Class3 - What is This Language Structure
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This document provides an overview of the different levels of linguistic analysis, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, lexicon, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and discourse. It defines each level and discusses their basic units and organizing structures. For example, it states that syntax analyzes sentence structure and has phrases as its basic units, organized by syntactic operations. Semantics examines meaning within language and has no set units, but aspects like denotation and reference. Pragmatics studies meaning beyond language to speech acts, using components like implicatures. The document also gives examples to illustrate each level, such as speech acts for pragmatics, and deixis, politeness, and enunciation for
![[fɔɹθ flɔɹ]
[fɔɻθ flɔɻ]
Valuable Units](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/class3whatisthislanguagestructure-180608000659/85/Class3-What-is-This-Language-Structure-53-320.jpg)
![The World of DAVE
[Difference in Pronunciation between
English/Korean/Japanese+Chinese 2]
https://youtu.be/2jMddKVDwUU](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/class3whatisthislanguagestructure-180608000659/85/Class3-What-is-This-Language-Structure-56-320.jpg)
Class3 - What is This Language Structure
- 1. LCD 105 – Class 3 – Professor Nathacia Languaging
- 2. System vs. Structure The Language System is a Structure Generator!
- 3. Identifying units in a sea
- 4. Identifying units in a sea “The notion of level seems to us to be essential in determining the analytical procedure. It alone is suited to do justice to the articulated nature of language and to the discrete nature of its elements; it alone can lead us to discover within the complexity of the forms the peculiar architecture of the parts and of the whole” (Benveniste, p. 101)
- 5. Identifying units in a sea Analysis: 1. Segmentation - unveils syntagmatic relations 2. Substitution - unveils paradigmatic relations Units: 1. Distributional relationships 2. Integrative relationships
- 6. POP QUIZ How many animals of each kind did Moses take on the ark? How many levels of analyses or linguistic objects can you see in the sentence above? Minimum of 8: 1.phonetics / phones, intonation 2.phonology / phonemes 3.morphology / morphemes 4.lexicon / words 5.syntax / sentence 6.semantics / meaning (within sentence) 7.pragmatics / meaning (beyond sentence) 8.discourse / enunciate situation, referents
- 8. Discourse What is this about: - The meaning along the text/ discourse. What is its unit: - information (but what we mean by information depends on the approach). What organizes its internal structure: - Society, reference and informational structure. What are some of its sub-levels/ categories: - Enunciation; Semiotics;
- 9. Some types of analysis There are many approaches to analyze this level. For example: Style Enunciation Semiotics
- 10. Style Choice of preferred structures and words based on community identity and prestige
- 12. Enunciation It studies the relation between the elements that compose the discourse during the act of composing it. The HERE and NOW instance.
- 14. Pragmatics What is this about: - The meaning beyond language structure, into speech events. What is its unit: - There’s no actual unit, but some components that depends on the approach (ex: speech act, conversational maxims, implicatures, felicitousness). What organizes its internal structure: - Society, reference and informational structure. What are some of its sub-levels/ categories: - Speech acts; politeness; discourse; implicatures
- 15. Meaning is use At least, according to them… We have several ways to study the meaning constructed base in use. Some of them would be: ➜ Deixis ➜ Speech act ➜ Politeness and Save Face
- 16. Deixis It refers to words and phrases, such as “me” or “here”, that cannot be fully understood without additional contextual information -- in this case, the identity of the speaker (“me”) and the speaker's location (“here”).
- 17. Who are you?
- 18. Speech Acts A speech act is an act that a speaker performs when making an utterance To say things is to do things There are several acts that we perform during a speech act: • Illocutionary act: An illocutionary act is a complete speech act, made in a typical utterance, that consists of • Perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is a speech act that produces an effect, intended or not, achieved in an addressee by a speaker’s utterance; • Propositional act: A propositional act is a speech act that a speaker performs when referring or predicating in an utterance. • Utterance act: An utterance act is a speech act that consists of the verbal employment of units of expression such as words and sentences.
- 19. Speech Acts A speech act is an act that a speaker performs when making an utterance To say things is to do things Illocutionary acts and perlocutionary acts are the ones involved in actions in the world, not only in the discourse. An Illocutionary act, when felicitous, reach the proper Perlocutionary act. A performative utterance is neither true nor false, but can instead be deemed "felicitous" or "infelicitous" according to a set of conditions whose interpretation differs depending on the type of utterance . Austin Felicity Conditions
- 21. Politeness and Save Face Politeness comprises linguistic and non-linguistic behavior through which people indicate that they take others’ feelings of how they should be treated into account. Politeness comes into operation through evaluative moments—the interactants’ (or other participants’) assessments of interactional behavior—and it is a key interpersonal interactional phenomenon, due to the fact that it helps people to build up and maintain interpersonal relationships. Community based and culturally constructed
- 23. Semantics What is this about: - The meaning within language structure. What is its unit: - There’s no actual unit, but some components that depends on the approach (ex: denotation, truth value, world, reference, indentation). What organizes its internal structure: - Syntactic structure, semantical rules, and referential restrictions. What are some of its sub-levels/ categories: - Formal semantics; intensional semantics; computational semantics.
- 25. Meaning within the sentence • Three Main Areas-> Informational semantics, compositional semantics and lexical semantics • Informational Semantics-> it deals with the relations among information given in a text. Example: focus vs topic; cleft sentences. It is Maria who made the cake Maria being the focus of the cleft sentence points to Maria being the one who bake the cake is the new information.
- 26. Meaning within the sentence • Three Main Areas-> Informational semantics, compositional semantics and lexical semantics • Compositional Semantics-> it deals with the meaning relations among the linguistic units in a sentence (proposition). It is called compositional because, although each unit has its extension (the derivation or function), they work together composing a global meaningful proposition (t) to which we attribute a truth value (or Boolean value).
- 28. •A truth value is attributed to aproposition within a world (real world,probable world or possible world). •Intensional Semantics, although stillcompositional, differs from extensionalsemantics because it deals withintensional verbs as ‘believe’ and ‘think’, to which the truth value is not linked with the truth value of the embeddedsentence. Example: John believes that Mariabaked the cake.
- 29. Meaning within the sentence • Three Main Areas-> Informational semantics, compositional semantics and lexical semantics • Lexical Semantics-> it deals with lexical units which include not only words but also sub-words or sub-units such as affixes and even compound words and phrases. Lexical units make up the catalogue of words in a language, the lexicon. Lexical semantics looks at how the meaning of the lexical units correlates with the structure of the language or syntax. This is referred to as syntax-semantic interface.
- 30. Meaning within the sentence • Three Main Areas-> Informational semantics, compositional semantics and lexical semantics • Lexical Semantics-> it looks at: the classification and decomposition of lexical items the differences and similarities in lexical semantic structure cross-linguistically the relationship of lexical meaning to sentence meaning and syntax.
- 32. SyntaxWhat is this about: - Well, we’ll get back to it… but: - It is about sentence structure What is its unit: - phrases or syntactic constituents What organizes its internal structure: - Syntactic derivation (sequence of syntactic operation that creates a hierarchical structure) - The operations are: merge, labeling, and movement. What are some of its sub-levels/ categories: - Verbal Phrase (VP or vP); Noun Phrase (NP); Determiner Phrase (DP); Prepositional Phrase (PP); Adverbial Phrase (AdvP); Adjective Phrase (AdjP); Tense Phrase (TP); Complementizer Phrase (CP).
- 37. Lexicology What is this about: - The vocabulary; words inventory, and how they relate within a language. What is its unit: - The words What organizes its internal structure: - Word paradigms; scope; webs. What are some of its sub-levels/ categories: - Lexical semantics; phraseology; etymology; lexicography
- 39. Metonym Metonymy is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept. Example: I fueld my car (instead of “I fueld the gas tank of my car”) Hypernym and Hyponym Hyponymy shows the relationship between a generic term (hypernym) and a specific instance of it (hyponym). A hyponym is a word or phrase whose semantic field is more specific than its hypernym. The semantic field of a hypernym, also known as a superordinate, is broader than that of a hyponym. An approach to the relationship between hyponyms and hypernyms is to view a hypernym as consisting of hyponyms.
- 42. Morphology What is this about: - The smallest meaning units of a language (meaning you can take for ‘functional’ too). What is its unit: - The morphemes What organizes its internal structure: - Morphological Rules; Morphological Restrictions. - Morpheme-based, lexeme-based and word-based approaches. What are some of its sub-levels/ categories: - Stems; root words; prefixes; suffixes; infixes, clitics.
- 43. Categorizers Morphemes ‣ Derivational morphemes Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind. Generally, the affixes used with a root word are bound morphemes. ‣ Inflectional morphemes Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense, aspect, mood, person, or number, or a noun's, pronoun's or adjective's number, gender or case, without affecting the word's meaning or class (part of speech). Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited. An inflectional morpheme changes the form of a word. In English, there are eight inflections.
- 45. Morphemes has hierarchical structure Morphemes have structure, and many language use its structure to built syntax structure. That’s why some theories call it morphosyntactic structure
- 46. Video Barney Stinson – Wait For It Compilation https://youtu.be/SqkYnfAhgy0
- 49. Phonology What is this about: - The distinctive sound units of a language. What is its unit: - It depends on its sub-level: phonological features; phonemes; syllables; foot; intonational phrases; and others. What organizes its internal structure: - Phonological Rules; Phonological Restrictions. What are some of its sub-levels/ categories: - Segmental phonology; auto-segmental phonology; Intonational Phonology; Prosody;
- 50. Identifying units in a sea Linguistic VALUE and PARADIGMATIC relations determine what are the phonemes of a language
- 51. Valuable Units • Minimal pairs -> What a phoneme is (minimal distinctive unit): Ex. dot x dog • Analog pairs -> What a phoneme in complementary distribution is (they do not occur in the exact same context): Ex. /t/ in tea vs. tree vs. British vs. Manhattan vs. eat. • Phonemes in free variation (due to social factors; irrelevant to the system)
- 52. At Macy’s: - Where can I find Men’s shoes? - 4th floor. (Labov) Valuable Units
- 53. [fɔɹθ flɔɹ] [fɔɻθ flɔɻ] Valuable Units
- 54. • There is NO direct correspondence between lettersand phonemes! • Examples: Sad; Laugh; Fase; (Gussenhoven & Jacobs, 2011) Valuable Units
- 55. The melodic Structure • The Phonology level is where the units are arranged into melodic structure. • It is an hierarchical structure (as all language structures are). • Some levels: syllable , foot, phonological word, intonational phrase.
- 56. The World of DAVE [Difference in Pronunciation between English/Korean/Japanese+Chinese 2] https://youtu.be/2jMddKVDwUU
- 57. Phonetics What is this about: - The sounds of language/ speech. What is its unit: - It doesn’t have a proper unit but it is composed by sound waves. What organizes its internal structure: - Speech restrictions as breath, co-articulation, phonation conditions, articulation conditions, propagation condition etc. What are some of its sub-levels/ categories: - Acoustic Phonetics; Articulatory Phonetics; Perceptual Phonetics;