Concrete Made Using Coconut Shell As A Coarse Aggregate

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 10 Issue: 03 | Mar 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2023, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 8.226 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 693
Concrete Made Using Coconut Shell As A Coarse Aggregate
Motale Sanket Santosh1,
1Lecturer Dept. of Civil Engineering Kai.Sau.Sunitatai Eknathrao Dhakane Polytechnic College, Shevgaon, District-
Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - There have been numerous experimentalstudies
done to see if adding additional components to the concrete
mix, whether they be synthetic, recycled, or natural resources,
would improve the qualities of the concrete. The cost of
building is the main determiningfactor. Mostbuildingprojects
employ concrete, which is made of cement, sand, coarse
aggregate, and water. In the modern era, natural resources
like natural rocks and other materials are used to produce
coarse aggregate. Coconut is widely used in India for a variety
of uses, including industry and devotion.
When coconuts are used, their shell is left behind as a
byproduct that can replace coarse material in construction
projects.
Given that coconut shells are naturally strong and do not
quickly decay when linked in concrete, In our experiment,
coconut shell replaces 10% or 15% of the coarse concrete
materials.
All cement, sand, aggregate, and concrete tests were carried
out in accordance with IS regulation.
The compressive strength, water absorption, and cost of the
concrete blocks made with coconut shells of grade M20 were
all compared to conventional concrete of the same grade.
Key Words: Concrete, aggregate, strength, and coconut
shells
1.INTRODUCTION
Now-a-days numerous engineers and scientists are in
process to develop various natural as well as modernised
approaches for the manufacture of construction materials
especially concrete.
They are also concerned about keeping its quality and
strength, thus different materials are utilised in place of
specific materials while creating concrete. Construction
experts have long understood the advantages of adding a
cementation binder to concrete during repair or
construction to increase its strength and durability over the
long term.
There have been numerous experiments done to alter the
qualities of soil by incorporating new elements, whether
they be organic, recycled, or synthetic.
In the majority of tropical nations, particularly in Asia, a
large volume of agricultural waste was dumped.
Environmental and social problems will result from
improper trash disposal.
So, by adding coconut shell to concrete, its engineering
features are increased for better application in various
construction projects as needed.
1.1 Necessity To Utilize Waste In Concrete:
Research has been conducted to meet society's demand for
an efficient and cost-effective way to dispose of garbage.
• Recycling waste materials protects the environment by
preserving natural resources and landfill space.
• The concrete buildings as they are now cannot last.
• Waste resources such as rubber tyres, e-waste, waste
plastic, and waste water have all been the subject of
experiments.
• At the moment, India produces 960 million tonnes of solid
waste annually as a byproduct of agriculture, mining,
municipal services, and other sources.
• Only from agricultural sources, India has generated almost
600 million tonnes of garbage.
• The largest quantity of agricultural waste are sugarcane
baggase, paddy and wheat straw and husk , jute fibres,
groundnut shells , coconut husk etc.
• Each year, coconut trees are grown on 12,280 hectares of
land, yielding 62.8 billion tonnes of nuts.
• A coconut's shell makes up 15% of its overall weight.
• Reports from 2018indicatethatIndiaproduces11.9million
tonnes of coconut.
1.78 million tonnes of coconut shells were therefore
produced.
Because lignocelluloses are present in coconut shells, the
process of decomposition is extremely slow.
So, we can utilise it to create concrete.

1.2 OBJECTIVES
1. To research the advantages of using coconut shells in
concrete.
2. Take steps to use an alternative substance as concrete
aggregate.
3. To compare the prices of plain concrete and concrete
with coconut shells added, as well as the results of tests on
compressive strength, water absorption, and slump cone.
4. To make concrete constructions more resilient and
effective over the long run.
1.3 LITERATURE REVIEW
According to research by B.Damodhara Reddy, S.Aruna
Jyothy, and Fawaz Shaik, coconut shell aggregate is a
promising building material that also minimises
environmental pollution.
According to Tomas U. Ganiron Jr., replacing the necessary
amount of coconut shell with concrete can generate a
product with adequate strength.
When coconut shell was added, the concrete's strength was
increased, making it stronger than other types of concrete.
According to Vijay Kumar Shukla, Bharti Sharma, and
Amarnath Gupta, coconut shell concrete can be utilised to
manufacture lightweight concrete and is suitable for low
strength structures.
2. METHODOLOGY
Material Used :-
Cement - 53-grade Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), which
meets the standards of IS:12269-1987 regulations, was the
cement used in the experiment.
It is made up of a combination of ferrites, aluminates, and
calcium silicates (alite, belite), which are compounds that
combine calcium, silicon, aluminium, and iron in ways that will
react with water.
Table -1: Properties of Cement
SR NO Property Value
1 Specific Gravity 3.15
2 Fineness test 5.35%
GGBS - Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) can
boost the abilities to avoid water penetration and chloride
penetration, and it can improve the durability of concrete
building.
Also, the usage of GGBSforconcretematerialshelpstoreduce
CO2 emissions and environmental effect whilesavingenergy
and natural resources during the cement manufacturing
process.
Crushed Sand- A Quarry is where the crushed sand is
produced.
In a plant or quarry, boulders, quarry stones, or bigger
aggregate pieces are crushed into particles the size of sand.
Because of its strong texture and cubical and angular shape,
crushed sand is preferable for concrete.
In comparison to natural sand, it has less of anadverseeffect
on the environment.
Crushed sand has a specific gravity of 2.73.
Coarse Aggregates- 10mm and 20mm crushed stone
aggregates were employed in experiments.
Water- Throughout the experiment, ordinary water free of
salts, turbidity, and organic content was used for mixingand
curing.
Coconut Shells- The experiment's coconut shells were
exposed to the sun for 29 to 30 days to dry them off.
We gathered coconut shells from the neighbourhood and
temples.
MIX DESIGN
Concrete Mix Design For M20 Grade Concrete Mix ratio is 1 :
1.55 : 3.09
PREPARATION OF CUBE SPECIMENS:
This part described how to create and cure concrete
compression test specimens.
In a lab setting where precise measurement ofthematerials'
amounts and testing conditions is available, and when the
aggregates' maximum nominal size is 20 mm.
The approach is notably relevant to the making of
preliminary compression test to evaluate the compatibility
of the available materials or to find optimal mixproportions.
Sampling Of Materials:-
Careful sampling must be usedtogetrepresentativesamples
of the concrete materials to be used for the specific concrete
building project.
A tiny fraction of cement test samplesmust begatheredfrom
each of the site's many bags.

Aggregate test samples must be quartered from bigger
batches for collection.
Preparation Of Materials -
Before starting any testing, all materials must be brought to
room temperature, preferably between 27 and 30 degrees
Celsius.
When the cement samples are first brought to the lab, they
must be completely dry-mixed, either by hand or with a
suitable machine, to guarantee the greatest blending and
uniformity in the components, while taking care to prevent
the introduction of extraneous elements.
The cement must be kept in a dry environment.
For each batch of concrete, aggregate samplesmust beofthe
required grade and must have undergone air drying.
Proportioning:-
The proportioning of the components, including water in
concrete mixes used to assess how acceptable the materials
are, must be identical in every way to the materials that will
be used in the job.
The percentage, by weight utilized in the test cubes, and the
unit weights of the components must be computed whenthe
proportion of the elements of the concrete is to be indicated
on the site by volume.
Weighing-
For each batch, the amounts of cement, each size of
aggregate, and water must be calculated using weights with
an accuracy of 0–1% of the batch's total weight.
Mixing Concrete:-
Concrete must be mixed manually, or ideally in a laboratory
batch mixer, in order to prevent the loss of water or other
ingredients.
Machine Mixing:-
When a power loader replaces the mixing drum, all of the
mixing water must be added before the solid materials are
placed into the skip: roughly one-half of the coarse
aggregates, followed by the fine aggregates, the cement, and
then the remaining coarse aggregates on top.
When all the elements are in the drum, the mixing process
must last at least 2 minutes and continue until the finished
concrete is consistent in appearance.
Workability:-
Immediately following mixing, each batch of concrete must
undergo one of the IS code-recommended consistency tests.
The concrete used for consistency testing may be re-mixed
with the balance of the batch prior to creating the test
specimens, provided that care is taken to ensure that no
water or other ingredients are lost.
Size Of Test Specimen:-
If the aggregates' biggest nominal size does not exceed 2 cm,
10 cm cubes may be utilized in place of the specimen's
required 15*15*15 cm cubic form.
The length of cylindrical test specimens must be twice as
large as the diameter.
Moulds:-
Metal moulds, ideally made of cast iron or steel, must be
thick enough to avoid deformation.
When they are built and prepared for usage, the dimensions
and internal faces must be correct to within the following
tolerances. They are manufactured to make it easier to
remove the moulded specimen without damaging it.
Compaction :-
The test cube specimens are created as quickly as possible
after mixing and in a manner that results in complete
compaction of the concrete without segregation or undue
laitance.
Three layers of concrete, each one about 5 cm thick, are
poured into the mould.
Either by vibration or by hand, each layer is compressed.
A trowel is used to finish levellingtheconcrete'ssurfacewith
the top of the mould after the top layer has been
compressed.
Compacting By Vibration :-
Until the required condition is met, eachlayerinthisprocess
is vibrated using an appropriate vibrating table, an electric
or pneumatic hammer, or vibrator.
To prevent segregation from occurring in the mould, which
results in poor strength when the cubes are crushed,
precautions must be taken.
Curing :-
The test sample is kept for 24 to 1 1/2 hours after the
addition of water to the dry components in an area freefrom
vibration, in moist air with at least 90% relative humidity,
and at a temperature of 27° to 2°C.
The specimens are then labeled, pulled out of the moulds,
and kept immersed in clean, fresh water until they are
retrieved for the test.

CONCRETE TEST
Slump Cone Test :-
Trial 0% 10% 15%
Slump (inmm) 110 80 60
Slump Cone Test Results
Compression Test On Cubes :-
compressive strength of cubes after 7 days.
Sr
No
% of
Coarse
Aggre
gate
replaced
by CS
Age of
Spec
imen
(days)
Weight
of Speci
men
(Kg)
Load
(KN)
Compre
ssive
Strength
(N/mm2)
Average
Compre
ssive
Strength
(N/mm2)
1 0% 7
8.432 320 14.22
14.07
8.429 320 14.22
8.445 310 13.77
2
10%+GGB
S 7
8.294 270 12
12.3
8.242 280 12.4
8.208 280 12.4
3
15%+GGB
S 7
8.130 250 11.1
10.8
8.122 240 10.7
8.09 240 10.7
Compressive Strength Of Cube After 28 Days.
Sr
No
% of
Coarse
Aggregate
replaced
by
CS
Age
ofSpe
cim
en
(da
ys)
Weight
of Speci
men
(Kg)
Load
(KN)
Compre
ssive
Strength
(N/mm2)
Average
Compre
ssive
Strength
(N/mm2)
1 0% 28
8.495 550 24.44
24.74
8.884 560 24.89
8.912 560 24.89
2
10%+GGBS
28
8.342 520 23.1
22.5
8.342 500 22.2
8.318 500 22.2
3
15%+GGBS
28
8.184 500 22.2
21.9
8.272 500 22.2
8.174 480 21.3
Water Absorption Test :-
Trial Wet
Weight
Dry
Weight
Water
Absorption
0% 8.65 8.35 3.5%
10% 8.621 8.208 5%
15% 8.583 8.09 6%
3. CONCLUSIONS
According to the experimental findings, coconut shell
concrete may be utilized in rural regions and locations
where coconuts are readily available, as well as in locations
where traditional aggregate is expensive.
It is determined that using coconut shells in place of typical
coarse aggregate in the manufacturing of concrete makes
them a more appropriate lightweight aggregate.
Moreover, it lowers building costs by lowering the price of
coarse aggregate and also lowers environmental pollution
brought on by coconut shell.
The slump value of conventional concrete, measured by the
slump cone test, was 110 mm, whereas the slump values of
coconut shell concrete for 10%and15%were80mmand 60

mm, respectively. Coconut shell concrete's 28-day
compressive strength was determined to be 22.5 MPa and
21.9 MPa for 10% and 15% replacement by coconut shell
aggregate,respectively,comparedtoconventional concrete's
28.74 MPa.
We came to the conclusion that while we cannot use this
concrete for large constructions, we can use it for smaller
ones.
Future Aims
Coconut shells can be used in concrete as a partial
replacement for coarse aggregate.
Together with other unconventional aggregates like palm
kernel shells, volcanic debris, etc., we may research the
utilization of coconut shell aggregates.
REFERENCES
• S. A. Kakade, Dr. A. W. Dhawale (2015) “Light Weight
Aggregate Concrete By Using Coconut Shell”
• Sravika. V, G. Kalyan (2017) “A Study on the Partial
Replacement of Coarse and Fine Aggregate by Coconut Shell
and Quarry Dust Mix”
• R. Ranjith (2017) “Study on Properties of Concrete with
Agricultural Waste”
• Manpreet Kaur and Jaspal Singh “Agricultural Waste
Utilization in Civil Engineering”
• Ajim S Shaikh, Sagar B Thorat, Rahul V Unde, Prasad Shirse
(2015) “Advance Concrete-Aggregate replaced by Coconut
Shell”

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