Comparing ICH-leach and Leach Descendents on Image Transfer using DCT

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 8, No. 4, August 2018, pp. 2098~2105
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v8i4.pp2098-2105  2098
Journal homepage: http://iaescore.com/journals/index.php/IJECE
Comparing ICH-leach and Leach Descendents on Image
Transfer using DCT
Bennani Taj, Mhamed Ait Kbir
Laboratoiry LIST, Faculty of Science and Technology of Tangier, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Morocco
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Dec 22, 2017
Revised Feb 19, 2018
Accepted Feb 26, 2018
The development and miniaturization of CMOS (microphones and cameras)
in the last years have allowed the creation of WMSN (Wireless Multimedia
Sensor Network). Therefore, transferring multimedia content through the
network has become an important field of research. It transmits the recorded
multimedia data wirelessly from a node to another to reach the Sink (base
station). Thus, routing protocols make a big contribution in this process,
because they participate in optimizing the node's resource usage. Since Leach
protocol was designed only to minimize energy consumption of the network.
The goal of this paper is to compare our protocol in tnansfering images with
other Leach protocol descendants. By using the application layer, we applied
the jpeg compression using the frequency domain on images before sending
them to the network. In this paper, readers will find statistics concerning the
lifetime of the network, the energy consumption and most importantly
statistics about received images. Also, we used Castalia framework to
simulate real conditions of transmission simulation results proved the
efficiency of our protocol by prolonging the lifetime of the network and
transmitting more images with better quality compared to other protocols.
Keyword:
Frequency domain
ICH-leach
Leach protocol
OpenCV
WMSN
Copyright © 2018 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Bennani Taj,
Laboratoiry LIST,
Faculty of Science and Technology of Tangier,
University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Morocco.
Email: Bennani.taj@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The development in micro-electro mechanical system has made possible the miniaturization and the
low cost of sensors. Actually, they do multiple tasks like sensing the environment, making computation and
communicating wirelessly. A sensor is composed of Multiple components like processor, battery and
communicating device. Sensors collect information from the environment (pressure, temperature, etc...), and
transform them into electrical signal in order to be treated by the processor unit [1]. After getting the
information, the sensors either send them to other sensors or store them. Actually, resources of sensors must
be managed efficiently because of multiple limitations such as memory, data processing, power of
communication and most importantly energy. In fact, energy is responsible for the lifetime of the sensors.
It's essential to take care of this issue [2]. The Figure 1 shows the structure of a sensor.
WSN (Wireless sensor network) is composed of several sensors. Each sensor capture data using
scalar sensors, and transfer them to the base station. Actually, many application fields use WSN like
agriculture applications [3], underwater applications [4], smart home [5] etc. It is characterized by the
following constraints: high bandwidth demand, resource constraints and application-specification [6].
However, routing protocols in WSN consume a big portion of energy. As a result, it affects the lifetime of the
network. In fact, there are two kinds of routing protocols: planning protocols and clustered protocols. The
first kind considers all the nodes at the same level. Actually, this category includes multiple routing protocols

Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708 
Comparing ICH-Leach and Leach Descendents on Image Transfer using DCT (Bennani Taj)
2099
such as Multipath routing ring [7], GPSR [8], multipath routing protocol [9] etc. The second one organizes
the nodes into groups called clusters. Many routing protocols enter in this category, such like Leach [10],
balanced Leach [11], ICH-Leach [12], and M-Leach [13] etc. Nevertheless, some of these protocols could be
applied to multimedia transfer.
Figure 1. Structure of a sensor
WMSN is formed of sensors that can capture and transmit multimedia content, such as audio, video
streams and images. It has multiple architectures that could be used. The first one is the single-tier flat in
which sensors are homogeneous and the processing is distributed. The second one is the single-tier clustered
which has a heterogeneous nodes and concentrated processing. The last one is multi-tier which has
heterogeneous nodes and distributed processing. In order to transmit multimedia data perfectly, the WMSN
needs some QoS requirements [14]: the limitation in term of resources, the lack of high band, the use of
cross-layer and the coding of multimedia content. Actually, many compression techniques are used during
the transmission process.
An Image could be perceived in two ways: frequency or spatial domain. The first one is obtained by
applying DCT [15] (the Fourier transform) on spatial domain. In JPEG image coding, we can use different
techniques based on DCT. in the spatial domain we consider the image as 2D plane, where pixels has
coordinates (x, y). We used the JPEG coding in our application, which uses a compression based on DCT.
Thus, the amount of sent packet is reduced and energy consumption is less [16].
In our work, we use Leach protocol, which is a Low Energy hierarchical protocol. This protocol
uses data fusion and rounds (period of time). In each round, sensors, self organized themselves into clusters
in which the Cluster-Head (CH) is the active node. In fact, one of the big advantages of Leach is saving
energy [10], but cannot be used in WMSN [17]. Actually, many improvements have been made since the
original version of Leach. Our improved protocol uses the position of the sink and the position the
intermediate CH in consederation before transmiting. Then, we compared it with many versions of
Leach.The results showed that our protocol not only extends the lifetime of the network, but can transmit
more images compared to other protocols. In this paper, we are going to see the following chapters. First, we
will expose the related works. Then, we will expose our ICH-LEACH. After that, we will outline our
application and discuss results obtained using ICH-Leach, MLD-Leach, M-Leach and Leach. Finally, we are
going to conclude our work.
2. RELATED WORKS
2.1. Leach protocol
In 2000, Wendi B. Heinzelman proposed a protocol called LEACH [10] which use a series of equal
period of time called rounds. Each round comprises of two steps: cluster setup phase and steady phase. In the
first one, nodes decide to be CH or not for the current round by picking a random value between 0 and 1.
The chosen number will determine if the node is a CH or not by comparing it with the threshold T (n).
The formula 1 shows how we calculate the threshold.
(1)
P is the wanted percentage of CHs, r is the actual round and G is the list of nodes that have not been
elected CH in the last 1/P rounds. When a node elects itself as a CH, It must not be chosen again in the next

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1/P rounds. Each CH of the current round advertises itself by broadcasting an invitation to all other nodes.
When the non CH nodes receive that invitation, they decide to join the cluster-head which has the strongest
signal intensity. By forming the clusters the setup-phase ends. Then, the CH will assign for every member
node a limited period of time of transmission called frames. In each frame, the nodes will be allowed to send
their data to the their corresponding CH using TDMA. In the steady phase, the nodes send their packets to the
CH during their specific frame. The Figure 2 shows this process.
Figure 2. Transmission process in Leach protocol
2.2. M-LEACH protocol
Leach has several drawbacks even if it makes energy consumption a priority compared to plane
multipath routing protocols. First, the cluster-heads communicate directly to the sink which causes
congestion and high energy consumption of transmission. Then, the cluster heads that are far from the sink
will not be capable to reach the sink. For this reason, multiple improvements of leach were developed to
overcome these drawbacks. M-leach is one of these protocols. It uses multipath to transmit data by making
cluster-heads intermediate nodes to reach the sink. The intermediate CHs are chosen following the shortest
path to the base station.
2.3. MLD-LEACH protocol
MLD-Leach [18] is a protocol that uses the notion of layers that start from the sink. After the
formation, cluster-heads of upper layers have a periodic update of delays with cluster-heads of lower layers
as shown in Figure 3. In transmission phase, the cluster-heads of each layer, choose the cluster-head of lower
layer which has the minimum delay then the minimum distance.
Figure 3. Multilayer structure

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3. ICH-LEACH PROTOCOL
ICH-Leach [12] is an improved Leach protocol that extends the lifetime of nodes by reducing the
energy consumption and sends more images to the base station. Our protocol follows the same steps of
Leach, and uses the same percentage of CH. To send more images from a CH to the base station in one hop,
data transmission needs high energy consumption [17]. Furthermore, if a CH can’t reach the sink the data is
lost. Thus, by using CH as intermediate node the consumed energy is reduced, and the number of sent images
is high even if the distance is far from the base station.
Figure 4. ICH-LEACH transmission process
The intermediate CH in the Figure 4 is picked based on the position of the sink, position of CH and the
position of the intermediate CH. Thus, a CH can reach the sink no matter the distance.
3.1. Initialization phase
At first, the base station advertises its position by diffusing a packet that contains its position to the
network using the maximum transmission of energy. When a sensor receives the packets, it saves the position
of the sink and the signal strength of the received packet. Then, the node starts the election process.
If it elects itself as a CH, it retransmit the packet by adding its coordinates. Thus, the formation of clusters
begins. The stored position of the sink will help the CH to decide whether or not to send data directly or not.
3.2. Cluster auto-organisation
The Figure 5 shows the cluster formation of our protocol.
Figure 5. ICH-LEACH cluster formation process

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3.3. Transmission process
In this phase, the CHs transmit their data to the base station if it is the closest node. However, it
sends them to the intermediate cluster-head if the sink is not reachable. If a CH receives a packet, it saves it
until its turn comes.
4. SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS
4.1. Application layer
In our application, we treat the sensed images before sending them through to the network by
compressing them. Therefore, we created an application in the application layer to make this process by using
the frequency domain of images to make our transformation. In transmission phase, we take an image that is
divided into small blocks of 8×8. First, each block is divided into multiple planes which present a color.
Second, we process each plane using DCT. Third, we apply the quantization process on the DCT matrix.
Fourth, we use the RLE compression technique to minimize the size of packets before transmission. Finally,
we send the matrix of frequency values to network with its meta-data. Once the sink receives the data, we
create the quantization matrix by applying the reverse RLE. Then, we get the DCT matrix by applying the
reverse quantization process. After that, we create the frequency values of each plan, and apply the reverse
DCT on each plane. Finally, by using the metadata we construct the image progressively. The Figure 6
resumes this process. In our work, we used a gray image.
Figure 6. Compression and decompression process of images
4.2. Simulation parameters
In this paragraph, we will detail the simulation parameters and the results that we obtained. We used
the framework Castalia [19] to make our simulations, and used the radio model CC2240 [20] to replace a real
radio transmission. In fact, the number of rounds is too small because of the radio and the effect of round
length on multimedia transfer [17]. Also, we compared ICH-Leach with the original leach, M-leach and
MLD-Leach.
Table 1. Simulation Parameters
Parameter Value
Topology size 100x100 m2
Number of nodes 100
CH probability 0.05
Number of trials 20
Initial power 30j
BS position (0,0)
Size of image 64x64
Number of sent images 2
Delay between images 300 s
Delay between sending packets 1 s
Quantization percentage 85%
In our simulation we suppose that the sink can’t reach all the nodes. The table 1 shows the proprieties that we
used in our simulation.

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4.3. Analysis of results
In this paragraph, we intend to evaluate our protocol using two approaches. The first approach is the
duration of the network and energy consumption per rounds. In fact, this parameter shows us how a routing
protocol is efficient in term of extending the lifetime of nodes that form the network and energy
consumption. In The multimedia approach, we are going to use different metrics. The first one is measuring
the number of images per quality. Actually, this metric allows us to measure the quality of received images.
The second one is measuring the lost packets during the transmission. It shows us how the network reacts in
term of delivering packets, which has an influence on the number of received images and their quality.
The Figure 7 shows the energy that is consumed by the entire network. It shows clearly that leach
protocol has the highest energy consumption among the four. Also, that Leach, M-leach and MLD-Leach
consume less than Leach. Nevertheless, ICH-leach consumes lower energy compared to other protocols.
These results could be explained by the fact that Leach uses a full energy transmission to reach the sink.
Thus, the energy consumption per round is high, compared to other protocols. M-Leach and MLD-Leach use
multiple hops, which helps to minimize energy consumption per round of the network compared to Leach.
Finally, ICH-Leach uses at maximum two hopes based on the position of the base station and the node
source. Consequently, the energy consumed by the network is reduced to the minimum.
Figure 7. Energy consumption per round Figure 8. Dead node per protocol
In the original protocol, the high energy consumption per round due to the full energy transmission
causes the short duration of the network comparing to the other ones. On the other side, M-leach has a longer
lifetime of the network compared to Leach. Although, the multi-hop in M-leach uses intermediate cluster-
heads to reach the sink based only on distance, which could over-uses some cluster-heads. Hence, it has a
direct effect on these CHs by dropping their energy faster than others as depicted in Figure 10. Thus, some
nodes die in the first rounds. The MLD-leach has a longer lifetime of the network compared to M-Leach,
even if both of them use multi-hop. This result can be justified by the fact that the amount of intermediate
CHs depends on the number of layers from the sink. Finally, the ICH-Leach proves more consistency and
extends the duration of the network compared to other protocols, and can send data to the sink on one hope if
it is the nearest. Otherwise, the CH chooses the nearest CH As an intermediate CH. Also, the power of
transmission is adjusted according to next node. This policy has two benefits. First, reducing the congestion
of the network. Second, economizing energy, which is confirmed by the obtained results in Figure 7
concerning energy consumption of all nodes. Figure 8 shows the dead node per protocol.
The Figures 9 shows that most of the constructed image by the sink using Leach is less than 34% of
the quality of the original image. Also, it has a high level of lost packet. In Figure 10, the M-leach can
transmits a better quality (100 %) in big numbers and the rest of received images are less than 64%. In the
Figure 11, MLD-Leach has big numbers of completed images with a big number of received images. In
Figure 12, the ICH-Leach has the biggest number of received packets with the highest quality. Also more
than 80% of received images are 100% of the original image, and the rest is less than 64%. The Figure 13
shows that ICH-Leach has the minimum number of lost packets and big number of images with high quality.
We can explain these results for many reasons. Concerning Leach results can be explained by the
congestion, which is caused by the single hop from CHs. For M-Leach results can be explained the big
number of lost packets because of the high amount of intermediates CHs. For MLD-leach, results can be
explained by the fix number of intermediate nodes with the number of layers and varying the next node
depending on the network. Thus, we have less congestion and less loss packets. Finally, results of ICH-Leach

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Can be explained by the fact that it uses one intermediate node at most. So, less congestion around the sink
and less packets in the buffer.
Figure 9. Number of images per quality using
LEACH protocol
M-LEACH protocol
MLD-LEACH protocol
ICH-Leach protocol
Figure 13. Number of lost packets per protocol

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4. CONCLUSION
During this work, we used the DCT compression technique on images, which uses the frequency
domain to reduce the number of packets during transmission process. Then, we used Leach, M-leach, MLD-
Leach and ICH-Leach as routing protocols to convey the images to the sink to compare them. As a result,
ICH-Leach increases the quality and the number of transferred images. In addition, it reduces energy
consumption. Since MLD-Leach protocol is designed to manage energy consumption by using layers and
taking distance into account, our protocol shows good performances in term of energy consumption and
lifetime of the network. Also, it fixes the issue of M-Leach, which is the big number of intermediate nodes.
This problem creates a big waiting list of packets. Thus, our protocol is more suitable for transferring
multimedia content. As a perspective, we want to develop a routing protocol that adapts the quality of
transmitted images in function of the state of the network.
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