CLASS-X GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER-6
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Industries contribute significantly to India's economic growth but also cause environmental degradation through various forms of pollution. The main types of pollution discussed are air, water, thermal, soil, noise, and light pollution. Various industries are cited as the main culprits of water pollution. Methods to control environmental degradation include minimizing water usage, treating effluents before release, and using particulate filtration devices like fabric filters on smokestacks. National Thermal Power Corporation aims to minimize its environmental impact through techniques like ash pond management and afforestation efforts.
CLASS-X GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER-6
- 1. INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION PART -4
- 2. Industries contribute significantly to India's economic growth and development. Increase in pollution of land,water,air,noise and resulting degradation of environment.
- 4. AIR POLLUTION Caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases,such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide. Air-borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid particles like dust,sprays mist and smoke.
- 9. WATER POLLUTION The main culprits in this regard are paper,chemical,textile and dyeing,petroleum refinaries,tanneries.etc. Fly ash,phospho-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major soild wastes in India.
- 13. THERMAL POLLUTION When hot water from factories and thermal plants is drained in to rivers and ponds before cooling.
- 14. Waste from nuclear power plants,nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancers,birth defects and misscarriages.
- 15. Soil and water pollution are closely related.Dumping of wastes specially glass,harmful chemicals,industrial effluents,salts and garbage renders the soil useless. Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to the ground and the ground water also get contaminated.
- 17. SOURCE Industrial and construction activities,factory equipment,generators,saws and pneumatic and electric drills also make a lot of noise.
- 18. CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION. I. Minimising use water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more successive stages. II. Harvesting of rainwater to meet water requirements.
- 19. iii)Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers and ponds. Treatment of industrial effluents can be done in three phases. (a) Primary treatment by mechanical means: This involve screening,grinding,flocculation and sedimentation.
- 20. process by which fine particulates are caused to clump together into a floc. The floc may then float to the top of the liquid (creaming), settle to the bottom of the liquid (sedimentation), or be readily filtered from the liquid.
- 21. • (b)Secondary treament by biological process. • (c) Tertiary treatment by bilogical,chemical and physical processes.This involves recycling of wastewater.
- 22. Controlof Environmental degradation I. Ground water resource to be regulated legally. II. Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to factories with electostatic precipitators,fabric filters,scrubbers and inertial separators.
- 23. • A smokestack, stack, or chimney is a tall vertical pipe or channel used by power plants to exhaust combustion gases into the air.
- 24. • Fabric filters (also called baghouses) are devices that remove particulate from a gas stream by passing the dirty air through a layer of cloth filtration.
- 25. • Scrubber systems (e.g. chemical scrubbers, gas scrubbers) are a diverse group of air pollution control devices that can be used to remove some particulates and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams.
- 27. iii) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories. iv)Machinery and equipment can be used and generator should be fitted with silencers. v)All machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise. vi)Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of earplugs and earphones.
- 28. NTPC National Thermal Power Corporation is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS(Environment Management System)14001
- 29. The corporation has a pro-active approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like water,oil and gas and fuels in places where its is setting up power plants.This has been possible through--- a) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing equipment. b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation. c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing thequestion of special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
- 30. d)Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management ,ash water recycling system and liquid waste management.
- 31. • e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online- database management for all its power stations.