Class11 scientific method
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This document provides an overview of the development of scientific thought from myths to early science. It discusses that originally, questions were answered through myths that involved spiritual entities explaining natural phenomena. As writing developed, myths came under more scrutiny. Early science emerged in ancient Egypt and Greece as astronomy, medicine and mathematics advanced. Greek philosophers began applying skepticism and seeking natural, empirical explanations through observation and experimentation rather than relying on spiritual ideas. This marked the beginning of the scientific method and approach to understanding the natural world.
Class11 scientific method
- 1. Introduction to the Scientific Method LCD 105 – Class 10 – Professor Nathacia
- 3. Truth: is defined by its lastingness through time. (History) Truth or Absolute Truth?
- 7. The MYTH era • Until 600 b.C., all questions from human kind were answered mysthically. • A myth is a tale of divine figures (or spiritual entities, or of an upper nature) that aims explaining why life is as it is. • Oral Tradition.
- 8. “In the beginning, there was just water. All the animals lived above it and the sky was overcrowded. They were all curious about what was beneath the water and one day Dayuni'si, the water beetle, volunteered to explore it. He explored the surface but could not find any solid ground. He explored below the surface to the bottom and all he found was mud which he brought back to the surface. After collecting the mud, it began to grow in size and spread outwards until it became the Earth as we know it. After all this had happened, one of the animals attached this new land to the sky with four strings. The land was still too wet so they sent the great buzzard from Galun'lati to prepare it for them. The buzzard flew down and by the time that he reached the Cherokee land he was so tired that his wings began to hit the ground. Wherever they hit the ground a mountain or valley formed. The animals then decided that it was too dark, so they made the sun and put it on the path in which it still runs today.” Myth of Creation – Cherokee - http://www.crystalinks.com/nativeamcreation.html The MYTH era
- 9. • Divine acts upon nature. • Knowledge leads to control and manipulate nature. • The wizard => link between nature, humans and spirits • The World is controlled by super natural forces (that can be found in animals, plants, wind, etc). • These supernatural forces are guided or manipulated by super natural entities (spirits). • Knowledge = Power The MYTH era
- 10. • WRITING -> It has raised questioning upon myths, and it has shaken myths' truth value; more fidelity on transmitting information. • Critical distancing and greater discussion upon issues. • Mythological knowledge ====> Knowledge built from experience and reasoning. The Beginning Science
- 11. Way better!
- 12. THE EMERGENCE OF HYPOTHETICAL THOUGHT • Due to the advance of mathematical sciences; • Astronomy is one of the first sciences -> interest in the unknown; • Egypt: Advance of medical sciences The Beginning Science
- 13. • Natural events start to be credited to natural causes. • The scientific point of view is not more logic than the mythological one (it is just a matter of different premises. • The scientific point of view contributes in a more effective way to the aggregation of knowledge, and in predicting and controlling the natural world. The Beginning Science
- 14. • The scientific thought is credited to the Ancient Greece, approximately at VI century b.C. • Philosophers of Nature: Bounced from dogmatic thought of myths to scientific thought based on skepticism. • The dogmatic thought puts the Ideas as superior to what can be observed. • The skeptical thought puts what can be observed as superior to the Ideas. • Socrates: consolidation of scientific thought through scientific evidence, that is, an observed fact (empirical) that can be replicated. • Greece: Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Geography e Paleontology. The Beginning Science