinking water, sanitation and nutrition
especially in rural areas. India needs to develop facilities to improve on
these parameters so that it can become a developed nation.
Q.1 Look at data in Tables 1.3 and 1.4. Is Punjab ahead of Bihar in
literacy rate etc. as it is in terms of per capita income?
Table 1.3: Per Capita Income of Select States
State Per capita income for 2002-03 ( in Rs.)
Maharashtra
Kerala
Bihar
1,04,000
88,500
27,200
Table 1.4: Some Comparative Data on Maharashtra, Kerala and Bihar
State Infant Moratality
Rate per 1,000
live births (2012)
Literacy Rate% Net attendance
Ratio (per 100
persons)
secondary stage (
age 14 and 15
years) 2009-10
2011
Maharashtra 25 82 64
kerala 12 94 78
Bihar 43 62 35
Explanation of some of the terms used in this table.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) indicates the number of children that die
before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in
that particular year.

Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and
above age group.
Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 6-10
attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same
age group.
Ans.: We can notice that Infant mortality rate is 25, 12, and 43 in different
states named Maharashtra, Kerala, and Bihar respectively. Literacy rate is
82, 94 and 62 in the same states and if we talk about net attendance ratio
then it is 64, 78, and 35 respectively. So, it can be said that Maharashtra
is at the second number in literacy rate. Kerala is at the top in literacy rate
and Bihar is very far from these two states if we compare the literacy rate.
Q.2 Think of other examples where collective provision of goods and
services is cheaper than individual provision.
Ans.: In factories where goods and services are produced at mass scale,
in mining areas and in manufacturing units where also goods are produced
and manufactured in bulk. So, few merchants prefer to sell their goods in
wholesale and they don’t want any kind of mediator in their work and all
they want is that customers should come to them and purchase goods and
services from them so here both seller and buyer is benefitted in their own
ways. Therefore it can be said that collective of goods and services is
cheaper than individual provision.
Q.3 Does availability of good health & educational facilities depend only
on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What
other factors could be relevant?
Ans.: The availability of good health and educational facilities does not
solely depend on amount of money spent rather in this case health
facilities are dependent on the capabilities of the doctors and quality of

medicines and quantity of staff their behavior towards patients and many
more factors are there . So it would be wrong to say that it is solely
dependent on money.
Q.4 In Tamil Nadu , 90 per cent of the people living in rural areas use
Ans.: The people of Tamil Nadu would be better off as 90 percent of the
people living in rural areas use a ration shop and able to get food grains ,
sugar, kerosene oil etc. from the ration shop at a price lower than the market
price.
Exercises
Q.1 Development of a country can generally be determined by
A. its per capita income
B. its average literacy level
C. health status of its people
D. all of these
Ans .: Development of a country can be measured by any of these
parameters . Throughout the world , health and education indicators along
with income are used as a measure of development . Hence all 3 are
parameter that determine the development level of a country. Option (D) is
correct
a
ration shop, whereas in West Bengal only 35 per cent of rural people do so.
Where would people be better off and why?

Q.2 Which of the following neighboring countries has better performance
in terms of human development in India?
A. Bangladesh
B. Sri Lanka
C. Nepal
D. Pakistan
Ans.: On looking our neighbor countries then we come to know that Sri
Lanka is the country which has better performance than India. This
country named Sri Lanka leads us in per capita income, healthcare and
education and many more parameters which are used to determine and
define the human development properly. Using these parameters one can
easily judge the growth of its country.
Q.3 Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita
income of these families is Rs.5000. If the income of three families is
Rs.4000, Rs.7000 and Rs.3000 respectively. What is the income of the
fourth family?
A. Rs.7500
B. Rs.3000
C. Rs.2000
D. Rs.6000
Ans.: Average capital income = Rs 5000
Income of 1st family = Rs 4000
Income of 2nd family = Rs 7000
Income of 3rd family = Rs 3000

Income of fourth family =
4000+7000+3000+𝑥
4
5000 =
14000+𝑥
4
20000 = 14000 + x
x = 6000
Q.4 What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying
different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Ans.: Criterion use by the World Bank in classifying the different
countries is the per capita income method. In this method, the income of
a country is divided by the total population which gives the average
income of a country.
World development report which came in 2006 states that in 2004
countries with per capita income of Rs 4,5300 or above per annum is
regarded as rich and countries with per capita income is Rs 37000 or less
per annum as low-income countries.There are various limitations to this
method because of the following reasons:1) This method only tells us
about the average income of a country but not about the unequal
distribution of wealth. It does not explain the reasons for the rising gap
between rich and poor.2) The population is the significant factor here
because countries with high population will tally low level of income.3)
Countries with high per capita income do not explain about the basic
rights and facilities provided to the citizens.
Q.5 In what respect in the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring
development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Ans.: UNDP is United Nation Developement Programme. It advocates
for change and connects countries to knowledge, experience and
resources to help people build a better life. The main difference between
the UNDP and World Bank in terms of measuring development is that -

the World Bank depends upon a country’s per capita income, and the
UNDP uses a combination of factors like health, education and income to
know about the development of a country.
Q.6 Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use?
Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Ans.: The use of average is to compare income because it makes
comparison between countries of different sizes easily. It removes that
toughness or any kind of difficulty which is faced during calculation of
per capita income.
It hides the differences in the distribution of income which is its limitation.
As by calculating the total income it is not possible to get the average
income of total people. That is the reason that the average income of the
country is being compared which is said to be the total income which is
divided by its population.
Limitations of using averages are as follows:
a) It can be used for comparison and it hides disparities so it is not suitable
for any country in this way.
For example- There are two countries A and B, where the per capita
income may be the same
Country A: Most of the people have similar income
Country B: Few people are extremely rich while most of the people are
extremely poor but the average comes out to be same as country A

So mostly people would like to live in country ‘A’ as it has more equitable
distribution than country B.
b) Even though averages are useful for comparison but they hide
disparities.Example: The literacy rate of a country does not differentiate
between its different states, certain states (such as Kerala) may have
higher literacy rate while some may have a lower literacy rate (like Bihar)
but when we take the country’s average, this difference is not visible.
Q.7 Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better human development
ranking than Punjab. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at
all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Ans.: It can be noticed with the help of a report that Kerala with lower
capita income has a better human development ranking in comparison to
Punjab and to counter the inadequacy of this average, the human
development Index is used.
Various factors are used by HDI for the comparison of the two states.
Some of these factors are health, education, income etc. Per capita income
is useful for the money index of states. So it can be easily said that the per
capita income is one of the development factors and cannot be put away.
Q.8 Find out the present source of energy that is used by the people of
India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Ans.: The present source of energy that is used by the people of India is
of various types like electricity, coal crude oil, cow dung and solar energy.
If we look the possibilities of next 50 years then we can include ethanol,
bio-diesel, nuclear energy etc. wind energy can be used in far more good

way. All these things can be used in better way to find out the present
source of energy.
Q.9 Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Ans.: The issue of sustainability is important for development because of
the passage of time the generation changes and with this change, society
wants more and more benefits from the resources which are present in our
nature. Because of the increasing needs of people of our society, things
are decaying day by day and excessive use is making things worse. If the
speed of using resources remains same then the available resources will
be exhausted soon and our coming generation will stay deprived of all
kind of needs.
The issue of sustainability is important for development because of the
following reasons:
a) The growth and development should be done by keeping in mind the
future usage.
b) If resources will not be sustained then our natural resources will
stagnate after some time and no upcoming generation will be able to take
advantage of these natural resources.
Q. 10 “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not
enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.” How this statement is
relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Ans.: “The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not
enough to satisfy the greed of even one person.” This can be said that this
above written statement is relevant and accurate to discuss the
development issue because in our nature there are sufficient amount of
resources that are required for completing or meeting the needs of our
society but these resources are being exploited badly by the people.

Renewable resources like groundwater can be replenished by the nature
but nonrenewable resources cannot be replenished. So the role of
sustainable development is very important as it can be attained by mix use
of both renewable and non-renewable resources without any harm and the
balance of environment must be kept in mind to fulfill the requirements
of present and future generations.
Q.11 List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may
have observed around you.
Ans.: List of examples of environmental degradation that we have
observed around us is as follows.
a) Excessive use or misuse of the natural resources is getting common
now a days and it is causing the environmental degradation.
b) Because of deforestation forests are rapidly turning into plain grounds.
c) Falling level of ground water, soil erosion, water pollution, burning of
fossil fuels etc. are leading towards environmental degradation.
Q.12 For each of the items given below in the Table 1.6, find out which
country is at the top and which is at bottom.
Ans.: (i) Per Capita Gross National Income in US$:
Top country: Sri Lanka
Bottom country: Nepal
(ii) Life expectancy at Birth:
Bottom Country: Myanmar and Pakistan

(iii) Literacy Rate for 15+ years population:
Bottom country: Pakistan
(iv) HDI rank in the World:
Bottom country: Nepal
Q.13 The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years)
whose BMI
State Male (%) Female (%)
Kerala 10
Karnataka
Madhya pradesh
All states
(i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
is below normal (BMI <18.5 kg/m2) in India . It is based on a survey of
various
states for the year 2015 -16. Look at the table and answer the following
questions.
8.5
17
28
20
21
28
23
(ii) Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are
undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the
country? Describe in your own words.

utritional
Ans.:
N level of erala
K is higher than that of the adhya
M radesh
P .
One-fifth of the population in the country are undernourished even
though it is argued that there is enough food in the country because of the
following reasons:
The disparity in the distribution of food grains by ublic
P istribution
D
ystem
S (PDS) .
utritious
N food cannot be afforded by the poor population in the country.
Educational backwardness of people results in unemployment because of
which people cannot afford the basic necessity of food.
There is no proper distribution of ration at the ed
x
fi price stores.

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Class 10 Economics NCERT Solution Chapter 1 Development

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