Conjunctions

Definition of Conjunction

 A conjunction is a word (or group of words) which
joins or connects words, sentences or parts of
sentences

Why Conjunctions?
Reason 1. They join two sentences together and
serve the purpose of making them more
compact
For example, instead of saying “ Sachin is a
good batsman” and “ Laxman is a good
Batsman”, there is a shorter way of putting it
as “Sachin and Laxman are good batsmen”

Why Conjunctions? Continued
Reason 2: They bring about the relationship
between the elements that are thus joined.

For example, since he is hardworking , he is
likely to succeed.

2 Types of Conjunctions
1. Co-ordinate Conjunction which joins two clauses
or sentences of equal rank , and
2. Subordinate Conjunction which joins two parts,
one of which is subordinate or dependent on the
other

First of the 4 types of Coordinating
Conjunctions

Cumulative Conjunction : Adds one statement or
fact to another.
Example: India batted well and bowled with
intensity to win the series against Australia

Second of the 4 types of Coordinating
Conjunctions

Adversative Conjunction : Expresses contrast
between the two parts.
Examples:
1. He is slow but sincere
2. At the end of the exam season, I was tired but
happy
3. He is alright; only a little fatigued

Third of the 4 types of Coordinating
Conjunctions
Alternative Conjunction : Expresses a choice
between 2 alternatives.
Examples:
1. You must either leave immediately or take a taxi to
reach the airport in time.
2. Either Joseph or Sharif will pick you up from the
railway station

Fourth of the 4 types of Coordinating
Conjunctions
Illative Conjunction : Shows that a statement
or fact is inferred from another.
Examples:
1. He will reach the station on time since he
started on time.
2. The pitch must have been bad for a formidable
batting side like SA collapsed

First of the 7 types of
Subordinating Conjunctions
Based on time
Usage:
1. Nobody can leave the room till he gives
permission
2. I returned after he had left
3. Many things have happened since I last saw you

Second of the 7 types of Subordinating
Conjunctions
Based on cause or reason
Usage:
1. Since you wish, it shall be done
2. He may come in for he is your friend
3. As there were no train tickets available, I rushed
by air

Third of the 7 types of Subordinating
Conjunctions
Based on purpose
Usage:
1. We work hard so that we may succeed
2. Please talk softly lest you should disturb the
neighbours

Fourth of the 7 types of
Based on consequence or result
Usage:
1. He was so tired that he could barely stand
2. He bowls so fast that he is virtually unplayable

Fifth of the 7 types of
Based on condition
Usage:
1. I will allow you to play if you agree to come back in
good time
2. My parents will be happy if I succeed
3. The doctor will not be able to cure us unless we
tell him what the problem is

Sixth of the 7 types of Subordinating
Conjunctions
Based on concession
Usage:
1. Though she dislikes me, I simply love her
2. Although he is late, let us allow him in
3. Though he is slow, he will certainly succeed.

Seventh of the 7 types of
Based on comparison
Usage:
SA is stronger than Australia (is)

Usage of Subordinate Conjunctions
1. After taking a shower , he left for office
2. Although there was nothing in Ra.One , it did
succeed
3. As he was late in paying fees, he was asked to
pay the penalty
4. He is worried because he is to take the exam
tomorrow
5. Answer me first before you step inside
6. You will reach on time if you leave early
enough

Usage of Subordinate Conjunctions-
continued
7. Please walk carefully lest you should slip and fall
8. Since you say so, I must believe it
9. He finished first though he began last
10. Please do not leave till I return
11. He will not leave unless he is compelled.
12.We shall not leave until we complete the handout

Usage of Subordinate Conjunctions
14. When I was younger, I could easily run 15 km
15. He found his wallet where he had left it
16. I am still trying to figure out how it all happened
17. Make hay while the sun shines
18. I do not know why the stock markets are not doing
well

Simple and Compound Conjunctions
 Simple Conjunction: Words like but and and are
simple conjunctions.
 Compound Conjunction: Expressions like “ in order
that”, “as soon as” and “even if” are compound
conjunctions

Usage of Compound Conjunctions
1. The notice was released in order
that all might know the facts
2. I will lend you this book on
condition that you will return it
tomorrow
3. Even if I were given a chance, I
would never cheat
4. He started saving up right from the
first month so that he could buy a
house at the earliest

Usage of Compound Conjunctions-
continued
5.You may leave for your friends house provided that
you come back home before nightfall
6. He speaks as though ( or, as if ) he is inebriated
7. Kumar , as well as Sheikh, was present there
8. As soon as you reach Kolkata , please give me a call
confirming that you have reached safe

Correlative Conjunctions
Conjunctions that are used in pairs are called
correlative conjunctions.
Examples:
1. Either- or
2. Neither – nor
3. Both – and
4. Whether – or
5. Not only-but also

Usage of Correlative Conjunctions
1. Either the security was lax or the burglar was an
expert.
2. Neither Paul nor Peter contributed to the success
of this project
3. Both Sachin and Dravid are great batsmen
4. It does not matter whether you go or stay
5. He is not only foolish, but also obstinate

The same Conjunction “since” used
differently
1. “Since” can mean “from and after the time”
Usage: Many things have happened since I left
School

2. “Since” can also mean “seeing that”
Usage: Since you have given me a valid reason
for being late, I am allowing you in.

The same Conjunction “or” used
differently
1. “Or” is used to introduce an alternative
Usage: You can travel by bus or by car

2. “Or” can also be used to introduce a
synonym
Usage: Amitabh Bachchan or Big B is regarded
as the biggest Indian movie star ever .

The same Conjunction “or” used
differently- continued
3. “Or” can also mean otherwise
Usage: We must leave now or we will be late

4. “Or” can even mean nearly equivalent to
Usage: The troops were not lacking in strength
or courage, but they were badly fed

The same Conjunction “if” used
differently
1. “If” is used to mean on condition that
Usage: If he is there, I shall see him.

2. “If” could mean admitting that
Usage: If Jayalalithaa is corrupt, at least she is
efficient

The same Conjunction “if” used
differently- continued
3. “If” is nearly equivalent to “ whether”
Usage: I asked him if it was okay if I am late
by 5 minutes

4. “If” could mean whenever
Usage: If I walk in rain, I catch a cold

5. “If” could also be used to express a wish or a
wistful thought
Usage: If only I knew!

The same Conjunction “that” used
differently
1. “That” is used to express a reason or cause
Usage: He was annoyed that he was contradicted

2. “That” is also used to express a purpose
Usage: We work hard that we may succeed

3. “That “ is used too to express a consequence or
effect
Usage: He works so sincerely that he has no difficulty in
sleeping well

The same Conjunction “while” used
differently
1. “While” is used to mean during the time that
Usage: A. While he was sleeping , the thief crept in
B. While there is life, there is hope

2. “While” can also mean at the same time that
Usage: While I was studying, my brother was
playing

3. “While” is also used to mean whereas
Usage: While I do have the money, I do not have
leisure

Interesting usage of the
Conjunction “only”
“Only” can mean except that.

Usage:
1. He does well, only he is nervous at the start
2. I would love to go with you, only I have no money

Conjunctions

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Conjunctions