Concepts of work study
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This document discusses the topic of work study, which involves analyzing work processes to improve efficiency. It defines work study as the systematic examination of work methods to improve effectiveness with fewer resources. The objectives of work study are outlined as obtaining optimal use of human and material resources and ensuring efficient use. Work study techniques include method study, which analyzes work processes, and work measurement, which establishes time standards for tasks.
Concepts of work study
- 1. 4/11/2013 Work Study • It is the analysis of work by dividing it into smaller parts followed by rearrangement of these parts to give the same effectiveness at lesser cost. Work Study • Work study may be defined as Presented By: – the analytical investigation of the methods, conditions and Anupam Kumar Reader effectiveness SMS Varanasi – of industrial work and thereby Email: anupamkr@gmail.com – determination of the way in which – human efforts may most economically be applied. © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 1 © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 2 Work Study Work-Study Definitions • 'Work Study is • Work-Study technique as a branch of – a term used to embrace management is essential for Improved productivity. – the techniques of Method Study and – Work Measurement, which are employed • Work Study is – to ensure the best possible use of – the systematic examination of the methods of carrying out activities such as – human and material resources in – to improve the effective use of resources and – carrying out a specified activity.’ – to set up standards of performance for the activities carried out. © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 3 © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 4 Work-Study Definitions Work-Study Definition • As per British Standard Institute • A comprehensive definition of work-study – "Work Study is a generic term for those techniques, would be: particularly – It is a modern industrial discipline comprising of – Method Study and Work Measurement, which are used in several scientific techniques – the examination of human work in all its contexts and which – that evaluate the effectiveness of any work system – lead systematically to the Investigation of all factors which – in order to raise the level of productivity, and affect – provide greater satisfaction at work. – the efficiency and economy of the situation being reviewed, – in order to effect improvement". © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 5 © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 6 © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 1
- 2. 4/11/2013 Objective of Work Study Objectives of Work Study • The objective of work-study is • The objectives of Work Study include: – to assist management – To implement the most economical way of doing work and recommend the improvements in work methods. – to obtain the optimum use – Investigation and Analysis of existing situations – of the human and material resources available – Examination of weakness in the production process – to the organization for the work upon which it is – Efficient use of human efforts engaged – Ensure proper and efficient use of resources – To initiate and improve incentive bonus scheme – Setting standards for labour cost control documentation – Standardize method, material and equipment in production process. © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 7 © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 8 Work Study Work Study • To achieve preplanned objectives most • Work Study may be divided into 2 distinct by efficiently, the manger must use scientific interdependent groups of techniques. technique for evaluation of inputs, outputs – Method Study and process – Work Measurement • Method study and work measurement are • The other aspects of work study includes: two principal activities of work study which – Ergonomics originated in the work of F. W. Taylor – Financial & Non financial Incentives © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 9 © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 10 Steps involved in Work Study Work Study Methods Study Approach Work measurement • It is an analysis of ways of • It involves assessing the doing work time a job should take to • Method Study involves the do. following steps. • It involves – select the tasks to study – select the tasks – record the facts about it – record the facts – examine these – analyse them – develop a new method – calculate basic and standard – install/implement it times for the task – maintain it – agree the method and its related time © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 11 © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 12 © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 2
- 3. 4/11/2013 Objective of Work Study What Work Study Does? • The objective has three aspects: • Work study measures work and defines – The most effective use of plant and equipment. performance standards – The most effective use of human effort. • Work study need time data to plan and – The evaluation of human work. evaluate production/transformation • The objective of the Time and Motion Study is processes. – to determine a ‘normal’ or average time for a job, • Rewards systems need such data for – by using observers performance related bonuses. – to record exactly how much time is being devoted • Cost calculations need to incorporate to each task. operative and machine job times © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 13 © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 14 Importance of Work Study Importance of Work Study • Work Study helps to: • Improved methods • Standard time data – Improve productivity of the organizations – to raise output, contributes to – quality, – capacity planning, – It is a systematic study of all the factors of – reduce wastage, – scheduling, production. – enhance reliability and – control of staff, – It is an effective method of determining the – asset utilisation and – ensure safety. standard of performance – quality improvement. – It helps in saving & efficient utilization of resources – It results in improved safety. © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 15 © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 16 Importance of Work Study Work Study Techniques • Service and after-sales method improvements • Work study may be • The notations of activity may be obtained undertaken using the chart are as follows: activity chart. – Idle time is shown as a • May ensure process improvement and better blank part on the graph • Activity chart plots the raw materials usage. activities being – Individual working is • Implementation planning for product/service shown with a single line performed by different shading and process design requires a detailed machines and operators – Joint working is depicted understanding of methods and timings. against a fixed time by a double line shading scale. on the graph. • In a distribution/transport system we can evaluate logistical efficiencies. © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 17 © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 18 © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 3
- 4. 4/11/2013 Typical Activity Chart Work Study Both working • Work Study is a generic term for the techniques, together machine operator particularly idle working • method study and Time → machine operator • work measurement, which are working idle • used in the examination of human work in all its Both working together contexts, and machine idle operator working • which lead systematically to the investigation of all the factors which affect the efficiency and machine operator working idle economy of the situation being reviewed, in Machine Operator order to effect improvement © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 19 © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 20 Illustration • In a system there are 2 machines and 1 operator. The details are as below. Draw an activity chart and find capacity utilization in terms of time. Activity Time For further details,… Loading & Starting of A 0.8 Running of A and automatic stop 1.6 Contact: A running and unloading product from B 0.4 Anupam Kumar Inspection of Product from B 1.0 Reader, Loading and start of B 0.8 SMS Varanasi Running of B and automatic stop 1.6 B running and unloading product from A 0.4 Email: anupamkr@gmail.com Inspection of product from Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 1.0 / Repeat © A 21 © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 22 Bibliography • Buffa, E.S. and Sarin, R.K., “Modern Production/Operations Management,” Eighth Edition. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons (Asia). 1994. • Martinich, J.S., “Production and Operations Management: An Applied Approach”, Singapore: John Wiley & Sons (Asia), 2003. • Badi, R.V. and Badi, N.V., “Production and Operations Management”, Second Edition, New Delhi: Vrinda Publication, 2008. • Chary, S.N., “Productions and Operations Management,” Third Edition, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill, 2004 • Goel, B.S., “Production Operations Management”, Twenty Second Edition, Meerut, U.P.: Pragati Prakashan, 2010. • Kachru, U. “Production and Operations Management: Text and Cases,” New Delhi: Excel Books, 2007. • Rama Murthy, P., “Production and Operations Management,” New Delhi: New Age International, 2012. • Chunawalla, S.A., and Patel, D.R., “Production and Operations Management,” Mumbai: Himalaya Publishing House, 2006. • Jauhari, V. and Dutta, K., “Services: Marketing Operations and Management,” New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2010. • Verma, H.V., “Services Marketing: Text and Cases,” New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley, Pearson Education, 2009. © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 23 © Copyright 2013 Anupam Kumar 4