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Computer Organization and Architecture, 10th Edition, by William Stallings
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CHAPTER 2: PERFORMANCE ISSUES
TRUE OR FALSE
T F 1. Year by year the cost of computer systems continues to rise.
T F 2. Processors are so inexpensive that we now have microprocessors
we throw away.
T F 3. Workstation systems cannot support highly sophisticated
engineering and scientific applications.
T F 4. The IAS is the prototype of all subsequent general-purpose
computers.
T F 5. Cloud service providers use massive high-performance banks of
servers to satisfy high-volume, high-transaction-rate applications
for a broad spectrum of clients.
T F 6. The raw speed of the microprocessor will not achieve its potential
unless it is fed a constant stream of work to do in the form of
computer instructions.
T F 7. Superscalar execution is the same principle as seen in an assembly
line.
T F 8. Branch prediction potentially increases the amount of work
available for the processor to execute.
T F 9. Raw speed is far more important than how a processor performs
when executing a given application.
T F 10. The cache holds recently accessed data.

T F 11. Operations performed by a processor, such as fetching an
instruction, decoding the instruction, performing an arithmetic
operation, and so on, are governed by a system clock.
T F 12. A common measure of performance for a processor is the rate at
which instructions are executed, expressed as millions of
instructions per second (MIPS).

T F 13. Designers wrestle with the challenge of balancing processor
performance with that of main memory and other computer
components.
T F 14. A straight comparison of clock speeds on different processors
tells the whole story about performance.
T F 15. Measures such as MIPS and MFLOPS have proven adequate to
evaluating the performance of processors.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Multiple parallel pipelines are used in .
A. speculative execution B. data flow analysis
C. superscalar execution D. branch prediction
2. The desktop application(s) that require the great power of today’s
microprocessor-based systems include _.
A. image processing B. speech recognition
C. videoconferencing D. all of the above
3. potentially increases the amount of work available for the
processor to execute.
A. Branch prediction B. Performance balance
C. Pipelining D. BIPS
4. The interface between processor and _ is the most crucial pathway
in the entire computer because it is responsible for carrying a constant flow
of program instructions and data between memory chips and the processor.
A. main memory B. pipeline
C. clock speed D. control unit

5. The is a relatively small fast memory interposed between a larger,
slower memory and the logic that accesses the larger memory.
A. peripheral B. cache
C. processor D. arithmetic and logic unit
6. An increase in clock rate means that individual operations are executed _.
A. the same B. slower
C. with very little change D. more rapidly
7. A is a core designed to perform parallel operations on graphics data.
A. MIC B. ALU
C. GPU D. PGD
8. A(n) Mean is a good candidate for comparing the execution time
performance of several systems.
A. Composite B. Arithmetic
C. Harmonic D. Evaluation
9. law deals with the potential speedup of a program using multiple
processors compared to a single processor.
A. Moore’s B. Amdahl’s
C. Little’s D. Murphy’s
10. One increment, or pulse, of a clock is referred to as a .
A. clock cycle B. clock rate
C. clock speed D. cycle time

11. The use of multiple processors on the same chip is referred to as
and provides the potential to increase performance without increasing the
clock rate.
A. multicore B. GPU
C. data channels D. MPC
12. With respect to changes in values, the Mean gives equal weight to all
of the values in the data set.
A. Harmonic B. Arithmetic
C. Composite D. Geometric
13. The measures the ability of a computer to complete a single task.
A. clock speed B. speed metric
C. execute cycle D. cycle time
14. A measurement of how many tasks a computer can accomplish in a certain
amount of time is called a(n) .
A. real-time system B. application analysis
C. cycle speed D. throughput
15. The best known of the SPEC benchmark suites is .
A. SPEC CPU2006 B. SPECjvm2008
C. SPECsfs2008 D. SPEC SC2013
SHORT ANSWER
1. enables a processor to work simultaneously on multiple
instructions by performing a different phase for each of the multiple
instructions at the same time.

2. is the ability to issue more than one instruction in every processor
clock cycle.
3. With the processor looks ahead in the instruction code fetched from
memory and predicts which branches, or groups of instructions, are likely to
be processed next.
4. enables the processor to keep its execution engines as busy as
possible by executing instructions that are likely to be needed.
5. Traditionally found on a plug-in graphics card, a is used to encode
and render 2D and 3D graphics as well as process video.
6. Law applies to a queuing system.
7. The three common formulas used for calculating a mean are arithmetic,
harmonic, and .
8. The Mean used for a time-based variable, such as program
execution time, has the important property that it is directly proportional to
the total time.
9. The Mean is preferred when calculating rates.
10. The Mean gives consistent results regardless of which system is
used as a reference.
11. metric are required for all reported results and have strict
guidelines for compilation.
12. A suite is a collection of programs, defined in a high-level language,
that together attempt to provide a representative test of a computer in a
particular application or system programming area.
13. At the most fundamental level, the speed of a processor is dictated by the
pulse frequency produced by the clock, measured in cycles per second, or
.
14. The best-known collection of benchmark suites is defined and maintained
by an industry consortium known as _.
15. law deals with the potential speedup of a program using multiple
processors compared to a single processor.

CHAPTER 2: PERFORMANCE ISSUES
TRUE OR FALSE
1. F
2. T
3. F
4. T
5. T
6. T
7. F
8. T
9. F
10. T
11. T
12. T
13. T
14. F
15. F
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. C
2. D
3. A
4. A
5. B
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. A
11. A
12. D
13. B
14. D
15. A

SHORT ANSWER
1. Pipelining
2. Superscalar execution
3. branch prediction
4. Speculative execution
5. GPU (graphics processing units)
6. Little’s
7. geometric
8. Arithmetic
9. Harmonic
10. Geometric
11. Base
12. benchmark
13. Hertz (Hz)
14. System Performance Evaluation Corporation (SPEC)
15. Amdahl’s

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seek which our pioneers came to Cambridge fifty years ago, is in our
possession and likely to remain with us permanently. That treasure is
Education: the opportunity of learning from the best teachers; of co-
operation with like-minded learners; the opening up of opportunities
of learning more of nature and of man; fitness for doing whatever
tasks the future may offer to those who seek, like our first
benefactors, a life of active and intelligent service. That was their
ideal and it may well continue to be ours.

INDEX
Adams, Mrs., 13.
Adams, Miss A. M. (Mrs. Corrie Grant), 67, 69.
Albert Victor, Prince, Duke of Clarence, 64.
Aldis, Mrs., of Newcastle, 46.
Alexandra, Princess of Wales (Queen Alexandra), 64.
Archer-Hind, Mr. R. D., 24.
Armitage, Mrs. E. (_née_ Bulley), 25.
Associates of Newnham College, 91.
Association for Promoting the Higher Education of Women in Cambridge,
founded, 13; amalgamated with Newnham Hall Company, 33.
Balfour, Miss Alice, 38.
Balfour, Rt. Hon. A. J., 118.
Balfour, Prof. Francis Maitland (_see_ Laboratories: biological), 38.
Bateson, Mrs. Anna, 13, 14, 24.
Bateson, Miss Mary, 93 _seq._
Bateson, Dr. William, 95, 102.
Bathurst, Hon. Selina, 64, 93.
Bedford College, London, 6.
Birmingham University, 46.
Bonney, Rev. Dr. T. G., 13.
Boreham, Mrs., gives telescope to Newnham, 126.
Bristol University, 46.
Brough, Mrs. (_née_ Lloyd), 69.
Browne, Bishop G. F., Sec. to Syndicate for local lectures, etc., 11, 47.
Bryce, Lord, on North of England Council, 9; first Sidgwick Memorial Lecture,
108.
Bulley, Miss Amy (Mrs. Brooke), 25.
Bursar, title of, 118.
Butler, Canon Geo., 9.
Butler, Mrs. Josephine, 9.
Butler, Rev. Dr. H. M., Master of Trinity, 102, 103.
Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 97.
Cayley, Professor A., 14, 47.
Champneys, Mr. Basil, 28, 87.
Chapel, why none in Newnham College, 60 _seq._
Charter of 1917, 115 _seq._

Clay, Mr. C. J., lends room for first lectures to women in Cambridge, 14.
Clough, Miss Anne Jemima, starts Newnham, 2; early education and
experience, 5; helps in work of Northern Council, 13; comes to Cambridge,
18; her character and ideas, 22 _seq._; removes into Merton Hall, 26; into
Bateman Street, 28; into Newnham Hall, 28; chaperones to lectures, 40;
life in Newnham, 58, 59, 60, 64, 68 _seq._; success of her policy, 55, 76;
last illness and death, 81; funeral service in King's College Chapel, 81; Dr.
Ryle's sermon, 82; portraits, 78; debt of Newnham to her, 83.
Clough, Miss B. A., Fourth Principal of the College, 80, 138.
Clough Hall, Newnham College, 57, 64.
Club, the Newnham College, 67, 118.
College Hall (dining-hall), 63.
Combination Room, 85, 89.
Constitution of the College revised, 114.
Corfe, Miss K., 29.
Creak, Miss Edith, 25.
Creighton, Prof. M. (afterwards Bishop of Peterboro' and later of London), 96.
Davies, Miss Emily, her aims, 15 _seq._; Head of College at Hitchin and
Girton, 16; working with Newnham for titles of degrees, 106.
Debating Society, 123 _seq._
Debating Society, Political, 124 _seq._
Degrees, titles of, movement for, 100; defeated, 105.
Discipline, 132.
Dublin University (_see_ Trinity College).
Edward, Prince of Wales (King Edward VII.), 64.
Elementary Education, Newnham's interest in, 69 _seq._
Elles, Miss G. L., 94.
Ewart, Miss M. A., 28.
Extension Students, beginnings in Newnham, 71 _seq._
Fawcett, Prof. Henry, 12, 13.
Fawcett, Mrs. Millicent Garrett, 12, 13, 76.
Fawcett, Miss Philippa, 26, 76 _seq._
Fellow, changes in meaning of term, 116 _seq._
Fisher, Rt. Hon. H. A. L., 136.
Fountain in memory of Henry Sidgwick, 110.
Freund, Miss Ida, 38, 121 _seq._
Games and recreation, 128 _seq._
Gates, Memorial, 86, 87.
Girton College, 16, 46, 48, 51.

Gladstone, Miss Helen, 36 _seq._, 65, 66; retirement, 98.
Governing body, 92, 117.
Graces admitting women to Tripos examinations, 48 _seq._
Greenwood, Miss Marion (Mrs. Bidder), 38.
Gruner, Miss Alice, 74 _seq._
Harrison, Miss J. E., 29, 94.
Hitchin, College at, 16.
Hobson, Dr. E. W., 77.
Hudson, Prof. W. H. H., 24.
Hughes, Miss E. P., 69, 76.
Inter-collegiate lectures opened to women, 15, 40 _seq._
Jackson, Prof. H., 47.
Kennedy, Rev. Prof. B. H., 47.
Kennedy, Miss Marion G., 24, 27; Studentship in memory of, 64, 92; appeal
to the University, 103 _seq._; portrait, 79.
Kennedy Buildings, 99.
Keynes, Dr. J. N., Sec. to Cambridge Local Examinations syndicate, 11.
Kitchen, 63.
Laboratories: biological, 38; chemical, 37.
Larner, Miss F., 25.
Lee, Miss Jane, 65.
Library in the Old Hall, 38 _seq._; in New Hall, 89 _seq._
Little Go--_see_ Previous Examinations.
Local Examinations, 7, 9 _seq._, 11.
Local Lectures in Cambridge, 12.
London University admits women to degrees, 44 _seq._
Macmillan, Miss O. (Mrs. MacLehose), 67.
Maitland, Prof. F. W., 97.
Manchester University, 46.
Markby, Mr., 13.
Marshall, Prof. A., 14, 24.
Marshall, Mrs. A. (_née_ Paley), 19, 29, 74.
Maurice, Rev. Prof. F. D., 6.
Mayor, Rev. Prof. J. E. B., 14, 47.
Mays (Inter-collegiate Examinations), 42.
Merton Hall, 26.
Mill, John Stuart, a benefactor to women's education, 3.
Morant, Sir R. L., Educational Minister in Siam, 80.

More, Mrs. Hannah, advocates educational reform, 5.
Maria Grey Training College, 75.
Myers, F. W. H., on Northern Council, 9.
Newnham College, its beginnings, 1 _seq._; built, 28; Miss Clough and
students move into it, situation, early life, 31 _seq._; Articles of
Association, 33; Growth of buildings, 35 _seq._
Newnham Hall Company formed, 27; Amalgamation of Company with
Association, 33.
Newnham Letter, 67.
North Hall, 35, 37; _see also_ Sidgwick Hall.
North of England Council for Improving the Education of Women, 8.
Ogle, Miss Amy (Mrs. Koppel), 29.
Old Hall, 39, 65; _see also_ South Hall.
Paues, Miss Anna, 95.
Peile, Mrs. Annette, starts correspondence scheme, portrait in Peile Hall, 11,
109.
Peile, Dr. John, Master of Christ's College, 13, 14, 47, 109.
Peile Hall, 63, 108 _seq._
Pensions to superannuated members of Staff, 118.
Pfeiffer, Mr. and Mrs., 85.
Pfeiffer Building, 37, 85.
Previous Examination (Little Go), 10, 17, 25, 47 _seq._
Queen's College, Harley Street, 6.
Rayleigh, Lord, 118.
Red House, the, 71.
Reid, Prof. J. S., 40.
Roll of the College, 118.
Ryle, Bishop H. E., 82.
Saunders, Miss E. R., 38, 95.
Schools, for girls formed, 6 _seq._
Schools Inquiry Commission, 7.
Scott, Miss C. A., of Girton, 44.
Sellers, Miss Maud, 95.
Senior Student, 133.
Settlement, University, in Southwark, 73 _seq._
Sewell, Miss M. A., 75.
Sharpe, Miss Julia, 67.
Sharpley, Miss E. M., Registrar, 118.

Sharpley, Miss M. M., 78.
Sidgwick, Arthur, collaborates in Life of Henry Sidgwick, 106.
Sidgwick, Prof. Henry, connection with Newnham, 2; on Association, 14; finds
a house for Students, 18; his character and influence, 20 _seq._, 30, 35,
55; in Principal's rooms in Newnham, 84; illness and death, 106-7;
Lectureship founded in his memory, 108, 127.
Sidgwick, Mrs. Henry (_née_ E. M. Balfour), 21; becomes Vice-Principal, 36,
55; Principal, 84; life in Newnham, 87 _seq._; portrait, 79; writes life of
Prof. Sidgwick, 109; retires from Principalship, 113; President of Council,
113.
Sidgwick Avenue, 86.
Sidgwick Hall, 39, 65, 99; _see also_ Old Hall.
Skeat, Rev. Prof. W. W., 14.
Smith, Miss E. M. (Mrs. Bartlett), 95.
Smith, Sydney, a friend to women's education, 4.
Society of London Schoolmistresses, 8.
Societies of students, 66, 123 _seq._
South Hall, 35, 38, 57; _see also_ Old Hall.
Stephen, Miss Katharine, 70, 79; Vice-Principal, 99; Principal, 113;
retirement, 138.
Stephen, Sir Leslie, lectures on literature, 99.
Stoney, Miss E. A., 127.
Students' rooms, changes in, 58 _seq._
Suffrage, Women's, 3 _seq._, 131 _seq._, 138.
Syndicate (Cambridge) for Local Lectures and Examinations, 11.
Temperley, Mrs. (_née_ Bradford), 95.
Thompson, Mr. and Mrs. Yates, 89.
Training College (Cambridge), 76.
Trinity College, Dublin, grants degrees to qualified Cambridge women for a
few years, 54, 111, 112.
Tripos Examinations--_see_ Graces.
Trotter, Rev. Coutts, 24, 47, 90.
Tutor, change of term, 118.
University Association of Women Teachers started by Miss A. J. Clough, 68.
University Library, women students admitted into, 41.
Venn, Dr. J., 14.
Visitor of the College, 118.
War work done by Newnham students, 137.
Winkworth, Mr. Stephen, 28, 58.

Winkworth, Mrs. Stephen, 28, 90.
Working men, school for, 69.
Young Men's Christian Association, lecture rooms in, 39.
GLASGOW: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS BY ROBERT
MACLEHOSE AND CO. LTD.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] In this part of the subject, and indeed throughout my task,
I am constantly indebted to the Memoir of Anne J. Clough by her
Niece, B. A. Clough. This book ought to be familiar to all
interested in educational movements, since Miss Clough, while
most closely associated with the University side of the movement,
was throughout her life collaborating with great sympathy and
insight with those at work in other departments.
[2] Memoir of A. J. Clough, p. 130.
[3] Here it may be noted that a different arrangement obtains
at Oxford, where there is a Society of Home Students who are not
attached to any College or Hall.
[4] A list of Benefactors is in preparation.
[5] The present writer enjoyed one evening the privilege of
being deputed, with some other students, by Miss Clough, to
drive out some cows who had strayed into the garden.
[6] Including financial help. Miss B. A. Clough (in the life of A.
J. C.) mentions how when treasurer, Mr. Sidgwick used to fail to
present the coal and gas bills. There was a legend in Newnham
Hall that once when Miss Clough wanted a new frying-pan, she
had to apply to Mr. Sidgwick for the money. On one occasion
when furnishing the house in Regent Street, he gave up a
continental holiday for the sake of the cause.
[7] See page 110 seq.
[8] Now hanging in the Old Hall Library. The expression is
stern, and it was caricatured in Punch as "The very ready letter-
writer; won't I give it him?" She remarked to a former student
that she wished she could have had some young friends to talk to
whilst it was being painted. "But didn't the artist talk to you, Miss
Clough?" "Yes, on subjects as to which we did not agree."
[9] Life, p. 515.

[10] But owing to the depreciation of money these stipends
have become inadequate, and unless the endowment can be
increased the number of research fellows will have to be
diminished.
[11] Mr. Gladstone twice visited his daughter in Newnham
College: once while he was out of office but intensely popular—on
which occasion he was entertained at a genuine students' tea-
party; the second time when she was Vice-Principal in Sidgwick
Hall.
[12] For the recommendations of the Syndicate and the chief
speeches see Cambridge University Reporter for March 1st, 1897,
and for March 26th, 1897.
[13] Of course now that Oxford and Durham admit women to
degrees this argument cannot be transferred to the present crisis.
(Dec. 1920.)
[14] See p. 91.
[15] See p. 71.
[16] A list of the various war work of Newnham students in
1914-19 is in process of preparation.

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